Metallic chisungo: paumbwe mashandiro. Metal Chemical Kutaurirana:

All Pari anozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana zviri periodic table vanokamurwa pamadiro muzvikwata zviviri: nesimbi uye vasiri simbi. Kuti asangova okunze uye yeimwe, makemikari anogona sei nemumwe, vanofanira kurarama ari muchimiro nyore uye kunzwisisa yeimwe.

Ndokusaka vamwe maerekitironi vari kuedza kushandisa, uye mumwe - kupa. Kuzadzisa marambi mumwe kuti aumbe siyana zvinhu uye nemakemikari mamorekuru. Asi chii dzinovabvumira kuitwa pamwe chete? Nei nyaya simba akadaro, kuparadza kunopfuura kunyange nhumbi zvakakura? Uye vamwe, Ukuwo, vanoparadzwa chidukuduku rova. Zvose izvi imhaka paumbwe-siyana kwemakemikari zvisungo pakati maatomu ari mamorekuru dzichiumbwa chaiyo sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro.

Types kwemakemikari zvisungo zviri yeimwe

Total kusiyanisa marudzi makuru mana namakemikari zvisungo.

1. Covalent nonpolar. Kuvakwa pakati maviri akafanana nonmetals nokuda kugovana maerekitironi, achiumba zvakafanana Erekitironi yezvinoita. In dzidzo, zvinonzi vakapinda unpaired Valencia inoramba. Mienzaniso: halogens, okisijeni, rehydrogen, senitrogen, sarufa, phosphorus.
2. Polar covalent. Kuvakwa pakati siyana vasiri simbi mbiri kana pakati kwazvo simba pamusoro ehupfumi ari simbi uye nonmetal simba electronegativity. Zvinokonzera uye vakawanda Erekitironi mbiri uye muchivabvuta kwaari atomu, ane Erekitironi sungano kumusoro. Mienzaniso: NH _{3, SiC,} P ₂ O ₅ uye nezvimwe.
3. Rehydrogen chisungo. Kupfuura isina uye simba, achiumbwa pakati zvikuru electronegative atomu rimwe Morekuru uye mumwe akanaka. Izvi zvinoitika kazhinji kana ichiputswa zvinhu nemvura (doro, amoniya zvichingodaro). Nokuda akwirwe akadaro angawanika macromolecule mapuroteni, nucleic acids, makabhohaidhiretsi yakaoma, uye zvichingodaro.
4. Ionic chisungo. Kuvakwa nokuda electrostatic anoyevedza mauto raznozaryazhennyh simbi ions uye vasiri simbi. The zvikuru kusiyana indekisi ichi, zvikuru raidudzwa ndiye Ionic yezvakaita kudyidzana. Mienzaniso yeimwe: binary munyu, kunzwisisa remubatanidzwa - alkali.
5. Metallic chisungo, izvo mashandiro ose inotungamirwa uye zvivako dzichakurukurwa mberi. Kuumbwa nesimbi, alloys avo akasiyana-siyana.

Pane here chinonzi kubatana makemikari chisungo. It chete inoti kuti hazvibviri kuti funga mumwe chisungo chipimo. Ndivo zvose chete chikwata chiratidzo. Handiti, maererano mukukurukurirana zvose chinhu chete musimboti - elektronnostaticheskoe kudyidzana. Naizvozvo, Ionic, esimbi, covalent chokuedza uye rehydrogen vane chete makemikari hunhu uye vari chete pamuganhu nyaya kune mumwe.

Nesimbi dzavo panyama zvivako

Metals vanowanikwa vakawanda zvose zvine maatomu akafanana. Izvi imhaka chaiwo ehupfumi dzavo. A rinokosha iro yakanga yaunganidzwa munhu achishandisa zvombo zvenyukireya chinja murabhoritari, vane radioactive vane pfupi hafu-upenyu.

Zvisinei, ruzhinji - vari okunze kuti vanoumba yose matombo uye ores, tiri chikamu chinokosha yeimwe. Imhaka vanhu ava vakadzidza vakakanda alloys uye zvibereko zvizhinji kwazvo uye zvinokosha zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvakadai mhangura, simbi, aruminiyamu, sirivha, nendarama, Chrome, manganese, nickel, zingi, kutungamirira uye nevamwe.

For nesimbi zvose zvinogona kuziva zvakafanana ehupfumi mumuviri rinotsanangura dhayagiramu esimbi chisungo inotungamirwa. Ndezvipi hunhu izvi?

1. Malleability uye ductility. Zvinozivikanwa kuti simbi zhinji zvinogona yakayerera kunyange kusvika foil (goridhe, aruminiyamu). Nemamwe vawane waya, simbi kusanduka machira, nyaya vanokwanisa akaremara ne mumuviri kwechirwere, asi zvino pakurwara ayo kugumiswa. Ndivo unhu nesimbi uye inonzi malleability uye ductility. Chikonzero ichi dzinoti - resimbi Link mhando. The ions uye maerekitironi ari sekristaro yemasiraidhi hama kune mumwe pasina nokuputsa, izvo anobvumira kuchengetedza kuvimbika rose mamiriro.
2. Metallic kubwinya. Izvi rinotsanangura esimbi chisungo, paumbwe mashandiro hwounhu ayo uye zvinhu. Saka, kwete nezvimedu zvose vanokwanisa kupinza kana kuratidza chiedza mafungu zvakaenzana urefu. Maatomu akawanda nesimbi uye vanoratidza pfupi-wave nemwaranzi kuva substantially dzakafanana silvery ruvara, chena, hapana rinokwanisa kucheneruka Hue. Anosiyiwa imhangura nendarama, ruvara wavo yakatsvukuruka-yellow uye tsvuku, ukuwo. Vanokwanisa kuratidza anguve wavelength nemwaranzi.
3. Thermal uye magetsi conductivity. ehupfumi aya kutsanangura sekristaro yekamuri marongerwo uye kuti ayo inotungamirwa chaitwa esimbi mhando zvisungo. Nokuda "Erekitironi gasi" zvinofamba mukati sekristaro, Magetsi uye kupisa nokukurumidza uye zvakaenzana kuparadzirwa pakati maatomu uye ions uye inoitwa pachishandiswa simbi.
4. Yakasimba uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. wehurumende pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu. Pano, chete kunze ndiko nemekiyuri. zvimwe zvose nesimbi - iri hazvo simba, vavanozivana yakasimba, uyewo avo alloys. Ndirwowo mugumisiro yokuti pamberi zvesimbi simbi chisungo. The mashandiro pamusoro paumbwe kwakadai PARTICIPLE tichisunga zvivako kunosimbiswa zvakakwana.

Izvi zvinokosha mumuviri maitiro pamusoro nesimbi, rinotsanangura uye anosarudza chaizvo dhayagiramu esimbi chisungo inotungamirwa. Relevant yeimwe nzira yakadaro kuna emaatomu ezvinhu okunze, alloys dzavo simbi. Izvozvo kwavari yakasimba uye mvura mamiriro.

Metallic mhando kwemakemikari chisungo

Chii chiri chinhu? The ndechokuti ukama hwakadaro aumbwa kwete raznozaryazhennyh ions uye electrostatic kukwezvana uye kwete nokuda musiyano iri electronegativity uye Kuwanikwa akasununguka Erekitironi yezvinoita. Kureva Ionic, esimbi, covalent chisungo vane dzakasiyana hunhu uye zvinoita zviri dzaibatanidza inoramba.

nesimbi vose vanongoberekwa maitiro akadai:

• shoma maerekitironi kuruvazhe simba pamwero (kunze vamwe anosiyiwa, nokuti icho pangava 6.7 uye 8);
• huru mabhomba nharaunda;
• yakaderera ionization simba.

izvi zvose zvinoita kuti nyore kupatsanurwa unpaired maerekitironi pamusoro Nechepakati. Panyaya iyi, wakasununguka orbitals ari atomu anoramba chaizvo. Zano iri esimbi chokuedza chete acharatidza pindana masero akawanda akasiyana orbital maatomu pakati pachavo, izvo zvaita intracrystalline uye dzinoumba zvakafanana nzvimbo. Inoshanda maerekitironi kubva neimwe atomu kuti atange vakasununguka vanodzungaira pamusoro siyana dzenyika napamahwindo. Nguva nenguva, chimwe nechimwe wanamatira imwe Ion ari sekristaro chikwata uye vatendeuki kuti ive atomu, zvino vakanyarara zvakare, pova Ion.

Nokudaro, esimbi ukama - ndicho chisungo pakati maatomu, ions uye vakasununguka maerekitironi iri zvachose simbi sekristaro. The Erekitironi gore, kufamba takasununguka mukati chidziro, anotaurwa so "Erekitironi gasi". Rakanga akavatsanangurira, vakawanda pakati zvivako hwepanyama pakati nesimbi dzavo alloys.

Sei zvakananga zvokurimisa munhu esimbi mushonga chisungo? Mienzaniso yakasiyana. Ngatimboongororai chimedu lithium. Kunyange kana iwe uzvitore chakakura pizi, pane zviuru kwemaatomu. Saka ngatifungidzirei kuti mumwe nomumwe zviuru izvi kwemaatomu anopa Valence Erekitironi mune rimwe zvakafanana crystalline nzvimbo. Panguva iyoyowo, achiziva electronic nemamiriro chinhu, unogona kuona nhamba shama orbitals. At lithium yavo 3 (wechipiri S.-orbital simba pamiviri). Three atomu nomumwe ezviuru - iri rinowanika nzvimbo mukati sekristaro, sezvamakaropafadzwa "yemagetsi gasi" kunoita pachena.

Fuma nguva simba esimbi chisungo. Uyewo, Erekitironi gasi haibvumiri kuti sekristaro kuwa, asi chete vachambokanganwa ari akaturikidzana ozonaya. It glitters vane imwe arambe achirema (kazhinji mukuru), fusibility, malleability uye ductility.

Ndokupi akaziva esimbi chisungo? Mienzaniso zvinhu:

• nesimbi sezvo nyore hurongwa;
• zvose simbi alloys pamwe nemumwe;
• simbi dzose dzavo alloys mune mvura uye rakasimba mamiriro.

Dzinenge mienzaniso inongova Zvaifadza mari, nokuti simbi iri periodic table, vanopfuura 80!

Metallic chisungo: paumbwe mashandiro

Kana tikafunga nezvazvo zvavo nemashoko, huru isu pamusoro apa. Kuwanikwa mabhomba orbitals uye maerekitironi nyore vakanyarara kubva musimboti nokuda yakaderera ionization simba - ndiwo mamiriro huru kuti paumbwe ichi mhando yokukurukurirana. Saka, zvinoita sokuti riri rakatangwa pakati zvinotevera nezvimedu:

• maatomu ari sekristaro yekamuri;
• vakasununguka maerekitironi, vakanga vari Valence of simbi;
• ions ari sekristaro napamahwindo.

Izvi - a esimbi chisungo. The mashandiro pamusoro inotungamirwa kazhinji varehwa anotevera kupinda: Me ^{0 -} e - ↔ Me ^{N +.} Kubva pachena diagram, chero simbi nezvimedu varipo vari sekristaro.

Crystals pachavo vangava zvitarisiko zvakasiyana. It kunobva zvinhu yatinopinda kubata.

Mhando simbi crystals

maumbirwo ichi simbi kana ayo chiwanikwa ane gobvu chaizvo chiputiriso kuti inoramba. Inopa ions ari sekristaro nzvimbo. By pachavo, yekamuri anogona kuva akasiyana geometric zvitarisiko ari muchadenga.

1. Obemnotsentricheskaya cubic yekamuri - alkali simbi.
2. Hexagonal tsindirana mamiriro - zvose alkaline, kunze barium.
3. Granetsentricheskaya cubic - aruminiyamu, mhangura, zingi, vazhinji iitike simbi.
4. Rhombohedral mamiriro - the nemekiyuri.
5. Tetragonal - indium.

The inorema nesimbi ezasi riri mu periodic ino, kuoma kavha uye spatial sangano iri sekristaro. Kana ichi simbi namakemikari chisungo, mienzaniso iyo inogona kuderedzwa chimwe nechimwe huripo simbi hakuna mubvunzo mune pakuvaka sekristaro. Alloys vane sangano siyana chaizvo muchadenga, vamwe vavo vachiri haisati kunzwisisa.

Communication nokurondedzerwa: nondirectionality

Covalent uye simbi chisungo ane iziviswe chaizvo nevamwe chinhu. Kusiyana wokutanga esimbi chisungo haisi kuendeswa. Zvinorevei? Kureva Erekitironi gore mukati sekristaro kunoita zvikuru pachena mukati maro kwakasiyana-siyana, imwe neimwe Erekitironi anokwanisa kubatana zvachose chero Ion iri maumbirwo nodes. Kureva kukurukurirana rinoitwa kwakasiyana-siyana. Saka, vanoti kuti esimbi chisungo - vasiri achitaura.

The mashandiro pamusoro covalent ukama hunosanganisira paumbwe yakagovana Erekitironi mbiri, kureva makore kwemaatomu bindepinde. Zvino kunoitika kunoparirwa imwe mutsetse unobva nzvimbo dzavo. Saka, kutaura chete kubatana kwakadaro.

saturability

maitiro aya mano maatomu nokuda shoma kana risina parinogumira kusakarongeka nevamwe. Somuenzaniso, covalent uye simbi chisungo pamusoro chakarurama ichi zvakare vari zvakapesana.

Chokutanga uzere. Maatomu vanobatanidzwa kwayo inotungamirwa ndivo yakamisirwa nhamba nechitarisiko Valence maerekitironi avepo paumbwe mukomboni. Kupfuura kudya, hazvizovi kuva maerekitironi. Naizvozvo, nhamba zvisungo vakaumba shoma Valencia. Nokudaro saturation yakafanira. Nokuda kuti maitiro iyi vakawanda yeimwe ine dzose makemikari anoumba.

Metal uye rehydrogen zvisungo, Ukuwo, asiri rokunyorovesa. Izvi imhaka vazhinji vakasununguka maerekitironi uye orbitals mukati sekristaro. The basa reDare ions ari sekristaro yekamuri nzvimbo, imwe neimwe inogona kuva atomu uye Ion zvakare chero nguva.

Chimwe chakanangana esimbi chisungo - delocalization dzakawanda Erekitironi gore. Zvinonzi wakaratidzwa mano shoma maerekitironi vaiita kubatanidza muzvizhinji chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi mabhomba nuclei. Kureva arambe achirema kuti delocalized sezvazvakanyorwa vakagovera zvakaenzana pakati zviumbu zvese sekristaro.

Mienzaniso wezvamatongerwe chisungo mune simbi

Chimbofunga zvishoma dzakananga embodiments, iyo inoratidza, sezvo esimbi chisungo aumbwa. Mienzaniso anotevera zvinhu:

• zingi;
• aruminiyamu;
• potassium;
• Chrome.

Metal chisungo inotungamirwa pakati zingi maatomu: Zn ^{0 -} 2e - ↔ Zn ^2+. zingi atomu ane mana simba mumatunhu. orbitals Free kwakavakirwa electronic mamiriro, ane 15 - 3 p orbitals, 4 D 5 uye 7 4f. Electronic mamiriro dzinosanganisira: 1s 2s ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ⁶ 4S ² 3d ¹⁰ 4D 4p ^{0 0 0} 4f, chete 30 maerekitironi atomu. Kureva, vaviri vakasununguka Valence kunaka nezvimedu vanokwanisa kufamba mukati 15 wakapamhama uye hapana inogarwa orbitals. Uye saka mumwe atomu. Izvi - chihombe tikwanise nzvimbo zvinosanganisira chiro orbitals, uye shoma maerekitironi dzaibatanidza mamiriro yose pamwe chete.

The esimbi chisungo pakati aruminiyamu maatomu: AL ^{0 -} e - ↔ AL ^3+. Gumi nenhatu maerekitironi aruminiyamu maatomu riri pana matatu simba yomuropa, vari pachena vasina zvakawanda. Electronic mamiriro: 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ⁶ 3s 3p ^{1 2 0} 3d. Free orbitals - 7 zvidimbu. Zviri pachena Erekitironi gore vachava vashoma tichienzanisa yose nechomukati vakasununguka nzvimbo iri sekristaro.

The esimbi chisungo chromium. Ichi kunyanya che zvavo zvemagetsi mamiriro. Pashure pezvose, nokuti pakudzikamisa nyika hurongwa kukundikana kunoitika pamwe Erekitironi 4S kuti 3d orbital: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4S 3p ^{6 1 5} 4p 3d 4D ^{0 0 0} 4f. 24 chete Erekitironi Valence zvacho matanhatu. Vanoenda vanhuwo yemagetsi nzvimbo pamusoro paumbwe makemikari chisungo. Free orbitals 15, kuti richiri kupfuura kuti kunodiwa vazadze. Naizvozvo, chromium - somunhu Muenzaniso resimbi pamwe runoenzanirana chisungo iri Morekuru.

Chimwe chezvinhu basa nesimbi kuti sei kunyange zvavo mvura pamoto, ndizvo potassium. Chii chinoita kuti zvivako izvozvo? Zvakare, muzvinhu zvizhinji - esimbi mhando chisungo. Maerekitironi ari chinhu 19 chete, asi vari chiri zvakawanda 4 simba mumatunhu. Ndicho 30 akasiyana orbitals sublevels. Electronic mamiriro: 1s 2s ² 2p ^{2 6 2} 3s 4S 3p ^{6 1 0} 4p 3d 4D ^{0 0 0} 4f. Chete maviri Valence maerekitironi vane yakaderera chaizvo ionization simba. Free adonhe uye kuenda zvakafanana emagetsi nzvimbo. Orbitals kutama imwe atomu zvidimbu 22, i.e. imwe nzvimbo kukuru kwazvo nokuda "Erekitironi gasi".

Zvakafanana uye kusiyana nedzimwe mhando kusungwa

Kazhinji, nyaya kare yakurukurwa pamusoro. Mumwe anogona chete generalize uye tigumise. Huru nevamwe kubva mamwe marudzi ose pakukurukurirana zvinhu ndiyo simbi crystals ndiwo:

• mhando inoverengeka nezvimedu pokuita muitiro nokusungwa (maatomu, ions kana maatomu, ions, maerekitironi);
• siyana spatial geometric maumbirwo crystals.

With sehydrogen Ionic simbi rinobatanidza satiation uye undirected. With covalent polar - simba electrostatic kukwezvana pakati inoramba. Vachiravana, Ion - mhando inoramba iri crystalline yekamuri pfungwa (ions) mu. With covalent nonpolar - maatomu ari sekristaro nzvimbo.

Types kusungwa mune simbi dzakasiyana uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. ehurumende

Sezvataona pamusoro apa, esimbi makemikari chisungo, mienzaniso zvinopiwa munyaya, achiumbwa miviri inoti zviri aggregation chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi uye avo alloys: zvikukutu uye mvura.

Mubvunzo ndewokuti: hworudzii maererano kuti simbi mhute? A: Covalent polar uye nonpolar. Sezvo vose yeimwe aripo gasi. Zvisina kubvaruka uye sekristaro mamiriro iri rakaramba panguva kwenguva refu kudziyisa pamusoro simbi uye uchatamisa kubva hwakasimba kune mvura pakukurukurirana. Zvisinei, kana totaura uchatamisa mvura kuti mhute wehurumende, kuti sekristaro raparadzwa uye esimbi chisungo iri vatendeukira covalent.