Male chromosomes. Y-chromosome pane zvinokonzera uye ndeipi mhinduro?

Nyaya yekutsvakurudza kwemashoko ndeyechiitiko chekuzvarwa uye kufanana. Scientist weAmerica T-X. Morgan akaumba nheyo ye chromosome yekuzvarwa, zvichiratidza kuti mhando imwe neimwe inogona kuratidzirwa neimwe karyotype ine mhando dzakadai dzekromosomes se somatic uye zvepabonde. Aya ekupedzisira anomiririrwa nemumwe murume akasiyana, akasiyana nevarume nevakadzi. Muchikamu chino, tichadzidza kuti chimiro chemasikromosomes evanhukadzi uye evanhu anei uye kuti akasiyana sei pachavo.

Chii chinonzi karyotype?

Sero rega rega rine nucleus rinoratidzwa nehuwandu hwemakromosomes. Yakagamuchira zita rokuti karyotype. Mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana ehupenyu, kuvapo kwezvivako zvehutano zvakanyatsotsanangurwa, somuenzaniso, karyotype yevanhu ine 46 chromosomes, mumachimpanze - 48, uye mumvura krisfish - 112. Chimiro chavo, ukuru, maitiro akasiyana kune vanhu vanobva kune zvakasiyana-siyana taxa. Nhamba yekromosomes muchitokisi chemuviri inonzi diploid set. Icho chimiro chemuviri wenyama uye masukisi. Kana karyotype ichichinja sechikonzero chekuchinja-chinja (somuenzaniso, kune varwere vane klinefelter's syndrome nhamba yekromosomes iri 47, 48), saka vanhu vakadaro vakaderedza kubereka uye mune dzakawanda zviitiko hazvina simba. Chimwe chirwere chinokonzerwa nekromosomes yepabonde ndiyo chirwere che Turner-Shereshevsky. Inowanikwa kune vakadzi vane karyotype kwete 46 asi 45 ma chromosomes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mumukadzi wepabonde pane maviri x-chromosomes, asi chete. Phenotypically, izvi zvinoratidzika mumusana pekugadzirisa kwezvinyorwa zvepabonde, zvisingatauri zvinyorwa zvechipiri zvepabonde nekushaya vana.

Somatic uye chromosomes zvepabonde

Izvo zvakasiyana mumamiriro ose uye mahedheni emagetsi anogadzira kuumbwa kwawo. Male ma chromosomes evanhu uye mhuka dzinokamwisa dzinopinda muhutano hwepabonde hwepabonde XY, iyo inopa kukurudzirwa kwekutanga uye kwechipiri varume vane zvepabonde. Mune shiri, varume vanoita zvepabonde vane mbiri yakafanana yeZZ chromosomes evanhu uye inonzi homogametic. Kusiyana nekromosomes, iyo inogadzirisa zvepabonde yemuviri, pane zvivako zvakagadzirwa mu karyotype iyo yakafanana kune vose varume nevakadzi. Zvinonzi autosomes. Mune karyotype yevanhu, pane makumi maviri nemaviri. Kuita zvepabonde nemakromosomes edzimai inoumba maviri maviri, saka karyotype yemurume inogona kumiririrwa semhando yakawanda: 22 maviri maviri e autosomes + XY, uye vakadzi - makumi maviri nemaviri e autosomes + XX.

Meiosis

Kuumbwa kwe gametes, gametes, pamwe nekusanganiswa kwezygote kunoumbwa, kunowanikwa mumaronda emagetsi: testes uye mavari. Mumiviri yavo, meiosis inowanzoitika - iyo nzira yekuparadzanisa masero inotungamirira pakuumbwa kwemaketetet ane ine haploid yekromosomes. Ovogenesis mune mavha mavari anokonzera kusimwa mazai emhando imwe chete: 22 autosomes + X, uye spermatogenesis inoita kuti kuve nekutsva kwemahomometesi emhando mbiri: 22 autosomes + X kana 22 autosomes + U. Mune vanhu, kurara kwemwana asati aberekwa kunotsanangurwa nenguva yekusanganiswa kweizi yeii neuviri Kubva karyotype yehuta.

Chromosome nekugadzirisa zvepabonde

Isati tatoongorora panguva iyo hutano hwakatemwa nevanhu-panguva yehutano, uye hunobva pachigadzirwa chekromosome chemuviri. Mune mimwe mhuka, vamiririri vezvepabonde zvakasiyana-siyana vanopesana nenhamba yekromosomes. Semuenzaniso, mumhonye, zvipembenene, mhashu mune diploid yevarume kune chromosome imwe chete kubva kune zvepabonde, uye nevakadzi - zvose. Nokudaro, iyo haploid yakagadzirwa nemakromosomes ehurume yemvura acanthocanthus inogona kuratidzirwa nemaitiro: 5 chromosomes + 0 kana 5 chromosomes + x, uye vakadzi vane kero imwe chete ye 5 chromosomes + x mune maovules.

Chii chinoita kuti vanhu vaite zvepabonde nedorphism?

Mukuwedzera kune chromosomal, pane dzimwe nzira dzokugadzirisa zvepabonde. Mune dzimwe dzisinganzwisisiki - rotifers, mapurogiramu e- polychaete - zvepabonde zvinotarirwa kunyange kusati kwasanganiswa kwegetete fertilization, zvichibva pamakromosome evarume nevakadzi anoita maonero evanhu vaviri. Mhuka dzechikadzi dzegungwa - dinofilus muchiito che ovogenesis inogadzira ovule yemarudzi maviri. Chekutanga-duku, varombo varombo, - vanokura varume. Mamwe-makuru, ane ruzhinji rwezvibereko - anoshumira kukudziridza vakadzi. Muchiuchi nyuchi - zvipembenene zveHymenoptera series - vakadzi vanobereka maviri mazai: diploid uye haploid. Kubva mazai asina kufanira, varume vanokura - drones, uye kubva mazai anogadzirwa - vakadzi vanoshandisa nyuchi.

Mahomoni uye maitiro avo pakuumbwa kwepabonde

Mune munhu, zvinyorwa zvevarume - mapeti - anoita mahomoni evanhukadzi eestosterone. Zvinosanganisira zvose kukura kwehutano hwepabonde hunhu ( hutsika hwemaatoriki hwemukati uye nhengo dzomukati dzomukati) pamwe nehutano hwehutano kunyanya. Pasi pesimba re testosterone, zviito zvepabonde zvepabonde zvinoumbwa - chimiro chemasaga, zvisikwa zvechimiro, bvudzi remuviri, mutsara wezwi, uye chimiro chemarori. Mumumuviri wemukadzi, mazamu mazai anogadzira kwete masero ezvepabonde chete, asiwo mahomoni, ayo ari masvosve ekuvhiringidzika. Zvepabonde mahomoni akadai se-estradiol, progesterone, estrogen, anokurudzira kusimba kwekunze uye nhengo dzomukati dzomukati, vhudzi remuviri pamudzimai wechikadzi, kutonga kumwedzi uye nguva yekuzvitakura. Mune zvimwe zvipembenene, hove, mhondi nemamphibians, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvehupenyu zvinogadzirwa negonads zvinokonzera kukura kwehutano hwepabonde uye hwechipiri, uye maitiro echromosome haaiti simba rakadaro pakuumbwa kwepabonde. Semuenzaniso, maruva emakungwa emakungwa ehurumende - bonellia - pasi pesimba revakadzikadzi zvemadzimai evhamoni vanorega kukura kwavo (1-3 mm muhukuru) uye vave varume vashoma. Vanorarama muhutachiona hwevakadzi, izvo zvine muviri wakareba kusvika mamita 1. Muhove-vachengeti vehove vane zvinyorwa kubva kune vakadzi vanoverengeka. Madzimai evanhu, kunze kweavoes, vane stem embryonic. Pangosvika murume akafa, mumwe wevakadzi vechikadzi anotora basa raro (mumuviri waro, gonads ehurume inokura mahomoni evanhukadzi anotanga kukura).

Mutemo wepasi

Muvanhu vemu genetics, inoitwa nemitemo miviri: yekutanga inotarisa kuvimba kwekuvandudzwa kwezvinyorwa zvepabonde zvepabonde pavanodzivirira testosterone uye hormone MIS. Mutemo wechipiri unoratidza basa rinoshamisa rakapiwa neY chromosome. Zano rehurume uye zvose zvinowirirana nehutano uye zviratidzo zvepanyama zvinokura pasi pesimba rejeni riri mu Y chromosome. Ukama uye kuvimba kwemitemo miviri muhutano hwevanhu kunonzi chirevo chekukura: mumwana wemukomana unobata mhirizhonga (kureva kuti, rudiments yezvipfeko zvevakadzi - Mululerian duct uye gonad yemurume - Wolf canal), kusiyana kwema embryonic sex gland kunobva pakuvapo kana kusavapo kweY chromosome mu karyotype.

Genetic information mu Y chromosome

Studies of genetic scientists, kunyanya T-X. Morgan, yakawanikwa kuti maitiro e-X-ne-Y-chromosomes haasi akafanana nevanhu uye zvipfuwo. Male ma chromosomes muvanhu haana zvimwe alleles zviripo mu X chromosome. Zvisinei, mazamu avo ane gene SRY, iyo inotungamirira spermatogenesis, iyo inotungamirira pakuumbwa kwevanhurume pabonde. Kugadzikana kwehutano hwejeni iri mumumvuri kunotungamirira kukura kwechirwere chetachiona - Suair syndrome. Somugumisiro, musikana unobuda kubva pamucheche akadaro ane chikwata chepabonde mu karyotype ye XY kana kuti chikamu chechi Yerosomome Y ine geni yenzvimbo. Anoshandisa kukura kwegonads. Muchirwere, vakadzi havasiyanisi zvepabonde maitiro ehupombwe, uye haana maturo.

U-chromosome uye zvirwere

Sezvambotaurwa, chirume chechirume chakasiyana kubva kune X chromosome zvose muhukuru (zviduku) uye muchimiro (inoratidzika se hook). Uyewo kune rimwe rayo rejeni. Nokudaro, kuchinja kweimwe yemagenzura eY chromosome ndiyo phenotypically inoratidzika nekuonekwa kwebhanhire rebvudzi rakaoma pa earlobe. Ichi chimiro chimiro chevanhu chete. Chirwere chechizvarwa chinokonzerwa nechromosomal mutation chinozivikanwa seKlinefelter's syndrome. Murume anorwara ane karyotypes musikana asingazivikanwi wevakadzi kana kuti ma chromosomes evanhu: ХХУ or ХХУУ. Idzo zviratidzo zvekuongorora zvirwere zvinokonzera kukura kwemafupa emamota, osteoporosis, kusabereka. Chirwere ichi chakajairika: kune vakomana vese vachangoberekwa 500 vane 1 murwere.

Kutaura muchidimbu, tinoona kuti kuvanhu, sekumwe mhuka dzesimba, hutano hwemhuka yeramangwana hunotsanangurwa nenguva yekugadzirwa, nekuda kwekumwe kusanganiswa mune zygote zvepabonde X- uye Y-chromosomes.