Panyaya iyi - chii? Properties panyaya iyi. Kushandiswa panyaya iyi

Panyaya iyi - chii zvinhu izvi? Chii kushandiswa kwayo uye sei anogadzirwa? Panyaya iyi zviri nani aizivikanwa zvose pasi rakasiyana zita - doro. Chokwadi, izvi handizvo zvachose izita. Asi panguva ino, ndiye shoko "doro" isu anoreva "panyaya iyi". Madzibaba edu aiziva ivepo. Vari kugadzirira nokuda chinovira kwacho nayo. Nokufamba akanga akasiyana zvigadzirwa kubva nezviyo kuti muchero. Asi zvichiguma Braga, kuitira akadana yekare rinodhaka, uwandu panyaya iyi haafaniri kupfuudza 15 muzana. doro Kwakachena vakakwanisa kuziva chete pashure kudzidza DISTILLATION pezvakaitwa.

Panyaya iyi - chii?

Panyaya iyi - a monoalcohol. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu ari kugadzikana, Hauoneki, zvinobata moto mvura ane yakananga kwakanaka uye kuravira. Panyaya iyi iri zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri, mushonga uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ndiye yakanaka disinfectant. The doro senzira mafuta uye somunhu solvent. Asi kupfuura zvose panyaya iyi payakavakirwa C2H5OH aizivikanwa mafeni doro. Izvi apo fuma iyi zvikuru kushandiswa. Asi musakanganwa kuti doro sezvo yezviri chezvinonhuwira doro ane simba depressant. Zviri zvinovhiringidza pfungwa fuma anokwanisa tunodzivisa nechepakati tsinga uye kukonzera rinorema kuyanzva.

Parizvino zvakaoma kuwana indasitiri apo pasina panyaya iyi yaishandiswa. Zvakaoma kunyora zvose zvakadaro kubatsira doro. Asi vazhinji zvivako zvayo zvose dzinoongororwa mu neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga. Panyaya iyi - huru chezvinonhuwira zvinenge zvose somushonga neiya inoiswa muzvinwiwa zvinodhaka. Vazhinji "wekare madzimai 'Quick' nokuti kurapwa kwezvirwere dzevanhu inobva ichi zvinhu. It kuminyuka kunze miti yose zvinovaka muviri, kuunganidza pavo. pfuma iyi doro rave kushandiswa kugadzirwa dzeimba mishonga uye bheri liquors. Uye kunyange zviri doro, asi zvine mwero vane zvinobatsira utano.

Kushandiswa panyaya iyi

The yemaitiro panyaya iyi anozivikanwa vose kubva kuchikoro zvidzidzo kemisitiri. Asi pano pane kushandiswa kwemakemikari ichi, saka chete kupindura mumwe. Kutaura zvazviri, zvakaoma kufungidzira imwe indasitiri apo akanga asina kushandiswa doro. Chokutanga, panyaya iyi inoshandiswa somushonga disinfectant simba. Ivo akabata kushanda nomumativi maronda. Alcohol tigume zvinenge zvose mapoka zvigare. Asi panyaya iyi inoshandiswa kwete chete kuvhiyiwa. Hazvina dzetsika dzemagariro pagadzirwe somushonga atakatora uye neiya inoiswa muzvinwiwa zvinodhaka.

In mishonga duku, doro runobatsira dzemuviri. Iye hunoita kuti liquefaction ropa, kunonatsiridza anotengeswa uye vasodilation. Akatoshandisa kudzivisa zvemwoyo chirwere. Panyaya iyi hwezvekukurukurirana basa nemudumbu. Asi chete mishonga here diki.

In rinokosha zviitiko, zvinovhiringidza pfungwa migumisiro doro kunogona tisanzwe kupfuura kurwadziwa. Panyaya iyi wakawana kushanda mu cosmetology. Nokuda kwayo iziviswe akambozvishandisa kuuraya utachiona ehupfumi, Rinowanikwawo zvinenge kwokucheneswa lotions zvose nokuda jikichira uye jikichira ganda.

panyaya iyi kukuvadza

Panyaya iyi - doro zvinoberekwa chinovira. Kana kunyanya kushandisa kunogona kukonzera yakasimba toxicological chepfu, uye kunyange pakoma. Mashoko aya ndiyo chikamu doro. Doro rinoita kuti simba mupfungwa uye mumuviri kuyanzva. Alcoholism kunoonekwa sechinhu chirwere. Damage panyaya iyi nechokuita zvakananga mifananidzo risingadzorwi nokunwisa. Kunwa zvinodhaka zvine doro, kunotungamirira kwete chete kune poizeni. Zvose zviri zvikuru kuoma. With kakawanda kunwa doro kunokanganisa zvinenge zvose nenhengo dzawo. Kubva okisijeni nenzara, inova panyaya iyi, vanofa vakawanda masero uropi. It anowanikwa kudzikisirana pamusoro wacho. Mukutanga zvokukura kushaya ndangariro. Zvadaro, munhu ave itsvo, chitaka, ura, dumbu, tsinga uye mwoyo. Varume, pane kurasikirwa potency. In yokupedzisira nzendo chidhakwa dzakaonekwa kugozha mupfungwa.

History doro

Panyaya iyi - worudzii nenhumbi uye sei kundoitora? Havasi vose vanoziva kuti rave richishandiswa kubvira prehistoric nguva. Aiva nhengo doro. Zvisinei, ayo yevasungwa yaiva duku. Zvichakadaro, zvisaririra doro kwakawanikwa China muna-gore 9000-okuberekwa zviumbwa. Izvi zvinoratidza pachena kuti vanhu vachiri munyika neolithic zvokunwa doro-tune zvinwiwa.

nyaya yokutanga doro kugadzirwa hwakanyorwa muzana remakore rechi12 zviri Salerno. Chokwadi, yaiva mvura-doro nezvakasanganiswa. panyaya iyi yakaisvonaka iri dzinounzwa Johann Tobias Lovitz muna 1796. Akashandisa nzira filtration kuburikidza neactivated charcoal. Kugadzirwa panyaya iyi nenzira iyi kwenguva yakareba yaiva chete nzira. Formula doro akaverenga Nicholas Theodore of Saussure, vakarondedzera somunhu kabhoni remubatanidzwa Antuan Lavuaze. Muna 19-20 emakore, masayendisiti akawanda vave kudzidza panyaya iyi. ehupfumi ayo ose akanga ambodzidza. Pari zviri zvikuru kushandiswa uye rinoshandiswa zvinenge mabhora ose mabasa evanhu.

Kugadzirwa panyaya iyi nedoro chinovira

Zvichida anozivikanwa kupfuura nzira pakuburitsa panyaya iyi - iri chidhakwa chinovira. Zvinokwanisika chete kana uchishandisa Organic zvigadzirwa ane yakakwirira rakawanda makabhohaidhiretsi, zvakadai mazambiringa, maapuro, michero. Chimwe chikamu chinokosha chinovira akatumira vachishingaira - ndiyo pamberi mbiriso, makemikari uye utachiona. Just sokunge munhu mbatatisi kubudiswa, chibage, mupunga. Huni mbishi shuga doro rinoshandiswa, iyo rinobudiswa kubva shamhu. The kuita chaizvo kunzwisisa. Somugumisiro, mashoko chinovira inotoda vakawana ine asingapfuuri 16% panyaya iyi. Yepamusoro kuwanda hazvigoni kuwanwa. Izvi imhaka yokuti vazhinji zvine mhinduro kuti mbiriso haagoni kurarama. Saka kuwana panyaya iyi inofanira pasi yokuzvinatsa uye mumisasa kwendangariro. DISTILLATION pezvakaitwa yemanyorero kushandiswa.

Kuti vawane panyaya iyi, shandisa mbiriso Saccharomyces cerevisiae utachiona siyana. In Zvinotaurwa, vanokwanisa Activate izvi. Sezvo inotonhorera substrate inogona kushandiswa sawdust kana serimwe rinogona kutsiva - chigadzikiso vakawana kubva kwavari.

mafuta

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva pamusoro ehupfumi akadzadzwa panyaya iyi. Chii doro kana disinfectant, zviri chizivikanwe nevakawanda. Asi doro ichiri uye mafuta. Rinoshandiswa chitundumuseremusere injini. Anozivikanwa chokwadi - muna 70% aqueous panyaya iyi, Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga raishandiswa senzira huni munyika ballistic chombo chiGerman rokutanga - "V-2".

Pari, doro kwakanga kuchiwedzera. Sezvo mafuta rinoshandiswa mune munyika combustion michini, nokuti kudziyisa mano. Mumarabhoritari zvinonzi akadurura kuva doro rambi. CATALYTIC oxidation panyaya iyi inoshandiswa pagadzirwe Heaters, zvose zvehondo uye nzvimbo. Doro pamwe mutemo kushandiswa admixture pamwe nemvura mafuta chinotsva nokuda kwayo hygroscopicity.

Panyaya iyi iri makemikari indasitiri

Zvikuru kushandisa panyaya iyi iri makemikari indasitiri. It anoshumira mbishi mashoko kugadzirwa zvinhu zvakadai diethyl Ether, acetic acid, chloroform, ethylene, acetaldehyde, tetraethyl acetate. Muna pendi indasitiri, panyaya iyi unoshandiswa nevakawanda senzira solvent. Doro chikuru chezvinonhuwira kuti pesin uye antifreeze. Shandisa doro uye neimba nemakemikari. Ndiye nhengo detergents uye yokuchenesa. Kakawanda inowanikwa ari chinoumba mu mvura hanya utsanana zvavo uye negirazi.

Ethyl doro mushonga

Ethyl doro kunogona kunzi antiseptics. Ane kunoparadza kukanganisa zvinenge mapoka ose zvigare. Zvinoparadza masero utachiona uye hunokuvadza. Kushandiswa panyaya iyi mune zvokurapa rinenge kuitika munyika yose. Uyu rakanakisisa kuomeswa uye mishonga yokuuraya utachiona. Nokuda Tanning ehupfumi doro (96%) raishandiswa processing ari uchishandisa tafura uye maoko chiremba wacho.

Panyaya iyi - solvent zvinodhaka. Rinoshandiswa chaizvo pagadzirwe neiya inoiswa muzvinwiwa zvinodhaka uye zvakabviswa yemakwati nezvimwe chirimwa zvokuvakisa. Shoma wevasungwa doro zvakadaro zvinhu hakurevi pfuura 18 muzana. Panyaya iyi inowanzoshandiswa sezvo zvisaora.

Ethyl doro anonyatsorayiridzwa kureva kukweshera. Panguva nhokwe inobereka iri kutonhora kushanda. Kakawanda, doro rinoshandiswa kuti kudziya anorumanya. Muchiitiko chino, zvinokuchengetedzai chose, hapana ganda ndiko akatsvuka uye anopisira. Uyezve, panyaya iyi inoshandiswa sezvo defoaming mumiririri kana kushandisa nokuda chakagadzirwa okisijeni panguva kufefetedza. Uyewo, doro riri chezvinonhuwira vakawanda yokutindivadza, izvo zvinogona kushandisa nyaya mishonga kwezvokudya.

Oddly, asi kurapwa panyaya iyi inoshandiswa sezvo mushonga muchetura chepfu alcohols zvakadai methanol kana ethylene glycol. Nokuda chiito chacho kuti apo dzakawanda substrates doro dehydrogenase enzayemu anoita chete makwikwi oxidation. Zviri kuburikidza ichi pakarepo mushure mekugamuchira panyaya iyi vakatevera chepfu methanol kana ethylene glycol, vasanyanye ari kuitika wevasungwa chepfu metabolites muviri. Methanol iri formic asidhi uye formaldehyde, uye ethylene glycol - oxalic acid.

chikafu kugadzira indasitiri

Saka, sei kuwana panyaya iyi, zvazikamwa kumadzibaba edu. Asi inonyanya kushandiswa, akagamuchira chete muna 19-20 emakore. Pamwe mvura, panyaya iyi ndiyo hwaro zvinenge zvose doro, kunyanya vodka, gin, rum at, bhurandi, whiskey, doro. shomanana ane doro uye rinowanikwa zvinwiwa izvo yaunganidzwa chinovira, akadai yogati, koumiss, kvass. Asi tsika dzavo havatori, sezvo wevasungwa doro mavari iduku kwazvo. Saka, zviri panyaya iyi iri yakachena yogati haapfuuri 0,12%. Asi kana iye rinopedza, wevasungwa aigona kumuka 1%. In kvass panyaya iyi zvishoma zvakawanda (1,2%). Vazhinji doro iri koumiss. In yakachena romukaka chigadzirwa, ayo wevasungwa - kubva 1 kusvika 3%, uye munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva anouya 4.5%.

Ethyl doro - zvakanaka solvent. pfuma iyi ingashandiswa yaigadzira zvokudya. Panyaya iyi iri solvent kuti siyana. Uyezve, unogona kushandiswa senzvimbo zvisaora kuti zvakabikwa zvinhu. It rinonyoreswa sezvokudya chirungiso E1510. Panyaya iyi ine simba kukosha 7.1 kcal / g.

Mugumisiro panyaya iyi pamusoro womunhu muviri

Munyika panyaya iyi kugadzirwa yakasimbiswa. Izvi inokosha fuma kushandiswa munyaya dzakawanda upenyu hwevanhu. Tincture doro riri chinodhaka. Ndokupisika akaiswa mushonga wokuuraya nefuma rinoshandiswa senzira disinfectant. Asi pano ndizvo zvazvinoita panyaya iyi kuva muviri wedu kana yakamedza? ingava anobatsira kana zvinokuvadza? Mibvunzo iyi zvinoda kudzidziswa hwakadzama. Munhu wose anoziva kuti vanhu vapedzwa doro kwemazana emakore. Asi chete muzana remakore rapfuura chinetso udhakwa awana makuru zvikuru. Madzibaba edu akadya kumba akagadzirwa doro, Mead, uye kunyange iye zvino doro nevakawanda zvakadaro, asi kunwa izvi zvine simba chikamu panyaya iyi. Naizvozvo, kuti nouchapupu zvakaipa utano, vakasagona. Asi pashure Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev doro rakasanganiswa nemvura zvimwe zvikuru, zvose zvakachinja.

Pari, doro - iri dambudziko zvinenge zvose kunyika zvenyika. Kamwe mumuviri, doro ane pathological kwakabatsira zvinenge zvose nhengo pasina anosara. Zvichienderana wevasungwa, dose, uye nzira hwokupinda panyaya iyi yokuwana nguva anogona kuratidza chepfu uye marwadzo kushanda. Iye anogona kuvhiringidza kumwoyo, izvozvo zvinoita kuti zvomudumbu turakiti zvirwere, kusanganisira nemaronda mudumbu uye 12-tiperstnoj neura. Under Zvakaitwa marwadzo chinorehwa kukwanisa kukonzera vadhakwa doro, kusava kuti marwadzo uye kuora mwoyo pamusoro nechepakati tsinga. Uyezve, munhu ane chidhakwa mufaro, pakarepo anova muropa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, nokunyanyisa kushandiswa panyaya iyi inogona kukonzera pakoma.

Chii chinoitika mumiviri yedu apo isu kunwa doro? Panyaya iyi Morekuru anokwanisa achirova CNS. Under vakadhakwa ukasunungurwa kemikari endorphin ari musimboti accumbens, uye mune vanhu vane iziviswe udhakwa uye orbitofrontal cortex. Asi, zvakadaro, pasinei neizvi, panyaya iyi haina kuzivikanwa somunhu muropa, kunyange zvinoda zvakakodzera zvose. Panyaya iyi haana kuiswawo pakati dzakawanda mazita pehurumende zvinhu. Uye munhu moot pfungwa, nokuti mune dzimwe mishonga, kureva 12 magiramu yamarudzi pa 1 kg kurema muviri, panyaya iyi kutanga kunotungamirira rikwanise chepfu, uye ipapo rufu.

Ndezvipi zvirwere iri panyaya iyi?

Self panyaya iyi mhinduro hakusi carcinogenic. Asi zvaainyanya metabolite - acetaldehyde - ane muchetura uye mutagenic fuma. Uyezve, anewo carcinogenic zvivako uye chinokurwadzai kukura kenza. unhu hwake vakanga vakadzidza ezvokunambira kunze kwomuviri waamai kwemhuka experimental. Izvi mabasa tsvakurudza kwakaita kuti anonakidza zvikuru, asi panguva imwe chete anovhundutsa zvabuda. Zvakaratidza kuti acetaldehyde - kwete carcinogen, zvinogona kukuvadza DNA.

Mazhinji kunwa doro kungaita nevanhu zvirwere zvakadai gastritis, hepatic cirrhosis, nemaronda 12 tiperstnoj urikanwi, gastric kenza, yegurokuro, ura diki uye muura, zvemwoyo chirwere. Kugara panyaya iyi ingress kupinda mumuviri zvinogona kukonzera oxidative kukuvadza uropi Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Ndapera nokuda Kushatiswa ropa-uropi mhinganidzo, varege kufa. Abuse edoro ine doro kunotungamirira udhakwa uye kunotoda rufu. Vanhu vanogara akanwa doro, mukana mwoyo kurwisa uye sitiroko inowedzerawo kanoverengeka.

Asi handizvo zvose ehupfumi panyaya iyi. fuma Uyu dzinongoitika metabolite. In zviduku zvakawanda zvinogona synthesized munyama womunhu muviri. Inonzi wechokwadi endogenous doro. Uyewo, zviri zvinoberekwa cleavage kuti carbohydrate zvokudya nemudumbu. panyaya iyi kwakadaro inonzi "conditionally endogenous doro". Anogona munhuwo breathalyzer yokuziva doro, iyo synthesized mumuviri? Tichingotarisa zvinokwanisika. uwandu Its haawanzopiwi pfuura 0,18 ppm. ukoshi Iri pajinga pamuganhu zvikuru ano tambo namano.