Magavhuna - a ... Zvinoreva shoko "gavhuna"

remakore XIII muRussia pakataurwa mubatanidzwa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva zvemisoro. Guta guru, iro muchinda ndikagara, akasarudzwa Moscow. At basa, akava vazhinji boyars, vamwe vakanga vaita basa uye kupa zvose zvakafanira zvakananga muchinda ake oushe (wavadiri) zvichitevera kuzadza Treasury (wehomwe), nokuti kwerunyararo muhondo-vakagadzirira mauto, uye vamwe vakawanda. Zvisinei, muchinda kufanana kufarira upenyu guru uye zvakanaka vanhu vari townships, kana, kupfuura kungoti, pamusoro arikunze ari mamiriro. Panguva iyoyo muchinda vakasarudza kusika nzvimbo dzakadai magavhuna uye volosteli. Chisarudzo ichi Kwaingoitirwa kwete chete kuti mukanyatsochengeta zvinoenderana hurongwa mamiriro asiwo kuongorora kumiganhu Russia. Ndiani mambo akafudzisa nembiru izvi? Chii mabasa akaiisa pamusoro magavhuna uye volosteley? Chii chakanga chavainyanya basa? On ichi uye nezvimwe zvizhinji, nyaya ino ichataura.

Shoko "gavhuna"

Kutaura mutauro sayenzi, kusvikira nhamba nemagavhuna vanosanganisira vanhu varayirwa Prince akaenda kupfuura guta Russia, kumiririra ayo zvinodiwa ikoko. First gavhuna kwakaedzwa muna Novgorod, uye akatanga vanhu, vachiita mambo, "riri panzvimbo", akanzi "Knyazhye murume." Kusvikira pakuguma remakore rechi13, incumbent Vanhu kwose kwose vainzi "magavhuna." Fani iyi kwakaita kuti kusimbisa simba muchinda rumwe rutivi, asi panguva imwe chete akasunungura maoko vamwe vakuru anonyengera uyo dzimwe nguva aigona kutyora zviri legality hwavo. Zvisinei gavhuna kusvikira pamukwidzwa choumambo Ivana Groznogo, riri anenge 4 emakore.

Mazuva ano shoko "gavhuna" akauya zvinhu. Saka kudana vamiririri vekereke, uyo vanopiwa aurayiwe mabasa bhishopu panguva yake asipo.

Procedure chokuwana zvinzvimbo

Sezvatadzidza, vabati - ndivo vamiririri muchinda, izvo zvinogona vakagumisa kuti kuwana chinzvimbo ichi aigona chete murume weimba boyars, kunyanya akaswedera madzimambo. Prince haina kutorwa maonero vanhu vanogara imwe dunhu kana kweutongi nyaya, uye anotungamirirwa zvivanakire. Muguta rimwe nerimwe guru Muchinda Moscow vaiva vabati "yavo". Izvi vasingagoni kukanganisa kodzero kwohumwe basa, mauri nzvimbo yakava nhaka kubva baba mwanakomana. Muenzaniso uyu inogona chokwadi: muna Meshchera kweanenge 2 emakore magavhuna vaimiririra imwe mhuri boyar.

The chikuru mashandiro anoita gavhuna

Saka, mabasa vane vabati? Chekutanga, vaigona kuita pamutemo uye mamwe maitiro zvakagadzirirwa kudzorera kuti mundima. Pasi chepasi hwomubati wakaunganidza zvose vehurumende uye mhosva. Chechipiri, vakanga vari vakuru uye vatariri muchinda zvomumwe nomumwe kuseri kwedzimba dzavo. Zvisinei, chikuru basa mutungamiriri aiva yokubhadharisa mitero izvi uye yesosaiti muchifarira muchinda:

• nenguva dzirikure requisitions (Christmas, Petrovsky uye Great);
• dare yechikoro;
• zvokutengeserana uye muchato yesosaiti;
• Kupinda Tax kuyambuka hugota ngoro nenhumbi.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vakawana nenzira iyi kunoreva hapana chete muchinda, asi vabati pachavo. Basa iri kazhinji kupfuura mamwe mabasa ake, nokuti zviri kazhinji amutsa kufunganya pakati vanhuwo zvavo.

Magavhuna uye volosteli: chii musiyano?

Vabati volosteli - pfungwa mbiri kuti zvakabatana chaizvo. Pasinei kufanana guru mabasa anoitwa, volosteli nguva dzose akamira pamusoro danho pazasi nemagavhuna. Kana zvichienzaniswa yazvino gadziriro yehurumende, kuti volostelya inogona kuenzaniswa musoro diki Municipality, uye gavhuna - kusvikira musoro guta kana mudunhu rose. Kana mubati raigona vakaedza kuti mhosva, ipapo volostelyam vaibvumirwa kuitisa vehurumende zviitiko chete. Kuverenga uye kunyora pasi "dzichifura" kureva muunganidzwa kwemitero uye yesosaiti, volosteli akagamuchira kubva gavhuna kana zvakananga kubva Duke. Uyewo magavhuna, volosteli kakawanda kushungurudzwa simba ravo, zvokuti pamwe pakasvika Ivana Groznogo zvose nzvimbo dzakanga akabvisa.