Ndege Hondo Yenyika II: Soviet, American, Chirungu, German

Nechemberi uye rwemberi Second World War isu vakavhura vakawanda Ndege. Vose vaiva akasiyana zvekushandisa maitiro, asi zvakanga zvakafanana zvakakosha nemauto avo. Wakabata zhinji ivhu akavhiyiwa vakava zvisingaiti kana kuoma zvikuru pasina kubhomba inokosha nangananga muvengi.

"Heinkel"

Mumwe Heinkel Akanga chikuru uye rakajairika Luftwaffe Ndege 111. In zvose paiva 7.600 michina yakadaro. Vamwe vavo vaiva okunatsiridza uye Avangard kurwiswa ndege. History of chirongwa akatanga yokuti Ernest Heinkel (akakurumbira ndege German) akasarudza kuvaka uchitsanya ndege munyika. Pfungwa kwakanga chinzvimbo kuti ayo chokwadi sei enyika itsva noutungamiriri Nazi Germany, uyewo indasitiri nenyanzvi. Zvisinei, Heinkel airevesa. Akarayira pamasikiro muchina Washington Well hama.

Yokutanga kumumvuri yakanga yagadzirira muna 1932. Akakwanisa kurova ipapo-nokukurumidza zvinyorwa mudenga, paiva kubudirira chisingarambiki pakutanga dubious chirongwa. Asi handizvo Heinkel He 111, asi nowakautangira chete. Passenger ndege vaifarira pahondo. Vamiririri Luftwaffe akaita pakatangira pakusika vemauto okunatsiridza. Rehurumende ndege aifanira vhura chete nokutsanya, asi panguva imwe chete ari chinouraya bhomba.

Wokutanga kurwa motokari vakasiya hangars zvavo panguva Civil War Spanish. Ndege akagamuchira Legion "Condor". Zvakabuda chikumbiro chavo vakasangana zveutungamiriri Nazi. Basa racho mberi. Gare gare Heinkel He 111 kushandiswa pamusoro Western Front. Yakanga panguva Blitzkrieg muFrance. Vazhinji muvengi Ndege Hondo Yenyika II akapa nzira kuti ndege German ari nokurondedzerwa. Kasira yake huru vabvumirwe kubata muvengi uye kunzvenga kutsvaka. Kubhomba anonyanya vachibatwa airfields uye dzimwe nzira dzinokosha zvivako zvinokosha France. Ndichibvunza mhepo rutsigiro akabvumira Wehrmacht kuita zvinobudirira pavhu. Ndege German akaita rakakura kubudirira Nazi Germany panguva kutanga pavaipfuura Second World War.

"Junkers"

Muna 1940 Heinkel vakatanga Zvishoma nezvishoma ne zvakawanda ano Junkers Ju 88 ( "Junkers Ju-88"). 15,000 pamusoro mhando izvi zvakaitwa kuti nguva basa kuvhiyiwa. indispensability yavo yakanga pakawanda. Sezvo ushe, Ndege yacho Second World War vakanga aiendeswa chinangwa chaicho - Mabhomba zvevhu kunangwa. Tiine "Junkers" zvose zvakanga zvakasiyana. Raishandiswa senzira bhomba, Avangard bhomba, ushori uye usiku anorwisa.

Somunguva yake "Heinkel" ndege iyi akaisa mutsva kumhanya zvinyorwa, richisvika 580 makiromita paawa. Zvisinei, kugadzirwa "Junkers" vakatanga yapera. Somugumisiro, apo hondo yakagadzirira kumotokari 12 chete. Naizvozvo, panguva kutanga pavaipfuura Luftwaffe kureva Heinkel. Muna 1940, indasitiri German muchiuto, pakupedzisira ikabereka zvakakwana ndege itsva. Zvikepe akatanga kutenderera.

Yokutanga zvakakomba bvunzo nokuda Ju 88 rakatanga Hondo Britain. Muzhizha uye mumatsutso 1940 ndege yeGermany vakaedza zvakaoma kubvuta mhepo pamusoro England, guta yakabhombwa uye mabhizimisi. Ju 88 rwakaita basa rinokosha mune oparesheni ichi. Chiitiko British akabvumira vagadziri German kusika okunatsiridza wandei muenzaniso, wakange kuderedza ayo munjodzi. shure akatasva zvigwagwagwa uye mutsva nzvimbo yemutekenyi dzokurwa vakatsiviwa.

Pakazopera Hondo MuBritain Luftwaffe akagamuchira nadzurudzo mutsva, ane injini kupfuura simba. Izvi "Junkers" ndikabvisa zvose rapfuura zvinokanganiswa uye akava kupfuura anotyisa ndege German. Inenge Ndege zvose Hondo Yenyika II zvakachinja yose kunetsana. Ivo vakabva vabvisa mamwe zvinhu zviri yoku- uye kugamuchira zvitsva zvinhu. The zvinoitirwa raiva uye Ju 88. Kubva pakutanga kushanda ivo kushandiswa senzira svetuka bhomba, asi airframe kugona kutakura mutoro yakawandisa, akapa yakadaro kubhomba muoti. Naizvozvo, muna 1943, muenzaniso chacho kwakaita yakanga yakati achinja. Pashure nadzurudzo iyi vezvikepe vaigona itangezve ari anoshongwa pa necheparutivi rworwendo 45.

"The pawn"

In akatevedzana Soviet bhomba "Pe-2" ndiyo inonyanya kufarirwa, nevakawanda (anogadzirwa vanenge 11 000 muzvikamu). "The pawn" yainzi Red Army. Waiva chaiwo mapatya-injini bhomba, zvakagadzirirwa inobva muenzaniso "VA-100". The kutiza zvokutanga ndege itsva yakagadzirwa muna December 1939.

Maererano kupatsanura pakati design, "Pe-2" zvaiva nizkoplanam yakaderera-bapiro. The fuselage yakakamurwa kuva nezvikamu zvitatu. The kabhini akagara aidzidzisa uye mutyairi wendege. The pakati Chikamu fuselage akasununguka. Panguva muswe kabhini yakagadzirwa kuti shooter, uyewo aiva redhiyo opareta mabasa. The muenzaniso awana windshield guru - Ndege zvose Hondo Yenyika II vaida navanopinda kuona angled. ndege iyi ndiyo yokutanga muSoviet Union akagamuchira zvemagetsi kudzora zvigadziriswe siyana. Zvakaitika aiva bvunzo, ndokusaka hurongwa ane payakaipira zhinji. Nokuda michina izvi kazhinji ndivo vaingoerekana combustion nokuda kuonana pamusoro pezvitsiga uye peturu vapor.

Kufanana nedzimwe ndege Soviet of Second World War, panguva "Pawns" German tsamwisa tiri nezvinetso zvakawanda. zvakajeka hondo yakanga kugadzirira yezvisingatarisirwi kurwisa. Mumazuva Operation "Barbarossa" wokutanga, dzendege vazhinji pasi aizotambudzazve nendege muvengi, uye zvokushandisa, izvo anochengeterwa hanga yakaparadzwa kunyange vasati vakanga nguva kuti pane imwe sortie. "Pe-2" haasi nguva dzose kushandiswa chahwo chinangwa (kureva, sezvinoita svetuka-bhomba). ndege idzi dzinowanzopiwa kushanda mune rimwe boka. Pakuvhiya dzakadaro kubhomba haizorambi pfungwa uye kuwana unsighted apo murayiro kubhomba nyaya "tenzi" rakarira. Mumwedzi iri hondo yokutanga, "Pe-2" kushanda dived. Rakanga chokuita nokusava vashandi basa. Chete mushure kuburikidza ndege vaiendeswa chikoro akatora mafungu akawanda, ndege akakwanisa kuzivisa zvizere kwadzo.

Bhomba Pavla Suhova

Ishoma aiva mumwe bhomba - "Su-2." Aikudzwa nemupristi cost, asi panguva imwe chete uye michina yemhando yepamusoro kugadzira. Rakange risiri bhomba Soviet chete, asi ndinoonga kuti zvakanaka kuona yorusvingo, uye atirari spotter. Ndege Paul Dry kubudirira nokuwedzera nokukurumidza muenzaniso kuchinjirwa kune yomukati kuturika mabhomba, iri mukati fuselage.

Kufanana ndege zvose Hondo Yenyika II, "Su" ruzivo ose vicissitudes ose dzakaoma. Maererano pfungwa Sukhoi bhomba yakaitwa kubva nesimbi chose. Zvisinei, paiva rikwanise kuperevedza aruminiyamu. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, chinzvimbo basa rakanga kumbobvira rakatangwa.

"Su-2" zviri yakavimbika tichienzanisa nedzimwe Soviet uto ndege. Somuenzaniso, anenge 5000 sorties rwaiitwa muna 1941, Air Force akarasikirwa 222 bhomba (inenge imwe kurasikirwa muna 22 mishoni). Ndiro chinoratidza eSoviet. On avhareji deadweight kurasikirwa vakasvika ndege mumwe, pamwe 14 kusimuka, inova 1.6 nguva kazhinji.

The vashandi chaiva vanhu vaviri. The kunonyanyisa Range akaenzana 910 makiromita, uye nokukurumidza mumhepo - 486 makiromita paawa. The aizviti simba injini raiva 1330 horsepower. Nhoroondo kushandiswa "tika", sezvakaita vamwe yokutevedzera, izere mienzaniso dzezvakaitwa Red Army. Somuenzaniso, September 12, 1941 mutyairi Elena Zelenko akaita ramming ndege muvengi "Me-109", nokunyima nayo pamapapiro ayo. Mutyairi wendege vakaurayiwa, uye aidzidzisa vabudiswa maererano hurongwa hwayo. Yaiva chete anozivikanwa zvakaitika negondohwe kurova pasi "Su-2."

"IL-4"

Muna 1939, kwakanga kumberi bhomba, uyo akaita mupiro chikuru kune Soviet kukunda pamusoro Germany Kukuru Patriotic War. Raiva "IL-4", kwakatanga achitungamirirwa Sergei Ilyushin OKB-240. It pakutanga aizivikanwa se "db-3." Kana ndege akanga asarudzwa "IL-4" muna March 1942, zvakasara munhau.

Model "db-3" ane nhamba zvaaikanganisa anogona kuva nengozi muhondo nemuvengi. Kunyanya, ndege akatambura mafuta idonhe uye makatsemuka ari mafuta tangi, kukundikana braking ezvinhu, chassis kusakara uye zvichingodaro. D. On muchina uyu, ari vezvikepe, zvisinei kwavo kurovedza zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo kuchengeta yasimuka kosi panguva nokusimudza mumhepo. Serious chinetso "db-3" akava War Winter. Finns akakwanisa kuwana muchina mapazi "akafa".

Kururamiswa zvikanganiso vakatanga pashure okuguma mushandirapamwe. Kunyange zvazvo kumanikidzwa kumhanya okunatsiridza ndege, kusvikira pakutanga Guru Patriotic War hakusi-itsva zvose "IL-4" havana kubva zvazvakashatira yapfuura womuenzaniso. In wokutanga chokutambudzika German kurwisa, kana kudzivirira mafekitari pakarepo anobviswa kuMabvazuva, unhu mishonga (kusanganisira avhiyesheni) Sezvineiwo ungaderedza. The muchina asina autopilot, pasinei nokuti iye nguva dzose anozadza kubhengi kana havarasiki. Mukuwedzera, bhomba Soviet vakagamuchira misaligned carburetors, nekuti icho pane tsvina kunyanyisa peturu, uye somugumisiro kuderera ya ndege.

Chete mushure budiriro iri rakanaka hondo "IL-4" akanga zvinooneka hwakavandudzika. Izvi akwanise nedzorerwo indasitiri yacho, uyewo Implementation idzva mainjiniya hari ndege uye vagadziri. Zvishoma nezvishoma, "IL-4" rava rakakura Soviet kumberi bhomba. It nendege akakurumbira vezvikepe uye Heroes of Soviet Union Vladimir Vyazovsky Dmitry Barashev, Vladimir Borisov, Nikolai Gastello, etc ...

"Battle"

Panoperera pakati 1930s. Fairey Aviation Company akaita rakagadzirirwa ndege itsva. Vaiva Ndege chete-engined kushandiswa muna Air Force Mukuru Britain uye Belgium. mugadziri Total akaita anopfuura zviuru zviviri zvivezwa izvi. Fairey Battle raishandiswa chete padariro rokutanga hondo. Mushure nguva akaratidza inefficiency raro tichienzanisa ndege German, kuti bhomba wakasuduruka kubva mberi. Gare gare yaishandiswa senzira ndege kurovedza.

The chikuru zvazvakashatira muenzaniso vaiva: anononoka, zvaasingakwanisi siyana uye vanotambura kuti moto Anti-ndege. Zvapedzisira yaiva zvikuru zvinoparadza. Battle akagogodza dzakawanda dzimwe yokutevedzera. Kunyange zvakadaro, rinongova bhomba muenzaniso uyu akunda yokutanga UK kukunda chokufananidzira mumhepo muHondo Yenyika II.

Kunorwa Kwairatidza (maererano bhomba mutoro) makirogiramu 450 - kazhinji Kunoumbwa mana 113-makirogiramu putika mabhomba. Anoshongwa vakaramba hydraulic anosimudza, retractable mapapiro ari niche. In pakunyanya madhoo (kunze kubhomba ari svetuka) itangezve nguva bhambu. Pamberi hwaidzorwa ari aidzidzisa, iri nzvimbo yemutekenyi nekuda mutyairi wacho chair. Ndege kuzvidzivirira chombo zvaisanganisira pfuti "Browning", uyo waiva rworudyi bapiro motokari, uyewo pfuti "Vickers" iri necheshure nzvimbo yemutekenyi. Popularity bhomba kwakakonzerwa mumwe chinokosha - akanga nyore chaizvo kubata. Kubva piloting vanhu kukurira shoma ndege maawa.

"Zvikwata"

VokuAmerica dzatora niche ane mapatya-injini svikiro bhomba Martin B-26 zvikwata. The ndege dzino waiva mumhepo kekutanga muna November 1940, musi avaida Yechipiri World War. Pashure pemwedzi inoverengeka kushanda wokutanga B-26 akazviratidza VB-26b nadzurudzo. Iye akagamuchira kunowedzerwa dzokurwa dziviriro, zvombo zvitsva. Inosimudzira ndege mapapiro. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti kuderedza nokumhanya zvaidiwa kumhara. Other okunatsiridza anosiyana zvakawedzera angled kurwisa yasimuka uye nani unhu. In anosvika kwemakore kushanda yava yakabereka kupfuura 5,000 ndege muenzaniso uyu.

Wokutanga rwisana akavhiyiwa "evapambi" kwakaitika April 1942 mumatenga pamusoro New Guinea. Gare gare, 500 ndege izvi yakadzikiswa kuti muUK kuti Zvipire-Lease chirongwa. Wandei vavo akaita muhondo muna North Africa uye reMediterranean. B-26 akaita debut yayo itsva munzvimbo huru oparesheni. Mazuva masere panhurikidzwa waiva kubhomba revarwi chiGerman uye Italian pedyo Omani taundi Sousse. Muzhizha 1943 chete B-26 akatora mugove vachirwisa musi Rome. Ndege wakabhombwa airfields uye njanji junctions, zvichiita zvakakomba kuvadza kwezvivako kwevaNazi.

Nokuda kumotokari ayo kubudirira American kushandiswa kuwedzera mune kudiwa. Mukupera 1944, vaiitawo inoodza ari counteroffensive German muna Ardenniskih mumakomo. Munguva vanotyisa Hondo idzi dzakanga dzarashika 60 B-26. kurasikirwa zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti cherechedzai, sezvo vokuAmerica yaipiwa kuEurope, zvakawanda pamusoro ndege dzavo. Mushure Second World War, "evapambi" akasvimha zvikuru ano "Douglas» (A-26).

"Mitchell"

Chimwe American svikiro bhomba raiva B-25 Mitchell. Waiva mapatya-injini ndege pamwe tricycle kumhara giya riri mberi mukamuri iri fuselage uye bhomba mutoro 544 makirogiramu. Sezvo kuzvidzivirira nadzo "Mitchell" akamuka svikiro-caliber zvigwagwagwa. Vakanga iri muswe uye mhino ndege, uyewo mahwindo ake chaiwo.

The kumumvuri yokutanga yakavakwa muna 1939 Inglewood. Movement of ndege injini simba inopiwa maviri 1,100 horsepower nerimwe (vakazosunungurwa ne zvakawanda simba). An kuti pagadzirwe "Mitchell" akanga nemasaini September 1939. In mishomanana, nyanzvi vakaita zvimwe zvachinja kuti ndege mamiriro. Rave pakanatsiridzwa chose kabhini kwayo - zvino vatyairi vose vanogona kugara pedyo napedyo kune mumwe. The kumumvuri wamapapiro yokutanga pamusoro fuselage. Kamwe kunyorwa kwenyaya, vakanzwa zvishoma kudzika - pakati.

In ndege design, itsva chisimbiso chinotsva Matangi dzakanga dzatangwa. The vashandi akagamuchira kunowedzera kudzivirirwa - okuwedzera dzokurwa ndiro. bhomba kwakadaro pakuzivikanwa se chimiro B-25a. ndege izvi akatora chikamu pakurwa yokutanga kwazvo vokuJapan pashure yapinda muhondo. Model aine muchina-pfuti turret ainzi ari B-25b. Zvombo zvinodzorwa ne itsva chaizvo panguva yemagetsi tikachirega. B-25b akanga atumwa Australia. Uyewo, ivo zvaigona kurwisa Tokyo muna 1942. "Mitchells" vakatengwa Army kweNetherlands, asi kuti uyu hwakavhiringidzwa. Zvisinei, ndege achiri ukabudira - muUK uye USSR.

"Havok"

Easy American bhomba Douglas A-20 manyongori ndege yaiva chikamu mhuri, izvo zvinosanganisirawo munhu pasi kurwisa uye usiku anorwisa. Munguva yehondo michina muenzaniso uyu akaonekwa Mauto dzinoverengeka, kusanganisira British uye kunyange Soviet. Ndege vakagamuchira Chirungu zita The manyongori ( "manyongori"), t. E. "kuparadza".

Vamiririri vemhuri iyi yokutanga vakarayirwa ne US Army Air Corps muchirimo cha1939. The muenzaniso itsva ine turbocharged injini vane simba riri 1700 horsepower. Zvisinei, kuvhiyiwa vakaratidza kuti vakanga dzaserera uye rakavimbika matambudziko. Naizvozvo, ndege zvose zvina zvakabudiswa ari configuration yakadaro. Zvinotevera michina vane injini itsva (pasina Turbo). Pakupedzisira, muchirimo cha1941, kuti Air Corps akagamuchira yaro yokutanga akagadzirira-bhomba A-20. chombo chacho chaiva mana zvigwagwagwa akatasva vaviri vaviri mumhino muchina. The ndege akakwanisa kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana anoshongwa. Nokuti iye vanga kugadzira 11-kilogram parachuti kusabatana mabhomba. Muna 1942, muenzaniso uyu wakaonekwa nadzurudzo Gunship. Aiva dzakachinjwa nzvimbo yemutekenyi. A nzvimbo vakashumira scorer, kwave chikatsiviwa bhatiri kwepfuti mana.

Kare muna 1940, US Army akarayira ane A-20b zviuru. New nadzurudzo akazviratidza pashure kwakasarudzwa kupa "manyongori" kupfuura simba maoko diki, kusanganisira mamwe rinorema zvigwagwagwa. 2/3 webato aitumirwa Soviet Union kuti chirongwa Zvipire-Lease, ukuwo vamwe vakasiiwa US basa. Most uremu nadzurudzo raiva A-20G. It akasunungurwa anenge zviuru zvitatu ndege izvi.

kudiwa kukuru "kuparadza" kusvika pokupedzisira akatakura miti "Douglas". Utungamiri zvaro uchatamisa rezinesi kuti pagadzirwe "Boeing" nechemberi aizowana ndege vakawanda sevanobvira. Machinery wakabudiswa ichi kambani, vakagamuchira vamwe magetsi.

"Mosquito"

With pakawanda De Havilland Mosquito panguva Second World War aigona nharo chete German Ju-88. British vagadziri vakakwanisa kusika munhu bhomba, riri kukonzerwa kumhanya yayo harudikanwi mu unodzivirira maoko.

Ndege vasingagoni kupinda kugadzirwa nokuti basa rakanga kwete hacked rufu vakuru. The prototypes vokutanga zvakabudiswa zvishoma reShanduro 50 mota. Pashure paizvozvo, kugadzirwa ndege akarega kunyange zvakawanda katatu nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. kutsungirira Kutarisira "Ford Motors" kambani chete akapa bhomba mavambo muupenyu. Kana kumumvuri ari "Mosquito" wokutanga akabvisa, wose akashamiswa waivako kwayo muna November 1940.

The hwaro pamasikiro ndege yaiva monoplane. Front akagara mutyairi, iro rinotaura rakaisvonaka muchidimbu kabhini. A pachena chepfungwa motokari ndechokuti rinenge chivako yose yakaitwa namatanda. Mapapiro agamuchira Trim yakagadzirwa plywood uye kuchitsauko spars. Radiators riri mberi mukamuri rimwe bapiro pakati fuselage uye injini. Izvi magadzirirwo chinhu kupinda batsira panguva rwendo.

In akazotevera shanduro "Mosquito" mapapiro akanga yakawedzera kubva 16 kusvika 16.5 m. With completions akavandudzika chiutsi hurongwa, uyewo injini. Sezvineiwo, ndege yokutanga chakaonekwa kuva Scout. Yakanga chete pashure zvakava pachena kuti lightweight magadzirirwe inopa hunoshamisa ndege data, kwakasarudzwa kushandisa muchina sechinhu bhomba. "Mosquito" raishandiswa omubatanidzwa mhepo vachirwisa napamaguta German pakupedzisira pavaipfuura hondo. Vakanga kushandiswa kwete chete nokuda pfungwa kubhombiwa asiwo kugadzirisa moto dzimwe ndege. muenzaniso Nokurasikirwa vaiva pakati muduku mukakavadzane Europe (16 Nokurasikirwa muna 1000 sorties). Nemhaka kumhanya uye kukwira pamusoro kutiza "Mosquito" akava haungambofari flak uye varwi German. The chete nengozi kuti ndege bhomba aiva Messerschmitt Me.262.