Boris Chertok, munhu Soviet uye Russian musayendisiti-mugadziri: Biography, zvinyorwa

Muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, Russia akaumba renyeredzi rose renyanzvi, kupenya techies, vane zvipo kuti kukunda wezvose hunokosha. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti musayendisiti-mugadziri Boris Evseevich Chertok anotora nzvimbo chaiyo pakati pavo. Ake dzakagadzirirwa simbi rakasiyana design "mwoyo" zvombo - utariri enyika. Zvikuru kufarirwa akabhadhara kuti kukura uye kuongorora kukurukurirana.

Chakatsiva maviri namapfumbamwe pakutanga

Akaberekwa muna 1912, nguva isati October Revolution, Chertok akafa ichangopfuura (muna 2011). Rarama vanenge remakore uye murambe mupenyu zvinofamba pfungwa - zviri zvakakodzera! "Tinofanira kushanda kwenguva refu sezvinobvira kubatsira vanhu - ichi chakavanzika," - anoti Chertok. Boris Evseevich Biography rwakatanga Lodz (Poland nhasi, sepakutanga riri pamusoro nyika Russian Empire), akauya munyika muno ari maviri repfumbamwe February. Kuita uchapupu Madzitateguru vakati rokutanga March.

1914 - imwe nguva aibuda vapoteri kana vachitiza zvinotyisa kuti vakatakura Hondo Yenyika Wokutanga. Kutiza kubva zvinotyisa kuratidza Hondo Lodz, akatakura mumaoko nomwanakomana muduku, vabereki akafunga chinhu chimwe chete: kuti vapone. Papera makore, mukomana pamuka academician, yepasi pose shasha. The zita Hero pakati Socialist Labor, wokuisira kuti mibayiro yakawanda zvaisanganisira pasi "The Best ndege Russian," asi munyika kuera nzvimbo vatsvakurudzi minda.

Nechido Chertok chidobi yakabuda chikoro. Devyatiletki iye kudzidza muna 1929. Zvisinei, gore rakapera mumagazini "Radio zvose" yakauya kukura zvokutanga nyore mukomana Soviet (yezvisikwa chubhu redhiyo).

On panzira chesekondari dhipuroma

Muna nemapfumbamwe mazana gore ramakumi matatu jaya rakasvika kunyika guru avhiyesheni zvebhizimisi - chirimwa nhamba 22. mei (Energy Institute) kudzidza chete forties aine dhigirii magetsi mapurani. Pakazosvika nguva achangobva-nyanzvi twa akanga asina imwe bvumidzwa pamusoro inokosha hwokugadzira mhinduro (ivo supersereznye kutora kweinenge otomatiki kusunungurwa giya, muranda akangwara Electronics).

Trust navo, "mberi" chitupa chesekondari. Mune chimwe namazana mapfumbamwe namakumi gore matatu cheshanu yacho matarenda chikamu-nguva vadzidzi (kuguma kuyunivhesiti asati kuitwa masikati) mainjiniya muna KB, apo mambo uye mwari aiva Victor Bolkhovitinov (pamwe 1936 Design Bureau akaita pamusoro dzine chirimwa nhamba 84, muna 1939 - on zvebhizimisi № 293 Khimki).

Pano Boris Chertok akashanda makore ose hondo, kubva nemapfumbamwe forties. A akapfuma Track chinyorwa chine mashoko anotevera: nyanzvi mune zvemagetsi midziyo (vatungamirire injiniya), akagadzirira kubhururuka motokari mapapiro yemberi vakundi of North Pole (musoro "pervoprolettsev" - Michael Vodopianov) uye kubata motokari Sigismund Levanevskogo, apo akashinga akaita ndirovedze ndege USSR - America.

The kubvisa

In Bolhovitinovskom KB Boris Evseevich kusika nemamwe mabasa magetsi. Kubva kwavari, All Union Electrotechnical Institute akaunganidzawo mimwe zviridzwa pasi inoomesera yokuedzwa. The zvichiitika dzinoitwa rechiuto michina inodiwa inorema Ndege vakagadzirira pamwe chakavimbika kupfuura emagetsi ndege uye dzemagetsi Motors AC.

Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva zita Academician Claudia Shenfera. Iye akananga weDhipatimendi magetsi michina Electric Institute uye akatsigira jaya nyanzvi. Matanho ezvidzidzo chepakuvamba hurongwa ndege kubudirira yakapikirwa. Asi makore dutu vakanga achiunganidza: hondo kuzorwa nechisimba.

Muna nemapfumbamwe makumi mana nerimwe, rinokosha kudzivirira emakambani akabviswa kuti necheshure. Vazhinji mudonzvo uye inokosha kwemashoko chirimwa nhamba 293 NII-1 NCAP kwenguva kugara Bilimbai Sverdlovsk mudunhu. Boris Chertock anoyeuka sezvo zvikuru panyama aishanda imwe mhepo tembiricha kubvisa 50 madhigirii, mumwe nokutsanya (mwero govera anoponeswa).

Muchirimo 1945 muGermany aine chikumbiro basa kutuma rinokosha boka remasayendisiti. Taifanira kuongorora zvinyoronyoro kuti zvinonaka rocketry German. Boka racho rinotungamirirwa Chertok. Boris Evseevich norukudzo vakashumira basa pamberi yechipiri muna 1947. Iye Alexei Mikhailovich Isaev akashanda zvakaoma muThuringia, dzinodzorwa mauto masimba nokukunda of USSR, kambani akazarura "The Raven" ( "Mushumiri"). Nyika angova matongo pashure pehondo, uye akawedzera kumhanya reSoviet-German chitundumuseremusere akatanga munhare Nazi!

The Third Reich muna 1944-M chitundumuseremusere indasitiri akaita bhizimisi ano. Hunoshamisa kukura remasayendisiti German akasundudzira kuwedzera basa ongororo USSR uye United States. Chertock nevamwe vake zvave nemishonga mudziyo kuti kuvesa ari mafuta-mhepo nezvakasanganiswa. Zvakandiomera kutsvaka aiva chains-garde hurongwa. Electric kuvesa LRE (mvura kana makemikari chitundumuseremusere injini) aiva budiriro. Novelty ruzivo chimwe namazana mapfumbamwe namakumi mana wechipiri, kuti asimbise pedyo-murwi "B-1" (Musiki madzibaba - uye Bereznyak Isaev). The mafuta akashandiswa nitric asidhi neparafini.

dzaunoda musangano

NII-1 yakatanga inokosha nhungamiro, kirasi "pasi-pasi," zvombo kudzora mamiriro (intercontinental ballistic refu-range). Muna 1946, pahwaro "omukuru" akatanga akatanga "Nordhausen" (uyewo izvozvo zvaisanganisira "Montana", iro dzakabudisa "V-22, nechigadziko Leestene) Nyora Engineer Chief of Company vakazoroorwa vakadzidza yose nyika -. SP Korolev (Chief Mugadziri chitundumuseremusere uye nzvimbo indasitiri yacho USSR).

Kubvira muna 1946 kusvikira muna 1950, Boris Evseevich zvikabatanidzwa mabasa maviri: aiva mutevedzeri Mugadziri Chief Sergei Korolev uye musoro dhipatimendi management gadziriro NII-88 Dept. of Armed Forces of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Muna 1951 - Head First Design Bureau utariri enyika. Famous ndege Russian Chertok, Korolyov uye vakashanda pamwe chete zuva kufambidzana rufu mumwe wavo (ekupedzisira akanga asiri 1966).

Basa rokutanga munhu wechipiri

"Kuruka-kure" kubva NII-88 (1956) yaiva danho kune mutsva akazvimirira kambani inonzi "experimental Design Bureau nhamba 1". Kubva 1957 kusvika 1963. Boris Chertok - rworudyi Sergeya Koroleva, mukuru nemamwe sangano iri.

D. t. N. Chertok muna 1963 kwaitsigirwa kune Mutevedzeri wokutanga munhu pamusoro masayendisiti vachida. kushanda uye panguva imwe chete kuenda kuhofisi nhamba 1, waiva chipatapata kutanga satellites dzavo masimba enyika. Pashure pokufa Queen akava mukuru wakachenjera Vasily Mishin. Ruzivo uye vakachenjera Boris Chertok aiva mutevedzeri wake, pamwe akatarisira kunzwisisa CDB experimental Engineering.

Kubva muna 1974 kusvika 1992. - Mutevedzeri Chief (Papera General) constructor nesayenzi-maindasitiri kunzwisisa "Energy" riri kudzorwa hurongwa (SPC - kare OKB-1, ipapo TSBKEM inotungamirirwa V. Mishin, mumakore siyana, Glushko, Semenov).

zvinokosha

With chimwe namazana mapfumbamwe namakumi mapfumbamwe gore rechitatu uye asati abva imwe nyika (2011) the zvinogona "moto zvose," Boris Chertok aigara kupa zano rwenyanzvi mukuru Mugadziri Rocket uye Space Corporation "puhti" zita pashure S. P. Koroleva (aimbova - OKB-1 ).

Yokuronda matanho ane refu rwendo, mhedziso hunoratidza pacharo: ose mabasa musayendisiti uye injiniya - ndiko kuzadziswa inokosha zvirongwa zvainanga yokusimbisa zvitundumuseremusere uye chitundumusere-musere kwakadaro kuzvidzora levers, izvo zvichaita kuti vave vanokwanisa wakarebesa kutiza.

The chikoro akasika kwakajeka musayendisiti, achiri vanodada nayo nezvatinovavarira kukura mirayiridzo mitsva yesayenzi. Pairi kutongwa nenhanho nomuongorori zvipfuwo nzvimbo michina, aigarira nomurume. Chertok vakatanga dzidziso kusashanduka zvivako, sangano pakuburitswa gozvo rachulis uye actuators.

All akazvimirira uye kubatana

mibvunzo inokosha chisarudzo kwakamutsa pakuzadzisa dzidziso uye mabikirwo chitundumuseremusere uye nzvimbo tikachirega. Zvakakwanisika kubereka zvigadziriswe zvakaoma kuti pokusvika zvikepe akazviratidza hydraulics pamwe digitaalinen kuzvidzora uye zvakawanda. Murume akakwanisa kuramba kugara muchadenga.

Chertok Boris Evseevich nevamwe vake vakava zvinokosha afunge zvionera mano sorutivi rakabatana ezvinhu intercontinental zvombo. kwazvo chirongwa wavo akaita chokwadi zvitundumuseremusere nokuda nezvekutanga ari payload (nevezvenhau).

Chimwe takatanga kudzidza goho kuparadzirwa mifananidzo kukundikana unyanzvi michina uye ezvirevo (rakavimbika dzidziso). Vakatanga kujekesa zvinokonzera uye mifananidzo dambudziko. Qualitative waruka zvakakonzera pakuonekwa R-7 intercontinental ballistic chombo chinoita zvokukandwa. Uyezve zvinotaurwa vakakwana pamusoro okunatsiridza chishamiso ichi rechiuto michina.

Rangarirai zvose, ndikarangarira zvose

Muna 1999 akabudisa bhuku rakabudiswa iro vakasvika monographs mana. Kubvira ipapo, uye kusvikira zvino ndiyo yakanakisisa mutengesi, "Space enisaikoropidhiya" uyo anorota kuwana nyanzvi kubva kunyika dzakasiyana, mamiriyoni zvavo vaverengi. Pabutiro nyore vakaratidza: "." "B. E. Chertok" Rockets uye People Pfungwa iri nyore, asi zvakaoma!

Mudzimai wacho akagadzira Catherine Golubkina (1910-2004) vakaomerera kuti murume wake, uyo anoshanda basa kwemakore akawanda yakavanzwa pasi "Classified," akadaro zvizvarwa vaya vaakanga vaishanda. Masayendisiti vakakurumbira vakava chitundumuseremusere uye nzvimbo nesayenzi, nokusika wamboonekwa bazi indasitiri.

Pamberi vagere XXI remakore rakasvika chinokosha ndangariro paumbwe indasitiri. Averenga bhuku rokutanga, zvinokwanisika kudzidza zvakadzama Muswere vakabatikana duel chikonzero: Soviet masayendisiti pamusoro British uye American unyanzvi.

Mubhuku nhamba 2 Designer hurukuro pamusoro inopisa nguva yokutanga kushanda chitundumusere-musere orbiting Nyika ari geocentric muchadenga (chakagadzirwa Satellite), pamusoro Flights ane tarenda mano, mberi kune mwedzi, Venus, Mars. mapeji wandei vanozviitira nhoroondo "East", akatakura munzvimbo zvisingazivikanwi kure vakafamba, Yuri Gagarin.

mashoko vazukuru

Murugwaro rechitatu, Boris Chertok rinotsanangura sei munhu Soviet ndipiyona pakasikwa orbital zvechitima. KuMadokero uye USSR zvichinzi nyaya dzakawanda uye mabhuku nhoroondo kunyika vakunde gutsaruzhinji nzvimbo chirongwa. Pane pfungwa kuti ndangariro academician Boris Chertok akava kupfuura dzawo, hwakadzama. Bhuku "The chitundumuseremusere uye munhu" kakawanda ikazobudiswazve munyika uye kunze.

Mumakore, chechina monograph musayendisiti inyaya zvinonakidza pamusoro chirongwa, kufukidza nguva kubva 1968 kusvika 1974, apo mumwe pashure perimwe akatevera kukunda vokuAmerica kudzidza pedyo Satellite kwePasi - the Moon.

Mumwe chinosiyanisa zviri rino ndiyo rondedzero yakatodzama kwakabva Soviet chirongwa, izvo zvakatanga rakatangwa muna 1970 pamwe pakuvaka nzvimbo chechitima "Salyut" uye akapedzisira ane multi-module "Mir" kunzwisisa (1980).

Chinonyanya asingakanganwiki zvitsauko chokuita nedambudziko "Soyuz-11", dzikavauraya cosmonauts Dobrovolsky, Volkov uye Patsaev. Bhuku inoguma rondedzero kuguma N-1 chirongwa uye kuberekwa ISS "puhti-Buran" pasi Glushko. It rinoburitsa zvokufungidzira tinzwisise enyika, kwezvinhu, uye munhu kurwisana panguva apo nzvimbo chirongwa eSoviet akanga kwayo pamusoro-soro.

Muna zviuru zviviri mapfumbamwe nzira terevhizheni Russian rokutanga akaronga kuratidzwa ane vhidhiyo TV Roskosmos "Boris Chertok. Akapfura zvose. " Murume mukuru, wokuisira ose mibayiro yakawanda, hana mainjiniya dzose ano yaitonga samagariro aitaura chokwadi, pasina kukuvadza munhu, kwete okuzvidza, kufunga vapenyu uye zvakaitika. Mumakore puranga, akakumbira ruregerero kuna majaya masayendisiti kuti chokwadi kuti rudzi rwake kugona kuponesa munhu simba guru - USSR.