Kunyora hurongwa, yaishandiswa sevaSumer. kunyora ecuneiform: kare, kunyanya

Sumerian ecuneiform - Nhaka chikamu wacho diki chakasara pashure ichi ekare. Zvinosuruvarisa dzakawanda Zvivako kunge akarasika. Chete ivhu mapiritsi pamwe nemamwe vatambi, iro akanyora sevaSumer - ecuneiform. Kwenguva refu yakaramba isina unsolved chakavanzika, asi nokuedza masayendisiti vavanhu ikozvino ane Data kuti aiva nebudiriro Mesopotamia.

SevaSumer: ndivanaani

Sumerian budiriro (kushandura chaidzo "blackheads") - mumwe yokutanga kuitika pasi redu. Mabviro vanhu nyaya ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo zvenzara nyaya: Kusawirirana masayendisiti inoitwa saka kure. Fani iyi kunyange akapiwa zita rokuti "dambudziko Sumerian". Kutsvaka matongo uchapupu yakabereka Naizvozvo, zvishoma fuma, kwainyanya kudzidza kwaiva munda wemitauro. SevaSumer akanyorwa icho akanakisisa vakachengetedzwa zvose, vakatanga kuti akadzidza kubva pfungwa nemaonero mitauro sungano.

Anenge 5000 apfuura BC mumupata Tigirisi uye Yufratesi eMesopotamiya akaonekwa kugarwa Papera akakura kuva nebudiriro simba. Archeological anowana anoratidza sei dzakabudirira nemashoko zvoupfumi zvakanga sevaSumer. Ecuneiform ivhu pamahwendefa hurukuro zhinji nezvazvo.

Paicherwa matongo yekare Sumerian guta Uruk achitungamirira mhedziso yakajeka kuti Sumerian maguta akanga urbanized zvakakwana: paiva mhizha makirasi, vatengesi, mamaneja. Kunze Maguta anogarwa nevafudzi uye vanhuwo zvavo.

Mutauro sevaSumer

Sumerian - munhu anonakidza mitauro chaiyo. Ungangove, akasvika eMesopotamiya kubva kuIndia. Mukati 1-2 chemakore yevagari vanotaura nayo, asi akanga nokukurumidza yakatsiva weAkkadian.

SevaSumer achiri akaramba kushandisa mutauro yemadzitateguru avo mabasa echitendero, zvakanzi akaita administrative basa, akadzidzisa muzvikoro. Izvi kusvikira pakutanga munguva yedu. How kuti rurimi rwako pamusoro tsamba sevaSumer? ZveCuneiform raishandiswa chaiyo kuti chinangwa ichi.

Zvinosuruvarisa zvakanga zvisingaiti kudzorera phonetic nemamiriro mutauro Sumerian, nokuti rudzi kana lexical uye zvivakamutauro zvinoreva shoko iri dzakawanda affixes vakanyanyisa mudzi.

Kushanduka ecuneiform

The chidzoke of Sumerian ecuneiform rinobatana pakatanga upfumi basa. Zvinonzi chokuita chokwadi kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kugadzirisa zvinhu kwokubatsira kana kutengeserana. Zvinofanira akati kuti Sumerian ecuneiform ndiyo tsamba yokutanga akazviratidza, zvaakapiwa hwaro kune dzimwe mugadziriro achinyora Mesopotamia.

Pakutanga yakanyorwa digitaalinen tsika, vachiri kure kunyora. Mumwe uwandu akasarudzwa chaiyo nevhu Zvidhori - zviratidzo. Imwe chiratidzo - chetezvo.

With kukura zvoupfumi zvakanga kusagadzikana, saka mumwe mufananidzo vakatanga kuti rinokosha notation. Zviratidzo zvikachenge- chaiyo mudziyo, izvo anofananidzwa muridzi chisimbiso. Zvinosuruvarisa kuti kuverenga mazita, ndaifanira kurega penzvimbo, uye ipapo nechisimbiso zvakare. Zvivanakire, pedyo chisimbiso vakatanga chinoreva ruzivo pamusoro mukati, uye ipapo mumuviri nhamba akanyangarika zvachose - zvimwe nefemero. Uye pakanga vokutanga evhu. Chii chakanga aimiririrwa kwavari, aiva chinhu chakafanana kuzvidhori: maduramazwi mazita nezvevamwe manhamba uye zvinhu.

Gare gare, icon akatanga kuratidza uye chaihwoihwo zviratidzo. Somuenzaniso, shiri uye zai mufananidzo pedyo kare akaratidza pamusoro chokubereka. tsamba iyi zvave ideographic (zviratidzo zviratidzo).

The rakatevera Danho - the phonetic akaitwa pictograms uye ideograms. Zvinofanira akati kuti mumwe chiratidzo zvava zvakakodzera chairo inzwi design, usina ukama kuti mufananidzo chinhu. Wokugadzira riri kuchinja, zviri nyore (zvose - tsanangura pazasi). Mukuwedzera, vatambi dzinokudziridzwa zvivanakire, vari yakatambarara vaifarira.

The kwaita ecuneiform zvakasimbisa muzadze tracings ari duramazwi, kunoitika kwazvo kushingaira.

kunyora ecuneiform: zvinhu zvinotaurwa

Chii kunyora checuneiform? Ndezvokuti, sevaSumer havana kukwanisa kuverenga tsamba haina pfungwa. chinyorwa Written vakaona, nekuti zvakanga hwaro ideographic kunyora.

On chiratidzo dzinongoita kuchinjwa zvinhu zvamunobvumirana kunyora - ivhu. Nei? Ngatisakanganwa kuti Mesopotamia - nharaunda, apo anenge asina miti, zvakakodzera kuti kubudiswa (rangarira necheSalvic Birch nemakwati uye yenhokwe avaEgipita, wakaita kubva acrid yemishenjere), akanga asipo, uye ibwe. Asi ivhu murwizi mafashamo akanga zvakakwana, saka chichiri kushandiswa sevaSumer.

Kugadzirira tsamba yaiva nevhu keke, yakanga yakaita denderedzwa kana rectangle. Kunzi munhu seinä chaiyo inonzi Kapama. Rakaitwa ane zvinhu zvikukutu zvakadaro papfupa. Zano pana Kapama akanga mativi. tsamba kwacho ndiko kunyudza katanda iri evhu, uye kusiya imwe muenzaniso. Kapama kana kudhonzwa kubva nevhu kwenguva chikamu Triangle vakasiya kutevera akafanana achikanganisa, saka zita - "ecuneiform". Kuti tirambe kunyora, chiratidzo dzakapiswa muvira.

Mabviro syllabic kunyora

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pamberi paiva ecuneiform kubva sevaSumer iripo imwe mhando chiratidzo - pictography ipapo ideography. Papera zviratidzo kuva Simplified Somuenzaniso, pane yose shiri vanoratidzwa chete paw. Uye uwandu mavanga zvishoma nezvishoma shoma - vanova ichiita mabasa akawanda, anouya kureva kwete chete pfungwa yakananga, asi chaihwoihwo - zvakakwana anoratidza zvimwe ideogram. Saka, akamira pedyo "Mamwe Countries" uye "mukadzi" rinoreva pfungwa "muranda." Saka, kukosha chaizvo kutaurwa kuva pachena kubva zvinonyatsorehwa chechinyorwa. nzira iyi kutaura anonzi logograph.

Asi zvakanga zvakaoma chinoreva ivhu ideograms, saka nokufamba kwenguva, mumwe nomumwe wavo chakatsiva chaiyo mubatanidzwa dashes-wedges. Izvi chakaita kunyora urongwa mberi, achibvumira kushandiswa chienderane mabhii vamwe ruzha. Saka, akatanga kuva syllabary, iyo yakatora nguva yakareba.

Decoding uye kukosha zvimwe mitauro

The pakati XIX remakore aizivikanwa kuedza kunzwisisa musimboti Sumerian ecuneiform. Great kufambira mberi kwakaitwa Grotefend ichi. Zvisinei akawana Behistun akanyorwa pakupedzisira kubvumidzwa decipher vazhinji magwaro. Zvokutemerwa padombo magwaro aive mienzaniso Old Persian, Elamite, uye weAkkadian pepa rehurukuro. Decipher magwaro aigona Rawlins.

The chidzoke of Sumerian ecuneiform kukanganiswa kunyorwa dzimwe nyika Mesopotamia. Kuparadzira budiriro vakauya nayo, uye shoko-syllabic mhando kunyora, iro rakagamuchirwa nemamwe marudzi. Kunyanya kunyatsooneka kupinda Sumerian ecuneiform muna Elamite, Hurrian, vaHiti uye tsamba Urartian.