Ndechipi GPU (GPU): achiongorora zvaive ushande. The Cheka akasiyana GPU

February 6, 1922 Central Executive Committee of CPSU (b) kushandisa chisarudzo pamusoro pokugadzwa State Political Directorate. Chii chinonzi GPU? The Bolsheviks havana aenderane rapfuura karayusche-nokudzora muviri - the Cheka? Tichaedza kupindura munyaya ino.

nokubatanidzwazve ari Cheka

Usati wapindura mubvunzo, chii GPU, zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti nei akarega kugutsa Cheka (All-Russian hunoshamisa Commission) muna 1922, nhengo yebato.

Cheka hwakagadzwa achangofa Bolshevik kupambwa simba. VaKomonisiti pachavo ndakadana chiitiko ichi kumukira, uye historiography Soviet rainzi "The Great October Socialist Revolution." Tinoyeuka kuti muna February 1917, akatotanga vakapfuura guru Bourgeois chimurenga. Mambo rakaparadzwa, simba anofanira kuenda democratic hurumende - Assembly Constituent. Zvisinei, musi waOctober 25, Lenin neshamwari dzake akaita vakazvigadzirira kupambwa simba.

Sezvinotarisirwa, echimurenga mauto haana kutsigira imwe zvarisingazivi escapades akadaro. Kushorwa vainzi "pakaunda", i.e., Vatsigiri yemabhuku-chimurenga. Zvadaro, shoko akatanga kupa vose vaya sezvineiwo haana kubvumirana zvakaitwa Bolsheviks. Zviri kukurira "pakaunda" uye akasikwa kubudikidza All-Russian Hwakanga Commission muna December 1917. Rakanga inotungamirwa F. Dzerzhinsky, zita remadunhurirwa rokuti "Iron Ferikisi" yakasimba hunhu uye zvakaoma nehasha.

Sei Cheka akarega kugutsa Bolsheviks?

Cheka - a kuri muviri, ane basa rave kunangana vatsigiri pakaunda-chimurenga. "Contra" aigona kuzivisa chero mugari uyo sezvineiwo akaratidza kusagutsikana nehurumende ano. Kuti tinzwisise zvinodzidziswa GPU uye sei zvakasiyana kubva Cheka, nyora simba kuri sangano. munda kuchengeteka mapurisa aiva simba risingagumi. mabasa avo aisanganisira:

• A kutsvaka chero nguva yezuva kana usiku pasina tsananguro.
• Kusungwa uye mibvunzo ipi fungira, maererano KGB, ari mugari.
• Expropriation pfuma kubva "kulaks" uye "pakaunda" pasina muripo kana kutongwa. Kwaachazoratidza tsika kwakatungamirira akasanganiswa ugororo.
• Vachengetwe uye kuurayiwa pasina kutongwa.

hapana ari kutonga kuchengeteka vakuru. Vaiona pachavo "unokosha" kodzero kutora chero chinhu mu "zvinodiwa chimurenga" uye kurwisa "hondo yemabhuku". A chevapfuri pasina kutongwa panguva "Red Chinotyisa" akamuka zviuru zvavo vomunyika. Chekists pachavo dzimwe nguva kunyange taona mhosva. Kuuraya kunze mushure kugadzirira vamwe mazita. Kazhinji zvinokonzera mhirizhonga sehofisi zita, chitarisiko, basa nevamwe. The Bolsheviks akahwina hondo, saka vaiona utongi matanho vanonzi havana mhosva. Zvadaro chimwe chinhu chakaitika kuti zvachose pfungwa Bolsheviks: hondo yakauya vanhuwo zvavo uye masoja. The kupfuura nomukurumbira vavo - the Tambov yemuna. Against vapanduki inoshandiswa zvemakemikari zvombo, vana nevakadzi guerrillas vakatumirwa mumisasa, zvikaita madzibaba uye varume kuzvipira. Asi kushamisika wechokwadi waiva yemuna iri Kronstadt. Kutaura zvazviri, Bolsheviks aiita sezvo simba kuti vakauya navo simba. Pashure paizvozvo zvakava pachena: saka havagoni kuenda mberi.

GPU: inopangidza

GPU rinomirira Main Political Directorate. Kurongwa Patsva of Cheka kwakaitika February 6, 1922. Pashure pakusikwa USSR yakaumbwa November 1923, ari OGPU - United State Political Administration. The Integrated mamiriro anenge apinda GPU of NKVD of RSFSR (the Main Political Directorate of National Commissariat pakati Internal Affairs yeRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), uyewo zvose aimbova kurongwa Cheka uye GPU dzimwe chinoda. Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvakasiyana kuri zvomukati zvakasanganiswa nezvepanyika rakabatana uye zvakajeka kudzora gadziriro. Saka, chii chiri GPU (zita rizere), isu pachena. We nyora zvipfuwo kuchinja akazotevera kusikwa sangano iri.

Kuderedza zvemasanga KGB

The kuchinja kwakaita yekudyidzana akaderedza nehanya evadzimi ne "yemabhuku." To zvachose muchivadzvinyirira kwakapera. Chokwadi, GPU munda mudonzvo uyewo overdid zvinhu, asi kuti waiva pamusoro mutemo, iro inotarisirwa mutongo. Kunyange pamusoro vatungamiriri KGB - Yagoda uye Yezhov - aidai akapfurwa nokuda kwesimba uye vakawanda Bends.

Mushure kuchinja zvinhu Main Political Directorate hakuna kudzorwa kuna Kara, uye masangano kwemitemo. kugona racho uyewo kurwisa vavengi uye vasori, muganhu kuchengeteka, kudzora nebasa mapurisa, uye vamwe. Zvisinei, zvino, zvose kusungwa uye vaiurayiwa vakagadzwa matare, kwete kupenga KGB. Uyezve, paiva chinokosha rutapudzo kuti mudonzvo mumunda uye basa pacharo inotongwa vashandi muhofisi muchuchisi wacho.

Kutaura zvazviri, paiva kuderera yokuchengeteka wavatariri; vasati vakanga asingagoni kudzora kuchinja, vaigona kugadzira chero nehanya "iri nezvido pokuchinja", uye muviri zvakananga omurume kuna SNK (Council Vanhu vaMwari Commissars). Cheka ari pamusoro NKVD. Mushure zvokuchinja havana KGB chikwata "chaivo", uye mapurisa, sezvo GPU yazova mumwe NKVD dzakabatana. Office Muchuchisi wacho akasikwa kuti nditarisire mabasa sangano idzva.

kubviswa

Saka, chii chiri GP, takawana kunze. Taura zvishoma pamusoro mberi kweboka.

Muna 1934, OGPU yakapedza chose sesangano. Zvinonzi zvakazara akabatanidzwa pamwechete NKVD. Kubva 1934 kusvika 1936 akatungamirira sangano GG Berry, kubva 1936 kusvika 1938 - ARMENIA Yezhov. Uye kubva 1938 - LP Beria. Vose vakanga Papera kuuraya.

Muna 1941, NKVD yakakamurwa kupinda NKVD uye NKGB (vanhu Commissariat kuti State Security). NKGB akava mutsivi of Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

Muna 1946, ivo NKGB akanga kurongwazve kupinda MGB (Ministry of State Security). Pashure kuuya simba, NS Khrushchev MGB ichichinja KBG (National kuchengeteka hofisi) muna 1954. Waivapo kusvikira pokuwa. Nhasi GPU mabasa kuita 4 chete madhipatimendi: asi GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), kuti FSB (Federal Security Service), kuti rwokutsvakurudza Committee of National Guard.

Zvisinei, "KGB" vatsivi vaiona chete FSB.