Ndicho chinopisa zvikuru muchechi muvhu: mapikicha, hukuru

Ikokutanga yechando inyika munyika yakaonekwa muzana remakore re XVIII. Yakanga isiri chikepe chikuru kwazvo, chinogona kuputsa ice muchiteshi cheFiladelphia. Yange iri nguva yakareba kubvira apo gumbo racho rakatsiviwa ne-turbine, uye ipapo simba renyukireya rakaitika rakaonekwa. Nhasi, hurukuro huru ye nyukireya inoputika yeActictic ice ine simba guru.

Chii chinopisa mvura yechando?

Icho mudziyo unoshandiswa mumvura ine mvura yakaoma. Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinokonzera mabhomba zvakagadzirwa nemiti yemagetsi enyukireya, ndicho chikonzero ivo vane simba rakawanda kudarika dizizi, saka ivo vari nyore kukurira dziva dzakaoma. Zvipfeko zvechando zvinoshandiswa zvimwe zvakajeka - hazvidi kudya refueling.

Pasi apa, chinyorwa chinoratidza chakanyanya kukwikwidza chinokambaira mumvura (pasi, kuumbwa, zvinhu, nezvimwewo). Uyezve, mushure mokuverenga mashoko acho, unogona kunyatsoziva zvizere zvepasi rose zvakadai.

General information

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti zvese zvinokonzera nyukliya zvigadzirisheni zvinogadzirwa uye zvakatangwa munguva dzekuvapo kweU.SR neRussia. Ikoko kusakwanisa kwevane ndege dzakadaro kunoratidzwa nekushanda kwakaitika muna 1983. Panguva iyoyo, inenge makumi mashanu ngarava, kusanganisira diabheti yechando, yakanga iri kumabvazuva kweArctic, mumugwagwa. Chero bedzi kuburikidza ne "nyuzikani" yekliya yenyu "Arctic" ivo vakakwanisa kuzvisunungura kubva pakutapwa uye kutakura zvinhu zvakakosha kumisha yakapoteredza.

Yakanga iri nguva refu yapfuura yekuvaka zvombo zvenyukireya muRussia, nokuti nyika yedu chete neArctic Ocean inosangana nehurefu hwakareba - gungwa rinozivikanwa reNorthern route, iro makiromita 5 000 600 murefu. Anotanga kutanga paKara Gates, uye anoguma paBay of Providence.

Pane imwe pfungwa inofadza: zvipfeko zvechando zvinonyanya kuvezwa muhuni mutsvuku, kuitira kuti zvionekwe pachena muchando.

Pasi apa, nyaya yacho inoratidza hurukuro yechando muvhu (pamusoro-10).

Icebreaker "Arctic"

Chimwe chezvigadziriswa zvikuru zvechando - nhumbi yenyukireya "Arctic" munhoroondo yakapinda seyoyo yekutanga yepamhenderekedzo yepamusoro yakasvika kuNorth Pole. Muna 1982-1986 ainzi Leonid Brezhnev. Kuiswa kwayo kwakaitwa muLeningrad, kuBaltiysky Zavod, munaJuly 1971. Zvinodarika mazana mana emabhizimisi uye masangano, kugadzira nekutsvakurudza svesa nemamwe masangano akabatanidzwa mukusika kwayo.

Icho chando chechando chakaiswa mumvura pakupera kwa1919. Chinangwa chechombo ndechokuisa midziyo mhiri kweActic Ocean.

Kureba kwechikepe che nyukliya-inotengeswa nemamita mamita 148, uye bhodhi ine urefu hwemamita anenge 17. Akafara paupamhi mamita makumi matatu. Izvo simba remiti yenyukireya rinounza steam rinopfuura 55 megawatts. Zviyero zvemagetsi emudziyo wakabvumira kuputsa mazaya, ane hupamhi hwemamiriyoni mashanu, uye iyo inomhanya mumvura yakachena yakagadzirwa kusvika ma 18 mafundo.

Icho chegumi chechikepe chikuru kupfuura zvose munyika

Pasi pane 10 huru (murefu) mazuva ano mavhiriki ezvivha munyika yose:

1. "Sevmorput" ndiro chikepe chinotakura mabhirikiki. Kureba kwayo ndiko 260 mamita, kukwirira kunofanana nehukuru hwechivako chakawanda. Iyo mudziyo inokwanisa kudarika kuburikidza nehutema hwema 1 mita.

2. "Arctic" - hurukuro huru yekasikiliya, mamita 173 murefu. Yakatangwa muna 2016 uye inomiririra yekutanga nyukireya yechando yeRussian Federation. Inokwanisa kuparadzanisa ice inenge mamita matatu akaenzana.

3. "Makore makumi mashanu ekukundwa" ndiyo nyanzvi yenyukireya inoputika mabhomba (iyo yakakura munyika yose) ye "Arctic" yechikwata, iyo inoratidzirwa nesimba rayo rinoshamisa uye kudzika kwakadzika. Yakanga yakareba mamita 159.6.

4. "Taimyr" - inomic river icebreaker, kuputsa ice mumiromo yenzizi kusvika mamita 1.7 masimbi. Yakanga yakareba mamita 151.8. Iyo inonyanya kukosha yemudziyo ndeyekudzikira kwekuderera uye kukwanisa kushanda pamhepo yakadzika yakanyanya.

5. "Vaigach" - yakavakirwa pane imwe purojekiti c "Taimyr" (asi iri duku kuduku). Imwe midziyo yeatomu yakaiswa muareka muna 1990. Yakanga yakareba 151.8 m.

6. "Yamal" - inozivikanwa nokuda kwekuti yakanga iri pachisviniki chechivhesi iyo musangano wekutanga kwechitatu yemireniyumu yakaitika paNorth Pole. Nhamba yose yezvikepe zvemu nyukliya-yakagadzirirwa mudziyo kusvika pano iyi yaiva inenge 50. Yakareba mamita 150.

7. Healy ndiyo yakawanda zvikuru yechando muA.SA. Muna 2015, vaAmerica kwenguva yekutanga vanogona kuenda kuNorth Pole. Iko tsvakurudzo inotsvaga yakagadziridzwa nevekuongorora maharareji nemichina yekuyera. Yakanga yakareba mamita 128.

8. PolarSea imwe yezvigadzirwa zvekare zvechando muUnited States of America, yakavakwa muna 1977. Seattle ndiyo pamba pamba. Kureba kwechombo chikaita mamita 122. Zvichida, maererano nekwegura, achakurumidza kubviswa.

9. Louis S. St-Laurent ndiyo yakave yakakura zvikuru muCanada (mamita makumi maviri pakureba) muna 1969 uye yakanyatsogadziriswa muna 1993. Ndiyo ngarava yekutanga munyika ino kusvika kuNorth Pole muna 1994.

10. Polarstern - German nuclear nuclear power, yakavakwa muna 1982 uye yakagadzirirwa kutsvakurudza kwesayenzi. Ngarava yekare yakareba mamita 118 kureba. Muna 2017, Polarstern-II ichavakwa, iyo ichatsiva akafanotungamira uye inotora awa muArctic.

Icho chikuru chechando chiri mupasi: mifananidzo, tsanangudzo, chinangwa

"Makore makumi mashanu Okukunda" iri chirongwa chinowedzera kuongororwa chechikamu chechipiri chezvikwata zvechando che "Arctic". Uyu mudziyo unoshandisa mufananidzo wemhino yepamhino muchimiro chepuni. Yakatanga kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwekuedza "Kanmar Kigoriak" (icebreaker, Canada) muna 1979 uye zvakajeka kuti yakaratidza kubudirira kwayo.

Ichi ndicho chakakura uye chakasimba zvikuru chenyika yenyukireya inopisa mabhomba munyika, yakagadzirirwa nemazuva ano digital digital automatic control system. Uyewo, ine chimiro chemazuva ano chemaitiro ekudzivirirwa kwezvisikwa zvekugadzira magetsi enyukireya. Iyo yakagadzirirwawo neimba yezvakatipoteredza yakagadzirwa nemichina yezvino yemazuva ano inounganidza uye inoshandisa zvigadzirwa zvebasa rinokosha revashandi vari muchikepe.

Icho chinyorwa chinoputika "Makore 50 Okukunda" hachiiti chete nekusunungurwa kwemamwe ngarava kubva muhutapwa, inotarisawo kushandiswa kwevatasvi vendudzi. Zvechokwadi, hapana vanofamba makamuri mubhobho, saka vatasvi vanogara munzvimbo dzinowanzochengetedzwa zvechikepe chechikepe. Zvisinei, bhodhi rebhokisi rakagadzirwa neresitorendi, sauna, dziva rekugezera uye gym.

Nhoroondo Pfupfupi yeShipupuri

Icho chikuru chechando chiri munyika yose "Makore 50 Okukunda". Yakagadzirwa muLeningrad, kuBaltiysky Zavod, muna 1989, uye makore mana gare gare yakavakwa uye yakatanga kutangwa. Zvisinei, kuvakwa kwacho hakuna kuguma maererano nekushungurudzika kwemari. Muna 2003 chete yakatangazve kuvaka kwayo, uye muna February 2007 muGulf of Finland kuedzwa kwakatanga. Chikwangwani chekunyora kwake chaiva Murmansk.

Pasinei nechokuita kwenguva refu, kwemazuva ano seri kwechikepe - kupfuura anopfuura zana kuenda kuNorth Pole.

Icho chinopisa simba zvikuru uye chikuru chechando, "Makore 50 Okukunda", ndicho chipfeko chechinomwe chenyukireya chakagadzirwa uye chakavakwa paBaltic Shipyard.

"Siberia"

Pane imwe nguva, Soviet Union yakanga isina imwe yakaenzana pakuvakwa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Panguva iyoyo, kwakanga kusina zvikepe zvakadai munyika chero ipi zvayo, asi USSR yakanga ine zvombo zvenyukireya makumi manomwe. Somuenzaniso, "Siberia" ndiyo ngarava yakave yakanyatsoenderera mberi nhumbi yenyukireya ye "Arctic".

Iyo mudziyo yakanga yakagadzirwa nesaterevhizheni inotaurirana, iyo inokonzera faxing, kufamba uye foni yekukurukurirana. Yaivawo nezvose zvakagadzirwa: chivako, dziva rokushambira, sauna, raibhurari, imba yekudzidzisa uye imba huru yekudyira.

Icho "Siberia" chando chechando chakanga chakadzika munhoroondo seyoyo yekutanga yaifamba gore rose kubva kuMurmansk kuenda kuDudinka. Mukuwedzera, ndiye mudziyo wechipiri wokusvika pamusangano wepasi kuNorth Pole.

Muna 1977 (iyo nguva apo chikepe chechando chakatumirwa) chakave chakakura zvikuru: 29.9 mamita yakafara, 147.9 mamita kure. Mumazuva iwayo ndiyo yakave iyo yakawanda yepasi rose yechando.

Zvinoreva zvikepe zvechando

Kukosha kwezvikepe zvakadaro munguva pfupi iri mberi kuchawedzera, nokuti munguva yakareba mabasa mazhinji anorongwa nokuda kwekushanda kwekushandisa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa zviri pasi pezasi kweActic Ocean.

Panzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoenda kuNorthern Sea Road Inotora mwedzi 2-4 chete, nokuti nguva yose iyo yose mvura yose yakafukidzwa nechando kusvika mamita matatu kana kupfuura. Kuti arege kuisa pangozi chikepe nevashandi, uyewo kuitira kuchengetedza mafuta kubva kune zvikepe zvechando, ndege uye helicopter dzinotumirwa kurumbidzwa mukutsvaga nzira iri nyore.

Izvo zvipfeko zvakakura zvikuru zvepasi rose zvine chinhu chinokosha - vanogona kuzvigadzirira voga kuActic Ocean panguva yegore, kuputsa mhino yemhando isina kujairika yechando kusvika mamita matatu mashoma.

Mhedziso

IU.SR pane imwe nguva yakanga ichitonga zvachose munyika kuburikidza nenhamba yezvikepe zvakadaro. Pakazara, zvipuka zvinomwe zvekliya zvenyu zvakavakwa mumazuva iwayo.

Kubvira muna 1989, zvimwe zvipfeko zvechando zvechimiro ichi zvakashandiswawo pakufambira kwevatashanyi, kunyanya kuNorth Pole.

Mumwaka wechando, kubwinya kwechando mumhenderekedzo yegungwa kunosvika 1.2-2 mamita, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo kunosvika mamita maviri, asi zvikepe zvechando zvinokwanisa kufamba pamusoro pemvura yakadai pamhanya makiromita makumi maviri neawa (11 mafundo). Mvura inenge isina mvura, inomhanya inogona kusvika makiromita makumi mashanu neawa (kana 25 majeko).