The Tibetan Plateau: tsananguro, nzvimbo, okunze uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

The Tibetan Plateau - zvikuru zvakawanda YOMUMAKOMO nzvimbo panyika. Zvinonzi dzimwe nguva anonzi "denga nenyika." Zviri Tibet ndiro hafu rokupedzisira remakore yakanga yakazvimirira ehurumende uye yava chikamu China. Chechipiri mazita nayo - Nyika Snows.

Tibetan Plateau: nzvimbo

Highlands riri muna Central Asia, kunyanya China. In kumadokero Tibetan rwenze bordered neDare Karakoram kuchamhembe - pamwe Kun-Lun, uye kumabvazuva - pamwe Sino-Tibetan makomo Kumaodzanyemba asangana mi- eHimalaya. In Tibet, pane zvinhu zvitatu: nechepakati uye vokumadokero (U-Tsang), kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva (Amdo), nechokumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva (Kam). Plateau ndokwenguva nzvimbo mamiriyoni 2 mativi makiromita. Avhareji kureba Tibetan Plateau - kubva 4 kusvika 5 zviuru mamita.

rubatsiro

In kuchamhembe bandi nemumakomo uye sandara mapani rurefu kukwira. Externally Northern Tibet afanane Midlands, chete yekudyidzana ichirova. Kune glacial landforms: motokari, muzvinwiro, moraines. Vanotanga pagungano kukwira pamusoro 4500 mamita. Pamwe micheto ari Highlands vari makomo kumawere, mipata yakadzika uye mumipata. Pedyo eHimalaya uye Sino-Tibetan makomo, mapani zvingauya intermountain nemidziyo, apo Brahmaputra runoyerera - chikuru rwizi. The Tibetan rwenze ipfupi kuti 2500-3000 mamita.

mavambo

Himalayas uye Tibet naye wakaumba nokuda subduction - kudhumhana pamusoro lithospheric kwamahwendefa. Tibetan rwenze inotungamirwa ndeiyi. Indian kuchikuva akanyura pasi ndiro Asian. Zvisinei, haana kuburukira kupinda jasi uye akatanga kufamba yakatambarara, saka takatamira pamusoro kure, uye akamutsa Tibetan rwenze panguva pamatunhu kukwira. Naizvozvo, rokuyamura vainyanya sandara.

Climate

Okunze, rinova Tibetan Plateau, hasha kwazvo, runowanzoitika dzakakwirira. Panguva iyoyowo, mhepo zvaoma, nekuti ebani unongoda mukati kondinendi. Munzvimbo zhinji dzakakwirira kunonaya zviri 100-200 mm pagore. On kumucheto kusvikira 500 millimeters zasi, apo monsoons vachiridza - 700-1000. Zvikurukuru, kunayisa chikawira sechando. Nokuda ichi pakaoma okunze, chando mutsetse chaizvo, pachiyero 6000 mamita. Kudeuka nzvimbo mazitombo echando ari kumaodzanyemba, uko Kailas uye Thắng. Kuchamhembe uye pakati pagore avhareji tembiricha anoda pakati 0 uye 5 madhigirii. Snowless chando chinogara nguva refu, kune makumi dhigirii chando. Summer zvakakwana inotonhora kuti tembiricha kuti 10-15 inegumi. Mumipata uye pedyo rwezasi okunze sezvainodziya.

Tibet Plateau ane mukuru urefu, saka mhepo sparse chaizvo, ichi chinhu zvinoita kuti unopinza tembiricha nokufamba. Usiku nzvimbo inotonhodza, pane simba mhepo womunharaunda semadutu guruva.

kure negungwa mvura

Rivers uye madhamu vari kunyanya ari Highlands vari kuvharwa nembiya, kureva, havana zvaimutambisira kwokunze mumakungwa uye nyanza. Kunyange zvazvo iri nechokumucheto, hunodzorwa monsoons, ndivo kwakatangira makuru uye makuru nzizi. Ndicho yakatangira the yangtze, kwakabva Mekong, Rwizi Yellow, Indus, Salween, Brahmaputra. nzizi dzose izvi makuru India uye China. Kuchamhembe, simba mvura Rwako ndiko kunonyanya kukonzerwa kubvunda chando mazitombo echando. Kumaodzanyemba zvikuru sei mvura. Inside Tibet Plateau nzizi dziri sandara hunhu, uye mukati anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri pamusoro arikunze kunogona inonetsa zvikuru uye anomhanya, mipata dzavo, asi rakafanana rokumupata. Muzhizha pane mafashamo nzizi, uye muchando ivo -oma.

madhamu akawanda muna Tibetan Plateau dziri panzvimbo kukwira pamusoro 4500 kusvika 5300 mamita. mavambo ravo tectonic. Largest vavo: Seling, Namtso, Dangrayum. Vazhinji madhamu vari kudzika udzamu, pasi kumahombekombe. Water mavari kuva zvakasiyana munyu kugutsikana, saka mavara uye noruvara mvura nezvionioni anosiyana kubva Brown tekoizi. Muna November, ivo kunzwisisa chando, mvura ndiyo akachengetwa kusvikira May.

uswa

The Tibetan Plateau inogarwa kunyanya Highland steppes uye mumarenje. In huru mativi rezvinomera pakavha vasipo, pane mavhu uye ibwe umambo. Kunyange zvazvo iri kumucheto Highlands pane yakaorera munyika gomo-kumafuro nevhu.

Padunhu murenje uswa haakuri. Herbs Tibetan Plateau: gavakava, acantholimons, Astragalus, Saussure. Nemiti: ephedra, eurotia, Tanacetum.

Kuchamhembe, kwose kwose mosses uye lichens. Apo tafura mvura iri pedyo pamusoro, pane wemarudzi zvinomera (petsanga, donje uswa, bulrush, cobresia).

Kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba Tibetan Plateau kunonaya kunowedzera, mamiriro ezvinhu kuva akanaka, nokuda kumusoro mabhandi. Kana pegomo iri hunodzorwa murenje, pasi pegomo inowanzorimwa (munhenga uswa, fescue, bluegrass). In mipata nzizi huru anokura nemiti (omujunipa, Caragana, zvikwenzi). Apa pane riparian Masango nemikonachando uye nemipopirari, Turangi.

mhuka nyika

Mune Tibetan Plateau iri kuchamhembe ungulates mhenyu: yaks, antelopes, argali, ari Tibetan zvayo uye gehena, kiang kudzayi-Yaman. Ukabatwa hares, pikas uye voles. Kune zvikara: bere-pischuhoed, gava, mhumhi, Takao. Zvinotevera shiri kurarama pano: finches, chando hwari, Pallas jecha Grouse. Kune dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya: Pallas raMwari Fish Eagle uye eHimalaya negora.

History of Tibet Association

Qiang madzinza (madzitateguru pakati Tibetan vanhu) dzapinda mundima Highlands Kukunor muna 6-5 remakore BC. Muzana 7th remakore AD, vakatamira kune zvokurima, panguva iyoyowo anovhunanya chinyakare zvaiita hurongwa. madzinza Tibetan vakabatana Namri - mutongi Yarlung. With mwanakomana wake uye mugari wenhaka Srontszangambo rinotanga kuvapo Tibetan Empire (7-9 remakore).

Mugore 787 akazova chitendero chiBuddha mamiriro. Langdarma paitonga vateveri vake vakatanga kutambudzwa. Pakafa mubati mamiriro rakakamurwa yoga zvemisoro. Muna 11-12 emakore pane kuonekwa dzechiBuddha tumapoka akavaka dzemamongi zhinji dzechitendero, remasangano iyo kuwana mamiriro akazvimirira zvesangano inoti.

Muzana remakore rechi13, Tibet, inowira pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu eMongolia, ukama akarasika mushure mokuparara ari Yuan dzinza. Kubva wa14 kusvika rechi17 remakore pane rinondinetsa simba. Monk Tszonkaba anoronga mutsva yechiBhudha kapoka Gelukba, muzana remakore rechi16, mukuru weboka vakagamuchira zita Dalai Lama. Muzana remakore rechi17, rechishanu Dalai Lama haana kupfuudzwa rubatsiro kuna Oirat Khan Kukunor. Muna 1642, mudzivisi - mambo Tsang dunhu - vaparadzwa. Gelukba kapoka anotanga kutonga Tibet, uye Dalai Lama akava zvemweya nezvenyama musoro nyika.

zvimwe nhoroondo

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi18 kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva Tibet tiri chikamu ainzi Qin Empire. Pakazopera zana remakore uye vari pasi dzimwe nzvimbo hurumende. Power akaramba ari mumaoko Dalai Lama, asi pasi kudzorwa Qing dare. Muzana remakore rechi19 Britain yakapamba Tibet muna 1904 mauto avo vakapinda Lhasa. chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa aine UK kodzero muna Tibet.

It raimuvhiringidza hurumende yeRussia, pamwe Britain dzakasaina chibvumirano pamusoro kuchengetedza uye kuremekedza miganhu kuvimbika Tibet. Muna 1911 kwaiva Han Xin-chimurenga, umo vose Chinese mauto vakanga vadzingwa Tibet. Mune ramangwana, kuti Dalai Lama akazivisa kugumiswa zvachose ukama Beijing. Asi muna Tibet akaramba akasimba Chirungu simba. Pashure peHondo Yenyika II, US simba iri kusashanda pano. Muna 1949, hurumende yakazivisa kuti rusununguko Tibet. China anoonekwa sezvo separatism. Zvakatanga sangano vanhu Rorusununguko muna Tibet divi. Muna 1951, hurumende akagamuchira mamiriro National kuzvionera mukati China. Pashure pemakore 8 kumukirawo vakatanga zvakare, uye Dalai Lama akamanikidzwa kupinda akavanda India. Muna 1965, ivo Tibet zvionera Region rakavambwa pano. Zvadaro, Chinese hurumende kuitwa nhevedzano repressions pamusoro vafundisi.

ChiBhudha sei muna Tibet

Kupinda chiBuddha kuna Tibet enmeshed zvakavanzika uye ngano. Hurumende panguva iyoyo aiva muduku uye simba. Maererano nengano, Tibetans vakadzidza pamusoro chiBhudha nemhaka chishamiso kuitika. Kana mitemo Mambo Lhatotori duku kasiketi yakawa kubva kudenga. Raiva rugwaro Karandavyuha sutras. Nemhaka chinyorwa ichi, hurumende yakatanga achamera, mambo akafunga chakavanzika mubatsiri wake.

The rokutanga Tibetan Dharma madzimambo akanga Srontszangambo Papera, aionekwa muenzaniso wakakwana Tibet kuti anorichengeta - the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Akaroora vamadzimambo vaviri, mumwe aibva Nepal, mumwe - kubva China. Vose vakauya wechiBuddha mumagwaro uye vachinamatwa. Chinese muchindakadzi zvauyiswa hombe Buddha chifananidzo, izvo vaiona huru kakasaririra pamusoro Tibet. Tsika anokudza vakadzi ava vaviri sezvo zimukadzimu Tara - manyoro uye chena.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi8, akakokwa kuparidza Shantarakshita yakakurumbira muzivi, uyo pasina nheyo yokutanga dzemamongi dzechiBuddha.