Maindasitiri nyika yokutanga. Dzakabudirira munyika pakutanga remakore rechi20. List zvichangobva dzakabudirira

The dzakabudirira yaiva upfumi nyika kwerinopfuura chaihwo zvazvinoita. Vakabvisa mberi uye anochinja mamiriro chaiwo nharaunda. Naizvozvo, nhoroondo uye unhu venyika idzi kutarisirwa.

Chii chinofanira kunzwisiswa kwemaindasitiri

Kana izwi rinoshandiswa, tiri kutaura pamusoro zvoupfumi muitiro, musimboti chiri kuenda kune agrarian uye ngarava huru muchina kugadzirwa. Chokwadi ichi chinokosha unhu kuti dzakabudirira munyika takatsunga.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza zvinotevera chikabviswa: panongovira muchina kugadzirwa anotanga zvipararire munyika, kukura kwoupfumi achipinda rakakura nzira. Kuenda imwe nyika muboka maindasitiri imhaka kufurirwa zvinhu zvakadai pave itsva rwokugadzira uye nesayenzi Mazinga. Zvikurukuru kuchinja vanoshingaira ava mumunda simba kugadzirwa uye simbi.

Kutaura zvazviri, zvose dzakabudirira nyika kunobva kuverenga kuti shanduko mune zvoupenyu mitemo uye itsika. Panguva iyoyowo, Chokwadi, kwete pasina paumbwe hombe chinogona nechigadziko uye kukwezva vakawanda kokupata basa.

Mhedzisiro azvaiitwa ndechokuti pamusoro chikuru nemauto hwenyika (zvokurima, migodhi pfuma) anotanga zvakazadza yechipiri (mbishi zvinhu kubudiswa zvekutepfenyura). Maindasitiri inosimudzira Kugadzirwa anoranga kwesayenzi uye kwavakazoita Implementation ari mukugadzira chidimbu. Izvi zvinozoita ambotirega yekudyidzana awedzere mari vemo.

The maindasitiri nyika yokutanga

Kana kutarira enhoroondo data, zvinokwanisika kuti pachena mhedziso; kuti United States yakanga achitungamirira maindasitiri kufamba. In rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20, pane hombe umbowo simba maindasitiri kukura hwakagadzwa, iyo chabatsira mu chinokosha basa. The zvinoumba framework iri chinokosha tsime pakugadzira zvinhu, kushaya zvisingachashandi michina uye Software nokuda mhedziso rusununguko zvoupfumi basa.

Kufunga nhoroondo pave maindasitiri kugadzira, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvaioneka kuvandudzika munzvimbo iyi kwakaitika pakutanga ramakumi remakore. Ivo kwakaratidzwa kukura mwero kukura rinorema indasitiri. Izvi zvakaita kuti akavaka transcontinental njanji mutsetse.

nyika imwe yakadaro maindasitiri sezvinoita US, Zvinoshamisa mu kuti akanga iye akanga nyika yokutanga munyika zvoupfumi kare, nharaunda iyo yakanyorwa zvinotevera chokwadi: kuwanda rinorema indasitiri vakapfuura zvimwe zviratidzo zviri uchitikurudzira maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Dzimwe nyika vakakwanisa kusvika pamwero zvikuru gare gare.

Zvimwe kuchinja kuti vanofanira kuwana kutakura muindasitiri nyika, Kana ari enyika uye zvemitemo mabhora. Kana ichi ndicho kusingadzivisiki kudiwa zvakakwana simba uye kokupata basa feedstock.

Mumwe kiyi inogadzirwa zvinangwa mukati maindasitiri zvoupfumi - ndiko kusunungurwa kuwedzera nhamba apedza zvigadzirwa. Somugumisiro, zvinokosha rakawanda chigadzirwa achibvumira makambani kupinda pamusika yose.

Changing US rinorema indasitiri mamiriro

Sezvo North America - imwe nharaunda umo ruzivo kwayo kuva muindasitiri nyika, zvava rokutanga pamanyorerwo rino upfumi, zvinokosha kuziva zvinotevera: Kuchinja izvi zvakabatsira pachishandiswa kuchinja US rinorema indasitiri mamiriro.

Tiri kutaura matambudziko zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, kufambira mberi, izvo zvakakonzera chidzoke uye kukura maindasitiri matsva, akadai petroleum, aruminiyamu, magetsi, rabha, motokari, uye vamwe. Panguva iyo kugadzirwa motokari uye mafuta achinatsa vane rinonyatsooneka kukanganisa kukura American upfumi.

Sezvo dzemagetsi vanokurumidza dzika muupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye kugadzirwa, neparafini yava yokurasikirwa kushanda kwayo. Panguva iyo kwokudiwa mafuta rakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nokuti kukumikidza kukura motokari indasitiri, izvo vanotozvikuvadza zvakatungamirira kuti rakawedzerwa zvatengwa kuti peturu, nokuti kugadzirwa mafuta rinoshandiswa.

Kucherechedza ndechokuti akanga pakatanga mumotokari muupenyu US vagari aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira sechivako kugadzirwa, vachibvumira kunatswa indasitiri kuva zvakazara.

Changes noruzivo uye unyanzvi pfungwa sangano basa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa kukura kiyi vakawanda kugadzirwa. Tiri kutaura nezvekuparadzwa mu-mutsetse nzira.

Nokuda izvi zvinhu, United States akatanga kurondedzerwa muindasitiri nyika.

Zvimwe vamiririri maindasitiri upfumi

US Chokwadi, akava mamiriro wokutanga, izvo zvinogona semunhu maindasitiri. Kana isu funga dzakabudirira remakore rechi20, zvichiita kuti govera mafungu maviri mazuvaano. azvaiitwa zvinogonawo kunzi Organic uye kubata-up kukura.

Kunyika wokutanga weDanho ndivo United States, Britain, France nedzimwe nyika duku European (dzekuma Scandinavia, Holland, Belgium). Kukura vose venyika idzi zvakasiyana zvishoma nezvishoma yezwi muindasitiri mhando kugadzirwa. First akauya ari kwemaindasitiri, anoteverwa yezwi vakawanda uye pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa conveyor mhando.

Paumbwe pezvakaitwa yakadaro pakurukurwa vamwe tsika uye socio-upfumi nechokumashure:

- refu azvipire mukugadzira kurimwa, rave pachena kuti mazuvaano pakutanga;

- Kukura of noukama chinokosha-mari, zvichiita kuti pakunamata ari mumhuri kumusika uye kukwanisa kwayo kupinza mabhuku makuru maindasitiri kugadzirwa;

- zvinokosha rukoko varombo vanhu vanogona kuita imwe nzira, mukuwedzera pakupa rubatsiro vavo vechibharo.

To rokupedzisira pfungwa anogona kunzi kune Entrepreneurs vakakwanisa kuunganidza guta uye vakanga vakagadzirira uise chaiwo kugadzirwa.

Countries weDanho chechipiri

Uchifunga dzakabudirira kumavambo remakore rechi20, chakasiyana kunyika dzakadai Austria-Hungary, Japan, Russia, Italy uye Germany. Sumo kwavo maindasitiri kugadzirwa nokuda kufurira vamwe zvinhu yakanyanya belated.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti kutamira yakawanda munyika, pave States yose, vaiva vanhuwo zviri yakananga maindasitiri. A chinokosha hazvisi chinokosha simba pamusoro hurumende iri mazuvaano nguva. The rinokosha pamusoro mamiriro muzvirongwa izvi zvaigona kutsanangurwa zvinotevera.

1. Kutanga, zviri hurumende kwainge mutsindo basa Implementation ose zvinhu vane Chinangwa chaiva kuwedzera ukama chinokosha-mari, uyewo kuderedza Semi-dzinongoitika uye zviwanikwa mapurazi, dzinoratidzwa pasi yauinayo. nzira iyi kunoita kuti vawane zvakawanda pachena basa nokuda nyatsoshanda kugadzirwa.

2. Kuti tinzwisise nei dzakabudirira dziri nguva dzose dzinoratidzwa chinokosha mugove mamiriro mune nedanho mazuvaano, zvinokosha kucherechedza zvinhu zvakadai kudiwa wekutaura yakakwirira tsika mabasa ari kutorwa zvigadzirwa. matanho kwakadaro kunogona chete kuitwa nenhanho mutemo. Uye nemhaka nzira iyi, zvipfuwo vaburitsi, uyo amire pakutanga kwayo kukura, achadzivirirwa uye kukwanisa kukurumidza kusvika kuvandudza kutengeserana.

3. Chikonzero chechitatu nei kutora mukana ari mamiriro iri nedanho mazuvaano rakanga chisingadzivisiki - ndiko kushaya mari kubva emakambani mari kugadzirwa. Neutera mudzimba guta rakanga zvaizopedza nokuda budgetary nzira. Izvi yakaratidzwa nemari kuvaka mafekitari njanji. Mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange kusika vakavhengana mabhanga uye makambani pamwe mamiriro, uye dzimwe nguva dzimwe guta. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei dzakabudirira, kuwedzera ekisipoti zvigadzirwa vakanga zvainanga kukwezva dzimwe makambani. Zvikurukuru kukanganiswa oupfumi akadaro nedanho mazuvaano kweJapan, Russia uye Austria-Hungary.

Isa dzakabudirira dziri upfumi ano

The ndiwedzere kwacho haana kurega kukura kwayo. Nokuda nguva ino kuumba achangobva dzakabudirira. Pamazita kwavari sezvinotevera:

1. Singapore
2. South Korea,
3. Hong Kong,
4. Taiwan
5. Thailand
6. China
7. Indonesia
8. Malaysia,
9. India,
10. Philippines,
11. Brunei,
12. Vietnam.

Nyika ina dzokutanga aunonyanya kubva zororo, nokuti icho chikonzero dzinonzi Asian Tigers. Muzviuru 80s, neimwe dziri pamusoro inoti akaratidza kugona kwaro kugovera wegore negore zvoupfumi kukura pamwe chiratidzo pamusoro 7%. Uyezve, vakakwanisa kuzadzisa nokukurumidza zvokuti kukunda socio-upfumi underdevelopment uye pedyo zvakadini nyika inogona kurondedzerwa se dzakabudirira.

Nzira dzekuziva iyo dzakabudirira takatsunga

The UN inongogara vachiongorora mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, pamwe pfungwa upfumi kukura kumatunhu akasiyana. In sangano iri, pane zvimwe zvinodiwa nezvavakatadzisa kuona achangobva dzakabudirira. Zvinyore anogona chete muzadze hurumende rinonangana zvimwe zvinodiwa zvinotevera Categories:

- bhuku kunze kwenyika kuti maindasitiri zvigadzirwa;

- zvakakomba epamba chigadzirwa pa capita;

- nhamba GDP kugadzira (haafaniri kuva asingasviki 20%);

- bhuku oupfumi kunze kwenyika;

- avhareji wepagore kukura yevanhu GDP.

Nerimwe izvi zvinodiwa, uye ose dzakabudirira vose, pandandanda uko zvishoma nezvishoma kukura, anofanira kuva yakasiyana nemamwe anoti.

Features hupfumi muenzaniso NIS

Kune vamwe kukonzera, zvose zvemukati uye zvokunze, kuti aiva chinokosha nezvainoita zvoupfumi richangobva dzakabudirira.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro zvimwewo zvinoitika upfumi kukura, hunhu nyika dzose, kunyanya kutarisirwa chipiwe zvinotevera chokwadi: pasinei dzakabudirira vanoonekwa, vose achabatanidza pane yechimbadzo chikamu dzakabudirira. Uye zvose zvoupfumi uye enyika zvido. Somuenzaniso, imwe kufarira yakajeka, iyo inoratidza United States maringe South Korea, uye Taiwan. Izvi imhaka yokuti munzvimbo idzi kubatsira zvinopesana utongi hwechiKomonisiti kuti muzvinhu East Asia.

Somugumisiro, America ane izvi zviviri inoti achinditsigira chinokosha zvechiuto uye zvoupfumi, izvo zvakasikwa zviri zvairatidza mutsa kune simba kukura munyika idzi. Ndokusaka dzakabudirira, kuwedzera aina nenhumbi, zvikurukuru nezvezvandaifanira dzimwe inivhesitimendi.

Kana nyika South Asia, kufambira mberi kwavo nokuda kutsigirwa Japan, mumakore emakore dzakazonaka vakawanda mapazi makambani kuti asike mabasa matsva uye kusimudza padanho indasitiri rose.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti richangobva dzakabudirira, riri Asia, vazhinji asingashumbi guru nezvezvandaifanira dzinongoitika zvekuvaka Mazinga uye kugadzira Mazinga.

Kana nyika Latin America munharaunda ino, mari yakanga pfungwa kwete chete pane kugadzira indasitiri, asiwo basa zvekutepfenyura, uyewo kutengeserana.

Muchiitiko chino, munhu haagoni kufuratira chokwadi pamusoro yose upfumi kuwedzera private guta wokumwe. Ndokusaka dzakabudirira tisingabatanidzi yayo zvinhu anenge ose kwemauto upfumi vane zvimwe chikamu wokumwe guta.

Latin America muenzaniso NIS

maviri anokosha yokutevedzera, kuburikidza izvo zvinoita munguva marongerwo nenheyo kukura ano dzakabudirira aunonyanya upfumi yanhasi. Tiri kutaura pamusoro Latin America uye Asian hurongwa.

The muenzaniso wokutanga rinonyatsotarira imupota kuzvitsinhanisa, kusimbisa wechipiri riri kunze kwenyika. Nemamwe mashoko, dzimwe nyika dzakawirwa nezvezvandaifanira zvipfuwo pamusika, apo vamwe vanogamuchira unorema guru kuburikidza kunze kwenyika.

Uyu ndiwo mumwe mhinduro yomubvunzo wokuti nei dzakabudirira, kuwedzera aina nenhumbi, uchipinda nezvezvandaifanira imupota kuzvitsinhanisa. Zvose anoburuka pakushandisa imwe muenzaniso. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvipfuwo musika saturation nzira rudzi chigadzirwa yakabatsira nyika dzakawanda kuwana mberi mune zvoupfumi. Nokuti chinangwa ichi zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti Siyanisai upfumi nemamiriro nyika. Somugumisiro, zvinokosha kugadzirwa vanokwanisa kwave akaumbwa, uye yekudyidzana zvakawedzera padanho yokugutsikana munzvimbo dzakawanda.

Kutaura zvazviri, mune imwe neimwe nyika, vakaisa Kumikidzo kukura kugadzirwa, vachibvumira zvinobudirira kutsiva kupinzwa, chakakomba dambudziko ndee pamusoro nguva. Sezvo zvikonzero zvaizoitika ichi vanofanira kuona kurasikirwa kunyatsoshanda uye kuchinja kubva zvoupfumi, riri nokuda kwekushaiwa dzimwe makwikwi.

Saka kuomera nyika kutora simba nechinzvimbo pamusoro kumusika nyika nokuda kwokushayiwa maindasitiri-locomotives, deducing nokure kugadzirwa kuti kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda uye nemusoro.

Somuenzaniso, nyika Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico). inoti izvi vakakwanisa Siyanisai national upfumi kuti asvike kunzvimbo chinokosha mukati pamusika yose. Asi vachiri havana kukwanisa kubata nezera ravo upfumi mberi dzakabudirira, ekisipoti vaifarira.

Asian ruzivo

Export-zvinangwa wokuenzanisira rakatangwa NIS Asia, rinogona kurondedzerwa sendarama vakarongeka uye kusanduka zvakakwana. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti yakafanana imupota, iyo kuverenga unobatanidzwa pamwe zvoupfumi zano wacho. Zvinoshamisa, zvakaita akava mhando mbiri, pamwe kumikidzo akasiyana, dzinogona kubatanidzwa zvinobudirira. Saka, zvichienderana pamusoro Kunyanya nguva nharungano anogona kupiwa kupfuura akakodzera vaya.

Asi chokwadi chinoramba kuti hurumende isati anoenda ambomira simba ekisipoti kuwedzera, zvinofanira kuenda kuburikidza imupota kuzvitsinhanisa uye tsime kudzikamisa kubva muzana yayo iri hombe zvoupfumi womuenzaniso.

Asian NIEs vave dzinoratidzwa kukura basa-ndichibvunza ekisipoti vaifarira maindasitiri. Nokufamba kwenguva, kusimbisa kwakaita zvava guru-nyanyisa yepamusorosoro Mazinga. Panguva iyoyo, chinangwa chikuru munyika dzakadaro yechinangwa magetsi emari nzira - zviri goho, izvo zvinogona inozivikanwa se ruzivo anotsanangura. Uyewo shoma uye basa-ndichibvunza kugadzirwa rakapiwa dzakabudirira itsva rechipiri wave.

Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti upfumi nzira maduramazwi maindasitiri rudzi kunobva panzvimbo yayo mumusika pose.