Marangwanda hamba: mamiriro. Structure njiva nyika, tsvuku-sectional

The Fauna of yedu nezvinokambaira, rinosvika vanenge zviuru zvitanhatu. Species vanomirirwa mapoka chaivo akawanda. Mumwe wavo ari yokuzviparadzanisa of Turtle. Rine 328 howa dzikarongwa mumhuri 14. Nyaya ino ichaongorora sechivako munhu njiva marangwanda, uyewo zvinhu chokuita nemvura uye yenyika upenyu hwemhuka.

The anatomical mamiriro

Kubva sezvakarayirwa mhenyu iri steppes, pamapani pamusoro Pakistan uye India, mumarenje pamusoro Turkmenistan, Siria uye Libya. Kufanana nedzimwe mhuka kungova mhuri nezvinokambaira marongerwo miviri yavo, uyewo kwemasayendisiti oupenyu angawana zvinoverengeka idioadaptatsy yakaoma uye inopisa. Pakati vakadaro mano emit gobvu Rakaunyana integument, mucous mumasero kusavapo, kuvapo horny chikero uye ichibhabhamisa. zvivako izvi ine fibrillar mapurotini - keratins. basa ravo kuwedzera simba zvemaziso pamusoro integument.

Sezvo nekamba Somuenzaniso inowanzorimwa, Central Asian, udye zvikuru oma chirimwa zvokudya mumusoro vane muromo - kubva kwacho imwe mhando ine unopinza micheto meno. Ivo kamba zvakabvaruka zvikamu zvinomera uye zvakohwewa lumpy maberere dzavo. Mumusoro uye meso dziri. Vari achingopiwa matatu emakore: rezasi, repamusoro uye wechitatu. Chiri muchimiro Rakaunyana firimu rinofukidza ziso chete hafu. nenjiva All vane zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira binocular chiratidzo uye ainyatsoziva zvakatipoteredza.

kamba marangwanda Departments

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo, kana marangwanda ari njiva ndechokuti, yeuka kuti muviri goroondo wacho inokamukana anatomically kupinda 4 zvikamu. Inoitwa musoro, mutsipa, hunde uye muswe. Funga sechivako hamba ari muchikamu. Saka, nomuzongoza inoumbwa 5 zvikamu: remuromo, thoracal, lumbar, sacral uye caudal. Marangwanda musoro chose mafupa. Hwakabatana pamutsipa achishandisa zviviri chinjwa vertebrae. In zvachose, mumwe hamba 8 remuromo vertebrae. Head nechinguvana ngozi zvinobatanidzwa mukati goko nokuda pamberi makomba mairi. Ground zvinokambaira ndaziva yakaderera maitikiro kurira. Nenjiva ndezvaJehovha mhuka "nyarara", sezvo avo Vocal chords or the anatomically havaratidzi yakatanga. Saka, havana kuti muridzo kana squeaking.

Marongerwo uye kushanda carapace

Uchidzidza kuti marangwanda ari njiva, funga yokumusoro chikamu kwake nevamwe. It ane kuzvimba somwana muduku bhero. In nekamba zviri kunyanya yakakwirira uye hombe, nemvura - munhu sandara, streamlined chimiro. Carapace rinoumbwa maviri akaturikidzana. Rokunze rine puroteni chikero - ndiro uye nechepasi ane chose mapfupa mamiriro. Kwaari Kochekera arc ari vertebrae of lumbar-thoracal uye mbabvu. Makara uye tichiswedera horny scutes carapace systematics masayendisiti inoshandiswa kuona mhando kuziva mhuka. Imhaka kamba goko yave uye anoramba nenyaya hove. Kubva vanonzi vakaita kwechishamiso mapuranga, zviitiko, kugadzirisa nemapanga. Carapace ane mawindo akawanda, umo mhuka Anodzokera Shure musoro, maoko nemakumbo uye muswe panguva yenjodzi.

Plastron uye kukosha

Rezasi Chikamu goko anonzi plastron. Pakati pake carapace riri nyoro muviri mhuka. Zvose sezvikamu vakabatanidzwa pfupa dzokurwa. Plastron pacharo rinobva pakati anatomical mapazi mberi uye mbabvu. Zvinoita sokuti "soldered" muMutumbi mumwe hamba. Pano siyana vari hombe plastron. Uye zvisikwa gungwa ipfupi kuti cruciform ndiro vakaronga pamusoro ventral chikamu muviri. On ichibhabhamisa goko concentric mitsetse kuumbwa nokuda kukura. Maererano naye herpetologists anogona kuona makore nenjiva mamiriro utano hwake.

marangwanda maitiro zvikamu zviri mberi uye hadzi nemakumbo hamba

Marangwanda nenjiva, ane zano iri pasi apa rinoratidza ichi mhando kuva nezvinokambaira. Vari vasiyana nomuzongoza mapfupa bhanhire pamberi: scapula, clavicle, uye dzidzo rarira vake. Ivo dziri pakati pechipfuva. Chipande zvakabatana kuti carapace tsandanyama nedanga panzvimbo yokutanga vertebra urongwa. hadzi muzvidimbu nebhanhire kuchibva pubic, ischial uye iliac mapfupa. Zvinoumba wokushambidzira. Caudal chikamu chine vazhinji vertebrae diki, saka zviri Mobile chaizvo.

Avilable nekamba Mbabvu

The forelimbs nezvinokambaira panofanira kuva mafudzi, honokono, chiningoningo, metacarpal uye phalanges, izvo zvakafanana marangwanda mamwe makirasi pano vertebrates. Zvisinei, muna forelimb mapfupa mamiriro pane misiyano. Somuenzaniso, mashoko tubular bvupa pamafudzi ipfupi, uye nokuwanda, achiumba chiningoningo, asingasviki mune mhuka. Hadzi Mbabvu dzinewo anatomical zvinhu. The femur ipfupi chaizvo, uye nhamba yavo ipfupi rutsoka zvakanaka. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka panguva nekamba: bhokisi, tsvuku-inowanzorimwa. Zvavakanga zvinokambaira panyika, mapfupa phalanges pakati minwe vari kusangana chenguva zvokuimba mutoro. Saka, nenjiva marangwanda kunokosha idioadaptation kufambisa kwadzakabva kwahwo dzinogarisana.

Red-rine nzeve sliders: marongerwo uye zvimwe zvinhu zvoupenyu

Pakati vose kumwe mhuka ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa somusha anogara. The nemamiriro matsvuku nenjiva chairwo Freshwater siyana. musoro wake zvakanaka-Mobile, refu mutsipa, kuti goko chinomiririrwa girini carapace uye plastron tsvuku. Nokuda hamba ichi anowanzodanwa zheltobryuhoy. Wandisa nemakumbo, akafukidza horny scutes, inopera nenzara. Musango Vakaguta tumbuyu, mupenyu rukuru pamwe enzizi, mazana uye nehove duku uye algae. The hadzi iri nyore aikudzwa kubva gono: nayo kurema uye yakareba, uye nechezasi shaya wake hombe. Rora mhuka idzi munguva kubva mukupera February kusvikira May, kuisa gomba mujecha kubva mazai 4 kusvika 10. Kazhinji nenjiva Small hatch muna July kana August.

Pano mhando nenjiva

boka iri nezvinokambaira anomiririrwa mhuka dzakadai Central njiva Asian, akanyorwa muna Red Book, Balkan, panterovaya. Kune vanenge 40 marudzi. Pano marangwanda munhu hamba - deko. Ndiye hombe chaizvo, pamwe kumusoro plastron. Mhuka pachavo chaizvo vakaneta. Central Asian kamba shoma kukanganiswa nemvura inonyuka. Zvinogona kwenguva refu kuenda pasina izvozvo, kudya muto mashizha kana dzakanzi kuti herbaceous zvirimwa. Sezvo mhuka kuti ajairane yakaoma okunze kana Semi inowanzorimwa, basa rake pagore ndekwokuda inodzorwa. Zviri 2-3 chete kwemwedzi, asi mune mamwe gore nenjiva anopedza poluotsepenenii kana hibernates mune burrows that akachera mujecha. Izvi zvinoitika kaviri pagore - muzhizha uye muchando.

Nemamiriro panyika hamba kunoratidzwa vanoverengeka adaptations chokuita noupenyu panyika. Ichi chikuru columnar nemakumbo, phalanges izvo zvakazara fused, vachisiya kusazvibata nezvipikiri pfupi. The muviri yakafukidzwa horny chikero, uye kudzivirira nokunyanyisa kwemvura mvura kuitira kuchengetedzwa munyama mhuka. Saka, Mhuka vanodzivirirwa rinorema-basa mapfupa-horny nevamwe. Mukuwedzera, vanogona kuita zvinogona vavengi unopinza muridzo inzwi kana nokukurumidza chaizvo Kuburitswa mu yacho dundira vhoriyamu. Ose nekamba centenarians. Vanogona kurarama 50 kusvika 180 nemakore. Uyezve, havana nhaka yakakwirira kushinga uye kukwanisa kuchinja.

Kunyange zvakadaro, ngatiregei kukanganwa kuti 228 mhando nenjiva vanoda kudzivirirwa uye dziri kuda kutsakatika. Somuenzaniso, nokukurumidza kudzikira dzinogarisana girini hamba. It anoshumira atambudzwe marudzi, sezvinoita murume anodya wake nyama. Nokuda urbanization uye rutapudzo kwenzvimbo zvakasikwa dzinogarisana nhamba mhuka ipfupi rimwe gore. Ichingova nharo uye nyaya kwokugamuchirwa manatus kugutsikana mune dzimba dzevanhu, kunyange kana vari riri yakarongerwa terrarium ezvinhu. A kunyora nezvavo nhamba emhuka idzi nhapwa zvinoenderana ayo yomuzvarirwo zera. Most vari vakaurayiwa vasingazivi uye ratyama mafungiro munhu.