Mifananidzo yekare yeRussia. Ndeapi mhizha yakagadzirwa muKivan Rus?

Zvigadzirwa zvekare zvekare zveRussia ndeimwe yemicheto iyo tsika yepakutanga yenyika yedu inogara. Vanotora kubva mumasangano ekare, apo basa rose raiva pamwe chete, uye zvishandiso zvebasa-zvakanyanya nyore. Zvisinei, ikozvino mumazuva iwayo, madzitateguru edu aizivikanwa nechido chekunaka. Zvishandiso uye zvinhu zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva izvo zvakasikwa zvakashongedzwa nezvishongo, zvakapiwa fomu chaiyo. Sezvo mutemo, zvinhu zvose, sezvazvavazoreva zvino, zvipfeko zvekushongedza zvine mishonga yemashiripiti: dzakachengetedzwa, dzakwezva ruzivo rwakanaka. VaSlav vokuMabvazuva vakange vakafanana mune izvi kune mamwe madzinza. Mishonga yekare yeRussia yakanga yakasiyana nemigadzirirwo uye nzira dzakakosha, maitiro ekutanga. Nenguva yekusikwa kweKiev, madzitateguru edu akanga atova masters mumhando dzakawanda dzekushandiswa.

Mubati wehove - mhizha uye muroyi

Nezvimwe zvipfeko zvekare zveRussia zvakave neropafadzo inokosha, zviri nyore kunzwisisa nemanzwiro mazhinji, nheyo nemashoko. Kazhinji munhau kune mupfuri anoita hero inopinza munyeve, kazhinji inopiwa simba remashiripiti uye uchenjeri.

Shanduro yekutengesa muRussia zvechokwadi yaiva imwe yeruzivo rwakakurumbira. Akanga ari wekutanga wekuparadzanisa muchikwata chakazvimirira. Uyu mupfuri airemekedzwa uye airemekedzwa, uye simbi yaifungidzirwa sechidziviriro chakakwanisa kuchengetedza nekudzimekedza tenzi wake kwete chete kune vakaipa, asiwo kubva kuhuipi hwehuipi.

Kubva kwekugadzirwa kwemhizha muKivanvan Rus kwakasvika kunzvimbo dzakakwirira: madzitateguru edu aiziva zvese zvemazuva ano emhando yesimbi kushandiswa. Vazhinji vavo vaishandura, filigree, mobile, vachikandira nekudzingirira.

Art Art

Kunyanya kutaurwa kunokosha zvakakwana zvishongo. Yakasvikawo zvikomo zvakakwirira muRussia. Nzira dzaidiwa dzaive dzatumidzwa zita rokuti filigree (filigree), mafoni, pamwe chete nezviyo uye enamel (enamel). Kusika kwevatenzi vemunguva yeKivan Rus uye gare gare dzimwe nguva inoshamisa. Semuenzaniso, enamel yakayeuchidza mifananidzo nemifananidzo yakanyatsorongwa yakatarwa iyo mumaziso evanhu vakagadzirirwa zvaive zvichikwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pomudzimai ane rima nemuchena mutsvuku. Mifananidzo yakadaro yakasikwa kubva kune zvidimbu zvegirazi yakavara. Vakanga vamanikidzwa uye vakavhenganiswa nemvura shomanana. Nzvimbo yakagamuchirwa yakazadzwa nemashoko ezvinyorwa ndokuzobika kakawanda. Somugumisiro, iyo enamel yaiva yakashongedzwa nesimbi.

Dhinda resimbi uye spray

Chigadziko chacho chaiva chifukidzo chakazaruka chakaitwa nechendarama yakaisvonaka kana yevhavha yesirivha. Mune nzira iyi, kukorodzwa kwakasiyana-siyana, makaskiti uye zvimwe zvinhu zveimba zvakaitwa. Filigree yakavapa mweya uye chiedza chaicho. Pasina kuwedzeredza, michina yakadaro inogona kunzi yakagadzirwa nesimbi yakagadzirwa.

Zern aivewo muchero wemiti yakasiyana-siyana. Yakanga yakafanana nemadonhwe madukuduku akasaswa pamusoro pekushongedza. Masters mapurisa akanga asingazivi miganhu: kurema kwebhora kazhinji hakuna kudarika 0.4 mm.

Mhomho yacho yaiva sendivha yesirivha nesarufa. Pakushongedzwa kwezvishongo pane kugadzirisa simbi mufananidzo wacho wakatsvaira. Zvadaro vakadururira mumatema uye vakatumirwa kubika. Pasi pemushumo wekushisa kwepamusoro ma-alloys akanga akabatanidzwa, mufananidzo wakazadzwa nesanganiswa sarufu nesirivha. Mushure mei tenzi zvaingova zvakakosha kuti abvise chikamu chakawandisa chemhomho. Zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa zvakasarudzwa nekusiyana kwechimiro chakanaka chesimbi nesimbi yepamusoro yemufananidzo.

Kushanda nevhu

Chechipiri munguva yekuonekwa mushure mekugadzirwa kwesimbi muRussia yaiva ivhu. Pakutanga ndiro ndiro nemimwe midziyo yakaitwa nemaoko. Zvisinei, mishonga yekugadzira muRussia yakakurumidza kukurumidza, uye mumazana mazana mapfumbamwe nemazana manomwe. VaSlav vakatoshandisa gumbo rehari. Somugumisiro, zvigadzirwa zvevhu zvakapararira munyika yose. Mapurisa emapuriti akarega kuwanikwa. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akaita zvigadzirwa, zvakasiyana nezvisikwa zvevamwe vanogadzira. Masters akabatanidzwa, mumutauro wemazuva ano, maitiro avo. Kusiyana kunogona kufanana nezvenguva yekugadzirwa kwehutengi: kutonhora uye nguva yekuputira, kuumbwa kwevhu, kana kupfekedzwa: mavara anoshandiswa, maitiro akasiyana, zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushongedza zvinhu.

Mishonga muRussia nekugamuchirwa kwechiKristu yakatanga kukura maererano neOrthodox canon. Vadzidzisi, kunze kwemasikirwo emasikirwo nemidziyo, vakatanga kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakosha kwechechi, uye matombo - matani okushongedza, ayo akashandiswa sechishongo.

Rarama zvinhu

Zvigadzirwa zvekare zvekare zveRussia zvakaoma kufungidzira pasina miti yematanda. Yakabvawo kumadzitateguru edu kwenguva refu. Mifananidzo yacho yakashongedzwa nematayiri uye fenicha, mukati nepamusha zvinhu. Muti uyu waifungidzirwa kuva ushamwari, hupenyu hwehupenyu. Kufanana nesimbi, yakakwanisa kuchengetedza, kudzivirira kubva pakukuvadza, saka michina yematanda yakawanikwa munzvimbo yekare kose-kose. Basa rakawanda rakaitwa mune izvi nekuwanikwa kwezvinhu. Dzimba dzakagadzirwa nemapango dzakavakwa kubva mumatanda, kusveta magirasi uye zvigunwe, zvidhina uye zvipfeko, sledges uye arcs zvakaitwa. Pose nguva muRussia, iye aibatwa neruremekedzo rukuru. Tenzi akaedza kunzwisisa mweya, wakaputirwa muchidimbu chehuni, uye, achigadzira chinhu chipenyu kana chitsvene, kuti ataure pachena, asingatauri kubva kune iyo pachako.

Vane nyanzvi dzakagadzirwa nevakawanda vaiva Novgorodians. Chimwe chinhu chinoshamisa chekuvakwa kwematanda kwakawanikwa munharaunda yeguta rekare imwe nguva yapfuura: ane gumi nemasere pakorodhe yekuzvarwa kubva muzana remakore rechi11. Iyo yose yakareba yakave yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo, iyo maitiro ayo asingadzokwi zvakare.

Akakanganwa tricks

Sezvinowanzova zvakadaro, nekuuya kwezvinhu zvitsva nemichina, ruzivo rusina kujeka runopera mumucheto, dzimwe nguva rakarasika zvachose, dzimwe nguva kungoita sezvinhu zvisingawaniki izvo zvisina kuparadzwa nenguva. Mishonga yakawanda yeKivan Rus yakave murombo nenzira iyi. Semuenzaniso, nhasi vashomanana vanoziva kuti miti yematanda, yakasimuka kuenda kushumiro yechiKristu, yakashandiswa kwete kungoita kugadzira mukati nekunze kwemukati machechi. Masters akaita iconostases nemikombe - ichi chinhu chakanaka chakanaka. Mukufamba kwenguva, unyanzvi hwekuveza mapuranga hwakarasika. Nhasi, zvishoma chaizvo zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pekusika mifananidzo yevasande nekubatsira kwekuveza miti.

Stone Masons

Mishonga muRussia yaisanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvinowanikwa munharaunda yekugadzirisa kweAsia Slavs. Kunze kwekare ikozvino kutaurwa, masters akashandisa dombo. Mishonga kubva kwairi yakanga isiri yakaderera mukukwirira uye kunaka kune zvisikwa zvehuni. Dombo rakavezwa rakange rakashongedzwa nezvivako, kazhinji zvakavakwa nemuchena mirefu, slate kana marble. Kazhinji zvakaitwa izvi muzvinhu zviduku. MuRussia, pfupa rinoputika, pamwe chete nemifananidzo, zvakanga zvakajairika. Masters vakashanda mukusika zvifananidzo zviduku zvevasande. Zviratidzo zvakadaro zvinogona kupfekedzwa pamutsipa, zvakanamatira pamabhande. Kazhinji kuveza pamusoro pebwe kwakabatanidzwa nematare echechi.

Nzvimbo yevatenzi

Mhizha yekare yeRussia yaikoshesa. Vakapatsanurwa kuva mapoka maviri. Vairemekedzwa vaive vezvishongo zvegoridhe (goldsmithing), chiratidzo chekuveza uye vamwe. Pakati pe "tsvina" ndeyomuumbi wehari.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, mhizha dzaishanda kuronga. Vashandi vaive vezvikamu zvakasiyana zvevanhu. Mumaguta zvaikwanisa kusangana nevadzidzisi vasingasunungurwi. Vakanga vabatanidzwa mukushambadzira, zvishongo, kutsvaira uye kugadzira mifananidzo. Mune mazinda edzimambo uye mukomana, madhipatimendi uye madunhu aigara mararamiro anochengetedza, vashandi. Vatenzi vakasiyana-siyana vaigona kuwanikwa mumatari.

Kusika kwemaoko evanhukadzi

Yakanga iri mumatarenda ayo mhando dzakawanda dzekare dzeRussi dzakagadzirwa, dzakadai sokusuka nekugadzira. Vaiva vakadzi. Zvigadzirwa zvemhizha dzenguva uye nhasi zvinoshamisa nekunaka kwavo. Iyo micheka yakagadzirwa kubva kune hemp, flax kana mvere. Nzira yekugadzira nhau yava nyore zvikuru mushure mekuonekwa kweiyo yakasvibiswa. Zvakaitika pakupera kwezana remakore rechi12 ne13.

Rumwe rudzi rwechikadzi rwebasa rutsvuku rwakanga rwakafananidzirwa kubvarura: ruvara, ruvara rwechando pamusana, "silk pjalichnoe delo" (mishonga yakashongedzwa nehiyo) nezvimwe zvakadaro. Mhizha dzakarongedza zvinhu zvechechi uye zvinhu zveupenyu hwezuva nezuva nemaitiro akasiyana-siyana. Kutsekwa kwekare kweRussia kwaiwanzobudiswa nevatengesi kune dzimwe nyika. Ikoko yakavewo inonakidzwa nekushamisika kwenyika yose.

Nguva yekuderera

Nguva yekubudirira munhau inowanzomirirwa nemakore, uye dzimwe nguva nemazana emakore ekuoma. Zvakanga zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu aya kuti mhizha dzeRussia dzezana remakore rechi14 dzaivepo, munguva yekutonga kwakasimba kweMongol-Tatar Khans. Vatenzi vazhinji vakafa panguva yehondo, mukuedza kudzivirira maguta avo. Panguva yekuvapo kwejoko reMongol-Tatar muRussia, kusimbiswa kwebhizimisi rekushongedza kwakangoita zvakanyarara, kubudiswa kweeamels, kuongorora uye zviyo zvakaguma. Mamwe marudzi emashiripiti akabatwawo. Zvisinei, rumutsiriro rwekushandiswa kwakashandiswa rwakatanga muzotevera, zana remakore rechi15.

Blossoming zvakare

Nguva yacho kubva muzana remakore rechi15 kusvika kumazana gumi nemazana makumi maviri nemashanu ndiyo nguva yekusimbisa hurumende yeRussia itsva. Pakati pekubatana kwehukuru hwaiva kuMoscow. Mhizha yekare, muRussia, yaivepo kubvira kare kare, zvakare yakatanga kuwana simba. Kuziva kunotsvaga kuti uzvikomberedzere nezvinhu zvakanakisisa, hupfumi uye hupfumi. Kumatare echinda, uyezve mambo, vashandi vaive vachishanda mukuveza mumatombo kana mumatanda, kupfeka nekukomba, mabhizimisi emabhiza akauya pamwe chete.

Kubudirira kunogamuchirawo hukama hwehupfumi hwemari. Somugumisiro, mhizha muRussia muzana remakore rechi16 inova iyo huru yekuwana mari kune vagari vemaguta akawanda. Zvishoma nezvishoma, michina yemhizha iri kuumbwa. Mukuru kune avo ndeye mhondi yakatanga muzana remakore rechi16-17 muUtatu-Sergius Monastery. Pano, vatenzi vakanga vari kuita basa rokuveza huni nefupa, uye zvishoma gare gare pakanga panewo chikwata chekutamba.

Nyeredzi yehukuru hwepasi

Mushure mezana remakore rechi15, zvese zvemhizha yose muRussia yakatanga kukura. Nokuti vana vanonyanyozivikanwa pakati pavo pakurongedza Khokhloma uye Dymkovo matoyi. Aya marudzi ehutori achiri kuzivikanwa zvikuru nhasi, kwete chete pano, asiwo kune dzimwe nyika.

Khokhloma akagadzira mhizha muRussia muzana remakore rechi17. Rudzi urwu rwekuveza rwakashandiswa kupfekedza midziyo yakasiyana-siyana yehuni nemafuta. Khokhloma inonyatsozivikanwa kuburikidza nemutambo wemararamiro: tsvuku, yakasvibirira uye yakasvibirira pamusana wegoridhe. Vadzidzisi vemifananidzo yacho vaiva nezvakavanzika zvavo. Semuenzaniso, nekuda kwebasa remapuranga, kwete yehupfu yegoridhe, asi kusanganiswa kwetini nesirivha zvakashandiswa. Zvadaro chigadzirwa chakanga chakafukidzwa nekakiti yakakosha uye yakabikwa kakawanda muvheni. Nokudaro, iyo yaidiwa ruvara rwegoridhe yakawanikwa. Khokhloma kupora nguva dzose yakafukidzira chibereko: muti wacho hauna kuonekwa zvachose.

Yakanaka uye yakasiyana

Imwe nyanzvi yepamhizha yakakurumbira, inotangira, sezviri pachena, panguva ino, iri chido cheDymkovo. Zita rake rakagamuchirwa panzvimbo yaibva. Kirovskaya Sloboda Dymkovo yakanga yakakurumbira nokuda kwevhu rakatsvuka. Munyika yose, hapana mimwe michina yakafanana neinoyerera uye inofara. Zvinonakidza kuti teknolojia yekugadzira yakajeka, uye kana ichidikanwa, chifananidzo chakadaro chinogona kuitwa zvakasununguka.

Imhizha yekare yekare haina kumbokanganwa kunyange nhasi. Iwe unogona kunyange kutaura kuti vari kupfuura nhanho itsva yekusimudzira. Kufarira mumitambo yevanhu vekare kare inomutsazve: zvitendero, zvipfeko, tsika uye unyanzvi hwemhizha. Mishonga inodzidza zvakadzika zvose muzvinhu zvakakosha mumayunivhesiti uye pachavo. Basa rekusungirirwa rinonyanya kudiwa nhasi, uye naizvozvo masters anofara kudzokera kumabasa emagariro. Inyanzvi iyi inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana shanduko: mishonga yakawanda, mapaundi, zvigadziro uye zvigadziriswa zvinoshandiswa, mune dzimwe nguva - magetsi magetsi. Kune rimwe divi, pane dzimwe nguva nzira yekugadzirwa kwayo yose inoramba isina kuchinja.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kuongorora kwemubvunzo wekugadzirwa kwemhizha muRussia kunokosha pakunzwisisa tsika yekutanga yeRussia, inobatsira kuti uhudze nemweya. Rumutsiriro rwekufarira munyaya ino inoratidza kukosha kwezvinhu zvakadaro. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti mhizha muRussia (mufananidzo wezvigadzirwa zvinogutsa Internet muzhinji, kungosimbisa izvi) vachiri vapenyu uye vachiri kukura.