Ndivanaani Goths (rudzi) uye sei vanhu?

Nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa pamusoro Goth, asi kwete pamusoro vamiririri mazuva ano vechidiki subculture, zvinotyisa maonero avo harigari vagari, uye vaGiriki ivavo madzinza yekare iyo, achipfuura kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba mhiri yose Europe, akavamba mumwe simba kupfuura Ages mamiriro - Toledo umambo. Goths (rudzi) akanyangarika munguva yerima mazera sezvo chose uye zvinoshamisa zvavakanga akazviratidza, vachisiya kare paupamhi kukura yokutsvakurudza uye nokukurukura.

Europe emakore okutanga AD

Panzvimbo kuti vanhu akazviratidza panguva apo Europe aienda kuburikidza rudzi Transitional kumwedzi. Old ekare chinhu chekare, uye itsva ehurumende uye rudzi vakanga chete okukura danho. In yakakura expanses wake akaramba Vaidzungaira hombe negurumwandira revanhu, rinosundwa anogara achichinja ezvinhu oupenyu.

Chii chaiva chikonzero chikuru kuti zvinoshingaira yokutama. Maererano masayendisiti, ichi pave zviviri. Chokutanga izvi idzokororo yokuwandisa iri kare vakawanda uye dzakabudirira dzoga. Uye kunze, kusiya misha yavo dzakamanikidzwa kuonekwa nguva nenguva yakawanda simba uye nehasha vavakidzani, izvo zvaifanira kubviswa nokukurumidza, kurwisa panguva iyoyo kune nevaaisangana munzira, uye kugona kupa kurambwa zvakakodzera.

Zvehondo Scandinavians pamusoro penzvimbo Europe

About sei muna I-II remakore AD pakati vamwe vagari Europe vaiva Goths - madzinza eGermany muchitendero chavo uye tsika yakasiyana chaizvo navageremo, sahwira anoudza VI remakore, ane zita riri Jordan. Anoti kuti izvi zvakakomba, varume Bearded, akaputirwa kwematehwe uye akagadzirira chero nguva kuyangarara minondo yavo, vakanga vakaberekerwa ari asinganzwisisiki pachitsuwa panze Museum, izvo rondedzero hunoita kuti tikwanise kudzidza mariri nyore Air Peninsula.

Saka, akataura Goths - madzinza Air mavambo kuti vayambuka Europe iri southerly negwara. Muna 258, vanosvika Crimea, uye vamwe vavo kugara mairi, wakati kutsiviwa munhu runochengeta kuti aivapo upenyu. Maererano nemamwe mabhuku nechokumabvazuva Peninsula ipapo vakagara zvuru makumi mashanu mhuri. Vatsvakurudzi Several vataura kuti kusvikira pakuguma XVIII remakore munzvimbo idzi vakaramba kuridza mutauro Gothic, anyangarika chose panguva mune dzimwe nyika.

Zvisinei, zvakanga chete apa, uye nezvimwewo muArabhu European achiri mumwe vaitungamirira nzvimbo yaigara Goths (rudzi). Nhoroondo vanhu kuti nguva izere tisanzwa apesane vanogara nzvimbo, iyo kuisa nzira yavo. Zvataurwa pamusoro apa sahwira Joridhani anoti kuti somugumisiro ichi, ivo chaizvoizvo vasina kaviri kurara panzvimbo. Kubva kumarudzi namarudzi ivo vakaberekerwa, akakura uye akafa munzira.

VaGiriki ari kumiganhu hweRoma

Vatariri iyi nzira, pakutanga pamusoro IV remakore vakasvika kumuganhu hweRoma. Oddly zvakakwana, asi zvakanaka panguva hondo munyika Dzimwe nguva simba pamusoro kushamisa yokurwiswa savages akaputirwa namatebwe, rinopwanya euto yakajeka kuitira, uyo vakarova pasinei ose mitemo iripo, uye ipapo inonyangarika makadzika yomusango mumiti.

Rinotyisa uye nhamba yavo. Pamuganhu ehurumende havana voga dzakabatana, uye zviuru zvakawanda zvevanhu vane ngoro, vakadzi, vana uye mombe. Kana muzhizha mberi kwavo zvaikanganisa dzinongoitika zvipingamupinyi zviviri - the River Danube uye Rhine, muchando, ivo akafukidzwa chando apo, nzira akazarurirwa venyika.

Panguva ino Empire, yakabvamburwa chakakomba dambudziko kunokonzerwa uori uye uori vaiva vepamusoro wayo Mutongo ane zvakawanda nemishonga kuti Goths, asi vakawanda vanochengeta kusimudzirwa yavo havachadanani simba. Mugore 268, kubudikidza nekudzvanya Danube chando Goths - madzinza eGermany, vaisanganisa nokuda acceded nezvedzimwewo vanhu vashoma, kupamba kwekumaodzanyemba muruwa Pannonia. nharaunda iyi, izvo zvinosanganisira chikamu vemazuva Hungary uye Serbia, aiva wokushamisira ari revarwi vakagadzirira muna Roman Empire wokutanga.

Zvino kwaiva mupanda vemhuri, vakanga vaputsa pamwe madzungairiro husingaperi uye avo havo imomo wechipiri. Vakagara mumaruwa Moesia uye Dacia, zvino zvaisanganisira mune Bulgarian uye Romanian miganhu. Kazhinji, ivo Goths - yorudzi zvokufambidzana shure iyoyo, anopfuura maviri emakore, vasimbiswa zvokuti nokukurumidza weRoma Valens vaiona kuti abatsire nedzenyu kugumisa naye chibvumirano vasiri yaiparadza.

Huns - dambudziko Mwari

In yechipiri yezana IV remakore Europe nedambudziko rakaipisisa njodzi - kubva kumabvazuva kusvikira kumiganhu yayo nechisimba asingaverengeki gurusvusvu Huns rinotungamirirwa Attila yakakurumbira. Kunyange maererano nezvinodiwa utsinye uye kure kubva Humanism nguva, ivo vakashamisika vose pamwe ake rusingadzorwi ferocity uye utsinye. The ngozi chokuita dzavo kubvuta zvakaenzana mwoyo uye vaRoma uye vakagadzirira. Ndosaka dzinonzi kwete chete se "denda waMwari."

Panguva imwe chete chete nechisimba Huns, ivo Goths - marudzi ekare yaiumba chimwe vanhu vokutanga, huviri matavi akazvimirira, ayo dzakaisirwa munhau sezvo wavaVisigoth (Western) uye Ostrogoths (kumabvazuva). Gore rapera 375 vakakundwa nokuda Huns ravo mambo Ermanaric kurwadziwa uye nyadzi kuzviuraya. Vaya vakanga mukana wokupona, dzakamanikidzwa kundorwa kurutivi rwake vaimbova vavengi. Nyaya yacho East rudzi German akagadzirira akanga opera.

vaRoma Union

Pashure pokuona rufu vomunyika dzavo, uye kutya kuudza mugumo wavo, vaVisigoth akatendeukira rubatsiro vaRoma kupfuura zvavo zvakanaka anofara. Vakapiwa mukana kugara norusununguko pamuganhu nzvimbo umambo, zvichitsamira kuti kudzivirira nemiganhu yayo. Nokuti ichi, pasi chibvumirano chibvumirano, zviremera vakavimbisa kuvapa zvokudya nezvimwe zvinodiwa.

Zvisinei, chokwadi ndechokuti zvose zvakanga zvakasiyana chaizvo. machinda zvikuru uori Latin akatora mukana wokuita zvakawanda uye endarira kuba. Appropriating mari dzinounzwa kwerunyararo ari Gothic boka ravarwi, vakaramba nevanozvitsigira dzavo uye nemhuri dzavo nzara, kunyimwa zvinokosha. Goths - rudzi, wajaira munguva madzungairiro vemarudzi ose nhamo, asi muchiitiko chino, paiva kunyadziswa kwavo chiremera, uye kuti vakanga vasingagoni kugamuchira.

Kumukira kubatwa Roma

Machinda hauna vafunga, kuti nguva ino zuro vaGiriki, kunyatsotevera vanokurukura Latins, aifanira kudzidza zvakawanda pfungwa mukuru budiriro. Naizvozvo, pacharo, sezvo savages vanogona vasingarangwi Rafting sobachinu pasi achinyepera nyama yenguruve, runoonekwa nokutuka. Uyewo, Goths - marudzi yekare, kubvira panguva yakare vakajaira bakatwa kugadzirisa chero kukakavadzana. Somugumisiro, paiva bope. On hurumende yaro kudzvinyirira akatuma dzose mauto, uyo muna August 378 vakakundwa muhondo pamusoro Adrianople.

Haisi kugumira pane ichi, vaVisigoth vakamhanyira kuRoma, uye pashure penguva yakareba kukombwa kuti aisa vagari vatarisana norufu nokuziya nenzara uye denda, ivo nyanzvi. A kuziva oudzame: achifumura guta zvachose zvakapambwa, ivo, zvisinei, pakupedzisira, regai aipise nomoto, sezvo yaiva tsika mazera avo, uye havana kukonzera zvishoma kukuvara zvavovo zvake. Chokwadi chokuti Goths (rudzi) - atypical vaGiriki. Panguva ino vakanga vava vaKristu uye, maererano mutungamiri wavo Alaric, airemekedzwa Pope nevaya vakava akatsiva kuvaapositori.

Mugumisiro zvikuru matanho

Anokunda Rome, kuti Goths hazvisi kuzoshanda simba rezvematongerwo enyika. Vakatsvaka chete kuti iruramisirwe, kuwana mari shoma navabati, pazvinobvira, kubvisa kumwe dzokororo zvakaipa. matanho iwayo okubvisa kutorwa navo pakurwisa uori, vane zvinozoita.

Sezvo nekuripira kare zviremera zvakapa kuitira ravo idzva, nani zvikuru pasi, iyo yaisanganisira Gaul. Mukuwedzera, Mambo weRoma Honorius akaroora Gothic mambo Atualfa hanzvadzi yake Galla Placidia, nokudaro cementing enyika pamwe nemhuri dzomumhuri.

The kwaita vakagadzirira kuSpain

Zvisinei, izvi zvakanga chete kutanga zviitiko zvinotungamirira basa kuti vanofanira kuridza Goths (rudzi). Nhoroondo zvikuru vanhu vachangobva kutanga here kumuzarurira, uye akatambanudza ayo mugumo mushure Ndichitya pakutanga, uye zvino, pamwe dzose ake kutsunga, vakakunda ari kure rweRoma, rinonzi Spain.

Mumakore iwayo akanga akanganwa vose miganhu umambo. vagari vemo akataura mumwe tumitauro, anonzi nyadzisa Latin - mutauro zvavo Romanized, zvakawanda vepo lexical zvinhu. Inotongwa dunhu machinda akatumira kubva kuRoma, asi mune nyaya uto ngozi vanhu vaigona chete nesimba ravo pachavo - hurumende, vakamira pamahombekombe kuparara, hazvina kusvika vaaitonga.

Asi panguva pakutanga V remakore, apo Spain yakarwisa vagari panguva dzomusango gurusvusvu Vandals, Alans uye Suevi, Kesari Honorius, iyo zvikuru asingadi kurasikirwa ichi, aigara kubhadhara mutero nzvimbo, zvinonzi ndaizvipira kuuya vaVisigoth kuti kwake.

Panguva ino, pakati vaRoma uye vaGiriki nezuro makaumba zvakakwana simba rechiuto mubatanidzwa, izvo akabvumira mukuru mauto chose hondo Huns muna June 451 panguva Battle of Catalaunian minda. Somugumisiro, Attila uye nehondo yake kusvikira asingakundiki nokusingaperi akasiya pachimiro nhoroondo yenyika, Kesari yakakanda maoko ake kugadzirisa zvimwe kudzvanya matambudziko.

Varidzi itsva kuSpain

Saka, pakuonekwa vaVisigoth muSpain waiva mugumisiro kuzadzika basa rake somubetseri, asi kamwe imomo, vakatanga kuronga mabasa avo kunoyemurika simba uye kutsunga. Yezvinongoerekana Honorius kunyatsonzwisiswa kuti Goths (rudzi) pagore pamberi rokupedzisira pokuwa hweRoma pavanenge neunyengeri uye unyengeri vakamumanikidza kuti asaine gwaro zvikunde rusununguko zvizere uye outputting Spain kubva pasi.

Zvichitevera izvi, varidzi kutsva Spain, iri anosikwa inobva yekare, simba uye zvematongerwo enyika zvaanoda dunhu, simba uye kuzvipira zvakakwana Toledo hurumende (pasi chete zita hwava kare) akaita akatevedzana miganhu kukunda.

Munguva pfupi akakunda nyika kumativi maviri ichindosvika kuPyrenees, Provence, uyewo akakura Tarrakonskuyu dunhu, achitambanudza kubva Barcelona kuna Cartagena. Somugumisiro, kubva Goths (rudzi) - venyika yavo mavambo, vakakwanisa kusika kupfuura simba panguva mamiriro Western Europe.

Kurwira simba uye matambudziko ropa

Zvisinei, pamusoro chourongwa, Spain, aiva pasi pokutonga vaVisigoth, aiva chakakomba hunonyadzisa. Rakange risiri guru, asi vatatu akavakirirwa nzvimbo kushandisa basa ichi - Sevilla, Mérida uye Tarragona. Pose maguta aya akagara magnates, uyo aifunga kuti akanga, uye hapana mumwe munhu ane kodzero kutongwa bedzi.

Chokwadi, kusawirirana kwavo kugadziriswa kuburikidza hondo uye ropa. Achitarira mberi, tinogona kutaura kuti zvakaoma kuti simba kwava kukonzera rufu mune ramangwana wehurumende ichi. Zvisinei, munhau yenyika zviri zvikuru chaiwo mhosva.

zvemitemo matambudziko

Zvaakanga iripo kwemakore mazana matatu, umambo Toledo aigara pachimiro enyika kwokurangana kuti panyama kubvisa madzimambo. Chimwe chikonzero ichi chaiva pasina mutemo yokugara. Pakafa mumwe mambo vanoziva aigona kuisa mberi panzvimbo yayo chero evatsigiri vake, apo vachisiya zvakananga venhaka wemufi. Zvinonzwisisika izvi chagumbura kugara nyonganyonga.

pakakoromoka ichi pamutemo chakazadziswa kamwe Visigoth mambo Leovigild. Choushe, akanga ropa, akaroora chirikadzi aimbova mambo. Kuva mutongi munyika, akachenjera enyika akatanga nepfungwa yokuti hauitirwi murairo naro simba riri kune mwanakomana wake wedangwe ndikasazovapo afa namambo.

Panguva yakaita dzakatevedzana akadzikama mudare intriguers. Uyezve, Leovigild yakakurumbira sezvo chinoshamisa mutungamiriri rechiuto, munhu anokunyengedzera Wenyika uye anobudirira mutariri. Maviri emakore hwake akava "yendarama zera" munhoroondo hurumende, kana Goths (rudzi) - vanhu, vasati vakamira chete chechetere nezvimwe Semi-tyisa muArabhu, yakazivisa pachake somunhu mugadzi wemutemo European negwaro.

In pachipfuva Catholic Church

Pakafa Leovigild muupenyu Umambo zvechitendero chiitiko chinokosha - namambo uye vose vaaitonga, kunyanya muteveri dzaArius (mumwe muKristu masangano, akaziva manyepo), akapika mhiko kuna Pope, uye vakaenda yeRoma. Izvi dzinongoita kushumira kusimbaradza kutwasuka simba uye kugadzwa kuva vakuru zvakajeka nevasina dzomudzimu uye upenyu.

Ndezvokuti, asi ndiyo Goths (rudzi) vakauya kuyeuka yokuti vagari Iberian Peninsula of Spain rose uye indivisible yokumusha. kusimbisa yemubatanidzwa uye zvinobatsira kuti chitarisiko pamusoro pemuviri kwavo mutemo, iyo yakaumbwa mumakore anotevera maviri emakore. Rakava yepamutemo hwaro vaKristu vose Spain kusvikira XV remakore.

Pokuwa vaVisigoth inoti

Asi umambo Toledo - simba mamiriro, izvo akakura kubva run-pasi rweRoma, mugumo akasunungurwa chete kuripo matatu emakore. Wezvamatongerwe refu uye zvakaoma nzira, hazvina vakadonha pakarepo. Zvino zvakaitika VIII remakore, pakwakanga nemafashamo zvisingadzorwi Arab vakundi. Toledtsy vasingagoni kupikisa navo, uye vanyori venhau kuona izvi nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka.

Mumwe wavo anonzi kuramba kundorwa zvisingaiti kuti chikamu kuti vokuparidzira chine, nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana kusagutsikana vane masimba. Uyezve, paiva panguva iyi nyika akazadza hosha, uye nevanozvitsigira vazhinji vakava ayo chepaseka. Asi maererano nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, chikonzero chikuru chaiva chaizvo zvinowedzerwa kutanga VIII remakore kutamburira choushe pakati zvikuru nemhuri. Pasinei huripo kwemakore akawanda, mutemo yokugara, izvo agadzirwa kubatwa wokuSpain kubudikidza navaArabhu kare makore matanhatu paari choushe zvave madzimambo matanhatu. Chokwadi ichi anotaura pacharo.

Pane uchapupu hwokuti pakafa mambo wokupedzisira choumambo Wittiza nemutemo zvaiva mwanakomana wake Agil, dare, paakaita mumwe pebindu, akapa protege wake Rodrigo. Mugari wenhaka, yakagumbura uye vasingadi kugamuchira kukundwa, akagumisa chakavanzika sungano navaArabhu, maererano iyo, nokuti kubatsira iye, achavapa nhaka yakakura chikamu nyika. kumutengesa ichi tsvina uye akabatsira navaArabhu dzinovabata Spain, umo vaiti waidzora pashure izvi anenge makore matanhatu nyore.

Achipedzisa kukurukurirana pamusoro kuti Goths (rudzi) iri European munhoroondo rokutanga chemakore AD, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kazhinji zita rinoshandiswa pachinhu mamwe madzinza havafaniri kuita navo. Dzimwe zvinoitika mazita consonance. Somuenzaniso, kugadzirira kazhinji kuvhiringidzwa Huns, dzakanga munyaya ino, uye kuti vavengi vavo mhiko. Dzimwe nguva pane zvachose va- fabrications, izvo zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, necheSalvic madzinza vakagadzirira.

Nenzira yakawanda, nhoroondo yevanhu ava, iyo iyo iyo iyo ine chinyorwa uye heroic, inoramba ichinzwisisika uye isingatauriki zvachose. Kubva pamapeji ekare kare sepell, mazita ari Tulga, Wamba, Atanagild. Asi mune izvozvi zvisiri izvo zvinoreva simba iro rinoyevedza rinotitema nguva nenguva kuti tifunge muzvinhu zvisingazivikanwi zvemazana emakore.