Munyika rwezvemabhengi maitiro sei: mamiriro, basa, budiriro

The rwezvemabhengi Hurongwa - kuva kudzoreka uye zvikwereti nemasangano anoshanda pasi chete mashandiro. Chinhu chaikosha ndiye Bank of Russia (CBR). Basa rose mamiriro noMutemo "On Banks uye Banking Basa".

mhando

Musimboti wacho rwezvemabhengi ino, chinangwa chacho rezvisikwa zviri kuunganidza yemuraudzo mari uye dzokubudisa yandiri kuburikidza upfumi. Izvi zviri kuitwa panguva dzakasiyana siyana.

Marudzi hurongwa:

• duplex;
• monobankovskaya;
• decentralized hurongwa.

In dzakabudirira, maviri weDanho hurongwa. It kunoratidzwa pamberi regulator iri pamberi Central Bank uye kuteerera vezvokutengeserana zvikwereti masangano rechipiri chechetere. Asi pane kusaina. In France, mashandiro controller anoita Bazi Finance. Omurume kwaari zvose mabhanga, kusanganisira Central Bank. The US unoshanda ayo decentralized ezvinhu, umo huru mashandiro anoita mashoko Federal Reserve System. Munguva Soviet aita monobankovskaya zano. Ngatione kuti rwezvemabhengi ezvinhu munyika nhasi.

regulator

The Central Bank of Russian Federation akasikwa ari muchimiro sangano repamutemo, asi haina kuva mutemo haisi nokudzorwa mutero nezviremera. Rinogona ngaateme mari, mumusiye navo, anosunungura Banknotes itsva. Profit sangano rinotungamirirwa kuti paumbwe reserves, mari hwakatamisirwa bhajeti. Sources mari:

• mibayiro pamusoro mugove;
• Mubereko mari pamusoro zvikwereti uye deposits;
• mari akavhiyiwa vane simbi dzinokosha, yemakambani kodzero, dzimwe kuchengetedzeka, uye vamwe.

basa nezvinangwa vari:

• sangano iri rwezvemabhengi hurongwa;
• kuona kuti kuenderera National mari (the rokutenga simba kosi);
• nechokwadi vakarongeka hurongwa oparesheni.

Instruments:

• rate of Central Bank kuti akavhiyiwa;
• chengetedza zvinodiwa;
• refinancing;
• Exchange kuzvidzora;
• dzidziso usapinde kukura.

Pasi mitemo, guta guru mvumo pamusoro regulator dzaro dzimwe ndeizvi batana pfuma. The Bank of Russia chete kurasa pavo. The State uye Central Bank anokonzera munataisireva mumwe mumwe.

The mukuru reDare Central Bank - the Board Directors, iyo anosarudza kutungamirirwa tsika. It rine sachigaro uye 12 nhengo Central Bank. Bank of Zimbabwe, izvo miganhu mapazi regulator haigoni ngaateme inopikira, wazvipira pasina mvumo Board.

Banks vari mapoka mapoka maviri guru: masangano wezvokutengeserana uye asiri kubhengi chikwereti masangano. Heano mazano kuvaka munyika rwezvemabhengi wemuTesitamende yokutanga chechetere.

yezvokutengeserana establishments

Chinangwa nezvokuvapo zvikwereti masangano - ndiko kuti vawane purofiti. Kuita mabasa anofanira kuwana rezinesi kubva regulator. Masangano kwakadaro kunogona vakasikwa zvakasiyana siyana pfuma: paruzhinji, pasiri, matunhu neminisiparati, etc ...

Banks kodzero kuita zvinotevera kushanda:

• kukwezva deposits nevanhu uye zviri pamutemo masangano;
• govera mari yacho pachako;
• kuti mari iri nokuda kumapati rechitatu;
• kuita muunganidzwa basa;
• kuwana;
• svinudzai uye kuchengetedza nhoroondo;
• ngaateme inopikira uye zvichingodaro. d.

Banks anogona kukwereta mumwe, aite Masvomhu kuburikidza tsamba nhoroondo uye ukaita kwema isingapesani mutemo. Credit masangano munyika yose vakagadzirira kupa vatengi vedu vanenge 200 marudzi mabasa. Asi Mutemo "On Banks uye Banking Basa" vakaisa kurambidza vana vavo: ezvokutengeserana, maindasitiri, inishuwarenzi, chindingindingi. Under yokupedzisira anoreva akavhiyiwa zvainanga inorambidza makwikwi.

A chikwereti sangano haagoni pacharo kushandura prices pamusoro zvikwereti, deposits, izwi chesungano. On mari uye mutengi ukoshi anogona uchatorwa kuburikidza dare. Zvirango dzinoitwa chete nokuda Executive magwaro, uye yokutorerwa - pahwaro iyo akapinda simba roruvanze mutongo.

nonbanks

Izvi chikwereti masangano kuti hatigoni kubuda mamwe mashandiro. Izvi zvinosanganisira sangano:

• kunoshamisa zvikwereti;

• kuchengeta tsika;

• kutengesa mortgaged pfuma.

Pakupindura sei nhasi kuvaka munyika rwezvemabhengi hurongwa, tinogona kutaura kuti inoitwa matatu siyana. Kuwedzera Central Bank uye vezvokutengeserana establishments ari redistribution mari vanobatanidzwa makambani inishuwarenzi, mari uye mudyandigere mari, vamwe zvemari masangano. Heano mazano kuvaka munyika rwezvemabhengi hurongwa.

Misimboti basa

1. Kushanda mukati huripo zviwanikwa, zvechokwadi. Mubereko mari pamusoro zvikwereti uye deposits ndiyo huru asi kwete chete anopa Bank purofiti. In imwe inflationary zvakatipoteredza, nzvimbo kupfuura kunobatsira munhu pamusika wemari wokutengesera. Bank guru kunoita zvokufungidzira. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, kuronga rinoitwa pachishandiswa mari chaiyo yakamutswa.
2. Basa chokupika. The rwezvemabhengi wemuTesitamende upfumi ane inokosha basa - kuti redistribute mari pakati sectors. Credit Masangano vakasununguka kusarudza vatengi vavo uye inivhesitimendi munzvimbo. Asi mabhanga kusangana nokubatira vaifungidzira pachishandiswa yavo, izvo zvaangatarirwa chirango.
3. Sangano mutengi ukama panguva pamusika ezvinhu. Kupa kubva zvikwereti, iyo Bank anotungamirirwa zviratidzo zviri liquidity, profitability uye ngozi.
4. Regulation mabasa kunze chete nokuda zvisina kunanga nzira. State uye dzepamutemo mabasa zvinoumba hwaro maitiro, asi havagoni kudzora mashoko uye mabasa.

Banking nedzemari hurongwa nhasi

Mumakore achangopfuura, chikwereti zvikoro muitiro akavhurika. Kusuma michina ano (bhengi muripo mugadziriro, makadhi, bhengi yeGmail.END_STRONG-t. H.), marudzi Various yemutoo wezvikwereti. Asi nemashoko zvoupfumi padanho kukura ezvinhu kuRussia lags seri nyika.

In sechivako mari makambani Source chiduku mugove yemutoo wezvikwereti - 8-10% (Japan - 65%, EU - 42-45%, USA - 40%). Maakaundi Okubhengi vane 25% vokuRussia, uye mapurasitiki kadhi anoshandisa chete 10%. Kumadokero nyika, anongoda rose nevanhu makore anopfuura 18 ane nhoroondo, uye 1-2 makadhi.

Mubvunzo saturation nharaunda chinoramba chakasimba mabasa. Huru Russian rwezvemabhengi gadziriro iri kusimbiswa mune mumaguta. Kuti tiwane chikwereti kana motokari chikwereti iri kuchamhembe uye kumaodzanyemba dzenyika anogona mabhanga ehurumende-anazvo chete.

Zvikonzero yakaderera nenhanho kukura wegadziriro ndeinotevera:

• hurumende asingadi kuteerera zvikuru chikamu ichi;
• yakaderera pamwero monetization hwenyika;
• murombo kwezvivako rwezvemabhengi mabasa;
• mumwe chikamu chikuru mari kubhadhara izvo kunze kunze rwezvemabhengi hurongwa;
• kushaya zvakakwana kudzivirirwa hurumende.

"Bankopad» 2015

National Banking System kwakaita 01.01.2016 inosanganisira 681 chikwereti sangano. Vakanyorwa Masangano 947, asi 266 vavo yakabviswa rezinesi. Zvichienzaniswa 2015, nhamba mabhanga wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 102 dzakabatana. Vaongorori kufungidzira kuti mumakore 2-3 mufananidzo uyu achadonha kusvika 500.

Pasinei dambudziko, mwero 'okuchenesa' kwemauto haisi zii. The loudest kare gore rave kudzokorora rezenisi iri "Transport" iri asiri zvaidiwa mitemo yeUnited. Vhoriyamu vachibhadhara LETSATSI vanofungidzirwa pane nhoroondo mabhiriyoni 39 rubles.

Kuwanda Banks Russia akapfuudza zvinodiwa ehurumende upfumi. Inenge 96% munyika mabasa vari yabatanidza pamusoro 200 masangano. Mugove masangano duku kuchiri 481 Falls 3.5% kubva zvinhu. Chero bedzi mamiriro ezvinhu mune zvoupfumi hakuiti kuvandudza, panguva mabhanga duku vachava nezvinetso liquidity uye Implementation zvinodiwa. Options kugadzirisa zviviri chete: kutengesa zvinhu kana kuenda rongedza.

Zvakaoma kuwana vanoita

Banks achida kugara pamusika, mumwe mujenya. Uyewo vatengi. Dambudziko nderekuti mari chiratidzo yavose vaviri-siyana. Tapinda kuwanda zvirango Western vanoita anogara kudzikira. Vava kutsvaka vamwe kuMiddle uye East Far pamisika.

Basa rwezvemabhengi ino zvingave tichiregeredza 300 masangano. Sangano wechina ari chepamusoro vamazana renhapwa, kushumira chete uwandu Enterprises. Chaiyo hazvina kuita rwezvemabhengi mabasa.

Kunobva 2015

gore All wokupedzisira, mabhengi akaedza kuramba profitability. Asi kwete vose kubudirira. Kunyange mikuru vatambi pamisika vakaratidza zvinyorwa kurasikirwa. Chero bedzi vanhu ari kufunga kana kutakura deposits ari mumari Bank of (pre-chinja rubles kuti madhora), chikwereti masangano nematambudziko liquidity.

Nezvokumutswa pokuwa Ruble, kuti chikwereti Portfolio yakaderera nezvikamu 0,7% nokuti ini kota 2015, muuto - ne 7.6%, mubereko semutongo vanosvika bhiriyoni 6 rubles. Asanyura akakanda Central Bank, iro akatanga pamutemo ruyamuro. Somugumisiro, mugove regulator zvinoreva mune mabhanga 'munataisireva pakupera April asvika chinyorwa mukuru - 10.4%. Institution anosimbisa mugove nokuda restructured zvikwereti pane zvaunoda zano.

The mupanda rutsigiro - zvimwe capitalization pane mabhanga ne mabhiriyoni 830 rubles. OFZ zano. Chirongwa vaiwana chete yechipiri yezana gore, saka kubudirira kwayo chaizvoizvo anogona chete kungoonekwa pakazopera 2016-ndipo. Asi aizomupa akabvumira mabhanga kuramba guta adequacy ratios uye kuti zadzai matura wokutanga chechetere. Pay rutsigiro yaiva kuzvipira haana kuwedzera mutengo FOP uye kuti dzisanyanya mibayiro kwemakore matatu. CB zviito akabatsira kuwedzera mugove zvikwereti kubudikidza 0,7%, deposits - ne 10.9% uye nei mabhiriyoni 265 rubles.

Nezvinetso chikuru 2015

Dambudziko huru - achidzikisa nevatengi anomukweretesa ne 12% zvichienzaniswa ikure 8.9% gore ayo okupedzisira kuti. Somugumisiro, akaverevedza boka nemabhangi kuti specialized chete unsecured kwezvikwereti. Danda 6 Masangano kupfuura chakaita kuti 10% kuti chitoro chikwereti uye 20% zvikwereti zvakaipa. dambudziko midziyo yavo chakarurama (15%) 2 nguva yakakura kupfuura avhareji munyika (9%). Kudzorera nzvimbo mabhanga achafanira kuti refocus pamusoro urongwa nokudenga mabasa.

Dambudziko zvisingatarisirwi akanga pokuwa kambani "Transaero", akaita akazviunganidzira mabhiriyoni 250 rubles chikwereti. matambudziko ayo nhema pamafudzi Lenders vane Nokurasikirwa pakuparwa kusauka uyo akaendesa mhepo achaita mabhiriyoni rubles. Defaults ari yemakambani nemauto vari kutarisirwa muna 2016. sectors All hwenyika akatambura hwakaderera kudiwa. Anotarisira kudzorerwa kwaro muna 2016, anenge hapana.