Ndevapi Normanists uye antinormanistov?

In sayenzi Russian ane kwenguva yakareba pane hurukuro Normanists antinormanistov uye zvinhu basa Normans (Norsemen) pakugadzirwa Ages statehood muRussia. gakava iri kunoitika ndege dzakasiyana - the pfungwa uye zvesayenzi.

History Kukurukurirana

The nharo pamusoro Normans zvakaitika ari XVII remakore, kana Swedish kare vakashandisa mashoko Midzi Varangian Rus kutsigira nyika kuwedzera kuEastern Europe. zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe kwakadaro zvakonzera nokumunyima munyika ideologists ose XVIII remakore (pakutanga kwezvose, Mikhail Lomonosov). Antinormanistov akaramba chero kubatana Rus uye VaViking.

Pakupera ari XIX remakore, kutsoropodzwa uyu anenge anyangarika. Pakazosvika nguva yakauya chaizvo chakakura kwesayenzi mabasa nyanzvi dzemitauro, kupembedza kwakabva Air mazita amachinda yokutanga Russian mu Ages zvinyorwa (akadai Oleg, Rurik, Igor, uye zvichingodaro. N.). Kukosha kwaiva racho akakurumbira Danish aiongorora Vilgelma Tomsena. About Varangians akazviratidza Russia muna VIII remakore, pane zvakawanda uchapupu rechecked. simba ravo pamusoro tsika yokumabvazuva Slavs kudzidza nhasi.

Zvisinei, gakava Normanists antinormanistov ndokutangazve mutsva simba kare muna Stalin yaitonga, apo antinormanizma pfungwa kushandiswa pamusoro anoparadzirwa yeNazi pamusoro ukuru weGermany vanhu necheSalvic (yeSweden Scandinavians vakawanda ndivo hama dzepedyo ari dzinza vokuGermany). Kubva pamazuva Soviet Union kutsoropodzwa yose Norman akapukunyuka kusvikira nhasi.

Mabviro Rurik

Most Normanists antinormanistov uye nharo nezveanomiririrwa Rurik - muchinda aitonga Novgorod mumakore 862-879. Akauya kuna Russia pamwe chete nehama dzake uye Truvor Sineus. Maererano "zvakaedza zvekare Years" muna 862. Ilmen Slavs uye veko Finno-Finns vakakumbira kuti atonge Novgorod kunyika. madzinza Local vakatambura kubva kusingaperi nokukakavara. Internal kukakavara pakati pakati Slavs of North-West kweRussia akatanga pashure kuti sezvo vakadzinga apfuura VaViking, vairipira mutero mukutsinhana kwavo vakachengeteka. Independence kwakatungamirira kuti kugara ropa. Pakupedzisira anorwisana revatongi Mapato Novgorod akabvuma kukoka mutongi kwazvakarerekera iyo akakwanisa kumisa gakava pakati pavo.

Uyu murume uye akava Rurik. The gakava Normanists uye antinormanistov vasingatenderwi simba kuti rakasvika VaViking vaiva pamusoro Eastern Slavs. Hapana mubvunzo kuti muchinda akabva dzekuma Scandinavia, pamwe boka racho ake uye mazano. In renhoroondo dzamadzimambo rudzi inonzi "Rus". Normanists uye antinormanistov zvisingapindirani kududzirwa izwi.

Ruric agamuchira Novgorod, Sineus - Beloozero, Truvor - Izborsk. Zita remukuru mukoma anodzokera Hrærekr - Air zita, saka hapana mubvunzo kuti aiva munhuwo. Zvisinei Normanists antinormanistov uye mhirikiro siyana nezvekwakabva muchinda Novgorod rokutanga. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe nyanzvi kuona pamwe Rerik Jutland, vaigara pakati IX remakore uye vaiva youmambo scylding kuDenmark. Dzidziso iyi inobva kufanana mazita, kunyange zvazvo izvi hakukoshi chepfungwa - chete underpinned pfungwa.

Chidimbu zvinyorwa

Zvose ano gakava Normanists uye antinormanistov kunobva Ages yaMakoronike kuti kana zvakakopwa kana chikamu kunge arasika nokuda moto uye kuora kuchengetedzeka. Izvi zvose zvinowanisa yakawanda innuendo uye yokufungidzira.

Kana iwe enzanisa nzvimbo uye Normanists antinormanistov, zvinova pachena kuti nharo dzavo kunosanganisira yaMakoronike Russian akawanda, dzimwe nguva dzinopesana. Somuenzaniso, mutsivi Ryurika Oleg pakutanga akadana gavhuna ake. In zvibvumirano pamwe Byzantium pakutanga X remakore rinotaurwa kare sezvo hama muchinda Novgorod rokutanga. Gare gare zvinyorwa Russian pamusoro XII remakore, uyewo akadzokorora pfungwa iyi, vachipikisa mabasa mumhuri venhoroondo vokutanga.

Chimwe chinetso iri pakuti hapana wokumwe dzekare akazvimiririra manyuko nguva, izvi zvichipupurira ngano pamusoro Rurik uye hama mbiri yake. Panyaya iyi, hapana kudanana chaiwo mabasa Varangian machinda.

tsvakurudzo Swedish

Setsika, zvinofungidzirwa kuti Normanists antinormanistov uye vakatanga kukurukurirana kwavo yokutanga yezana XVIII remakore. Zvisinei, kudzidza pamusoro ukama pakati Scandinavians uye Russia yokutanga ndeyemunguva XVI-XVII emakore. Kana ari Muscovy vaiva vokutanga vokuEurope Western. Saka, mubvunzo yaigara VaViking kuziva Imperial mumiririri Sigismund Herberstein. Musi vakaronga nzira akaenda dzimwe nevaongorori.

Pfungwa Swedish kwakabva Rurik akadzivirira Swedish Wenyika uye wenhau Petr Petrey of Erlezunda, aigara Russia iri nguva Boris Godunov. mabasa ake akava akakurumbira kunyange kunze uye vave mumutauro wechiGerman. Swedish munyori Olaf Dalin, panguva chikumbiro yepamutemo akanyora "The History of Swedish wehurumende," Rurik iye kuzvibatanidza Erik Björnsson kubva Air Ynglings imba. Nokukurumidza, zvisinei, pfungwa iyi yave disproved.

Book Gottlieb Bayer

First chaiko basa nesayenzi kuti akatanga normanizm vaiona rondedzero "On Varyag" muRussia. munyori wayo aiva purofesa panguva St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Gottlieb Bayer (1694-1738). Akatanga amutsvaka nhoroondo akagadzirwa mangwanani Ages manyuko, iyo pakupedzisira akava zvokudya pfungwa inotevera akawanda zvizvarwa masayendisiti.

Wokutanga Bayer akavimba mubhuku yaMakoronike kumwedzi. Academician vakaramba nevakawanda ipapo "Prussian pfungwa" maererano izvo VaViking vakanga yuzhnobaltiyskoe mavambo. In basa rake uye vakasimuka zvitupa kubva kune dzimwe manyuko Somuenzaniso kubva yenhau Bertinskih.

Under Bayer VaViking aiziva Scandinavians iri Mupfungwa yakazara kweshoko: nyika yeSweden, Gotlanders, vokuDenmark uye vomuNorway. Kushandisa zvemutauro, iye vakaongorora Russian kwamachinda uye mazita amachinda IX-X emakore. Kuti izvi zvidaro, munyori akatendeukira zvinyorwa zvakadai ibwe Runic akanyorwa, mabasa Greek, uye zvimwe zvivako kwenguva. Bayer akatora zvinyorwa, uye Byzantine Emperor X remakore, Konstantina Bagryanorodnogo. Somugumisiro wenhoroondo ichi basa akapedzisa kuti mazita Rurik uye akanga Truvor Air mavambo.

Shanda Gerard Miller

Vamwe "Varangian" bhuku zvimedu Akakwezva Vasiliya Tatischeva (1686 -1750), uye vave zvakataurwa kwaari ake "History of Russia". Panguva iyoyowo musayendisiti wokuRussia pachake akavanamatira chaizvoizvo pakatarisana zvepamusoro kuna Bayer. Tatishchev aiva chomurevereri antinormanizma, VaViking vakatenda Finns uye Finnish mavambo aitwa Rurik.

Kuwedzera nemunyori "History of Russia" iri kukurukurwa dzekuma Scandinavia iri pakati XVIII remakore yakanga akapindwa nevatsvakurudzi maviri vakakurumbira. Wokutanga waiva guru ethnographer uye geographer Gerard Miller (1705-1783), uye wechipiri - Mikhail Lomonosov (1711 - 1765). Last aishanda akasiyana-siyana sayenzi uye akasiya chinokosha chiratidzo kusanganisira munhoroondo chirango.

Muna 1749, panguva rakatevera zuva zita zuva Empress Elizabeth, guta guru raizoitirwa gungano paruzhinji, panguva iyo vakakurumbira renyanzvi vakaungana kuverenga madziro mishumo. Zvikuru Lomonosov akanyora "Eulogy" yake yakakurumbira nokuda chiitiko. Miller akasarudza panzvimbo tsvedza nyaya "The Origin kwevanhu uye zita Russian." Rugwaro rwacho wakagadzirirwa pamusoro nguva, asi hazvina kumbobvira vakabvuma kuruzhinji gakava uye kwatova anodhinda magazini yakabatwa.

Mushumo Miller havana kufanana masayendisiti akawanda uye vakuru pedyo Empress uyo akawana "predosuzhdenie Russia." Akakunda chinyorwa uye Lomonosov, uyo aiva rakapinza anokumhan'arira pakati dzidziso yacho "Varyag" Zvinokonzera Russia. Similar maonero avo pamusoro kukurukurwa Tatischev akadzivisa. Kufanana zhinji saka kare muna 1749 Normanists dzidziso uye antinormanistov akakonzera kusawirirana chakakomba pakati mumhuri masayendisiti.

Miller yake beleaguered chinyorwa zvikurukuru chakadzokororwa Bayer. Enzanisa nezvenzvimbo Normanists antinormanistov uye edza kuona kuti chii kusawirirana kwavo kunokosha. Vanogona kuva nyore voga nokuenzanisa Miller uye University kuongorora. Chokutanga, ichidzivirira Norman pfungwa, akafananidza kune Scandinavians uye VaViking akatungamirira vachida pfungwa iyi, itsva uchapupu. Zvikurukuru, Miller akataura kuti dzinozivikanwa mazita Dnieper Rapids, iyo yakapiwa mu bhuku rake "On basa umambo" pedyo Byzantine mutongi Konstantinom Bagryanorodnym "Russian". Uyewo muvambi acclaimed mabasa mwoyo ake kudzidza hunoratidza Air vanyori vokutanga Middle Ages, anotaura okumabvazuva Slavs.

Historians Normanists uye antinormanistov kazhinji kuva vatambi vari enyika kunzwisisa hondo. Kuti kurwiswa Miller vakanga akaita kwete zvikuru zvesayenzi chinhu basa rake, sezvo ayo Pfungwa nechimiro chokureva. Elizabeth Kutonga kwatanga mushure "gumi rima", apo, panguva Anny Ioannovny vakaunganira chigaro vakawandisa vokuGermany. Pasi Empress itsva zvakateverwa backlash. It akatsoropodza zvose vatorwa, uye Sweden uye akaita hondo yakatanga. Chokwadi, kuzorwa makuriro ichi, basa, kutaura pamusoro Air kwakabva Rurik, zvakazivikanwa somunhu zodzera. Miller, ari munhu yaigona ezvinhu, pfungwa dzavo, zvisinei, haana kuchinja. basa rake yakabudiswa kunze uye muchiRussia kuti mukuru muverengi ave kuwanikwa chete muna 2006.

zvinogutsa antinormanistov

Detailed achipindura Bhuku Miller kwaiteverwa ake chikuru anokumhan'arira Mihaila Lomonosova. Makore mashomanana pashure shamisa nharo musayendisiti Varangian Russian akatanga kunyora basa rake guru pachake munyika kare. Achaipedzisawo, haana nguva nokuda kufirwa. Pakafa Lomonosov yakabudiswa vhoriyamu imwe chete rake "nhoroondo Russian yekare." Kunyange zvakadaro, mubvunzo pamusoro Varangians (somumwe chokutanga), munyori basa rake vaiona.

"Russia pamberi Rurik" Mikhail chose zvitsauko akawanda zvakaoma. Nokuti Slavs, akafunga kwete Slavs, asiwo kuBaltic States (Lithuania, Zhmud, Prussians) uye vèneto, vaMedhia paflagontsev, Kutaura kwakabva dzinza ichi zvakafanana zvinenge kune Nguva Trojan War. Nechekare chipikirwa ichi inogona kuonekwa pfungwa yokuti hapana VaViking kana mamwe madzinza chero asingagoni kuchinja paumbwe yakazvimirira Russia, vane mavambo ndeyemunguva kare. The chikuru drawback basa Lomonosov yaiva yokuti mairi munyori vakanamatira nenhungamiro historiography XVI-XVII emakore, apo mune European Sayenzi kutanga nzira itsva dzakaoma Kuongorora zvinyorwa.

"Russophile" dzidziso kuti Rurik akabva Slavs akaramba uye Ekaterina II, iteerere "History" Vasiliya Tatischeva. Somuenzaniso, chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha historiographers nguva, Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733-1790) anonzi yokutanga Novgorod muchinda hama vakuru Ilmen vokuSlovenia Gostomysl.

pfungwa Karamzin

A nemaonero uye chakakomba nzira zvichienzaniswa vakararama dzavo kunoita Nikolai Karamzin (1766-1826). Ake-Multi vhoriyamu "History of Russian State" rava rinokosha chakajairika wokuRussia tsika uye nesayenzi.

Karamzin akanga zvakafanana dzakateerera zvinotaurwa uye Normanists uye antinormanistov. Yaitaurwa kumativi ose vakanga vava kufungwa pamwe kunonyanyisa vachenjerere chokwadi. Karamzin aikoshesa mabasa Bayer uye Miller, tikafunga kwavari chisingakanganwiki yose kare. Asi antinormanskaya pfungwa Tatishcheva nayo paakatsoropodzwa. Special chokwadi munyori anonzi uchapupu podcherpnut Ioakimovskaya chinyorwa.

Karamzin akati zvose nhanhatu dzinokosha zvinhu kutsigira Air kwakabva Rurik uye Varangians zvavo. Chekutanga, uchapupu Western vanyori Somuenzaniso, Bishop Liutprand Cremona, apo Russ akafunga yaiva Normans. Chechipiri, zita Rurik, uye mamwe machinda zvakagadzirirwa pamwe yakajeka Air Mabviro. Chechitatu, Byzantine zvinyorwa. VaViking muna Constantinople yainzi Air Knights. Chechina, Miller kuti nharo pamusoro mazita Dnieper Rapids. Chechishanu, kufanana pachikamu kwemitemo Russian chokwadi pamwe chete hwakavigwa mumakamuri German uye Air. Wechitanhatu "zvakaedza zvekare Years," apo munyori Nestor anotaurwa kuti VaViking vaigara kumadokero kweGungwa reBaltic.

kuhwina Normanists

Hot nharo Pfungwa vavengi vakaita nharo pakati Normanists antinormanistov uye mumwe "mibvunzo vakatukwa" chikuru nhoroondo Russian. The yakachinja kwayo kukura kwakanga bhuku Danish nyanzvi Vilgelma Tomsena (1842-1927) "Home Russian nehurumende." Zvinonzi mune basa iri rakanga pakutanga akapa zvizere zvinoreva pamusoro dzenhoroondo Norman dzidziso. bhuku Most Thomsen akasiyana vamutangira ayo kutsvetera mune zvemutauro. Mibvunzo musayendisiti pamusoro mitauro pakuderedza Ages manyuko, havana kurasa kushanda kwavo nhasi.

Sezvo kwayo chete chakakomba anokumhan'arira Thomsen akati Stepan Gedeonov (1816-1878), sezvo raiva basa rake "The VaViking uye Rus" akaita kuti Dane, "pfungwa chakakomba kunyatsofunga." Other mabasa antinormanskie nyanzvi inonzi nesayenzi. Mubhuku rake rinonzi Thomsen akaita yakadzama uongororwe Arab uye Byzantine manyuko muchiLatin pamusoro VaViking.

Kuongorora kwakabva shoko "Russia", musayendisiti akaitumidza pamudzi pamudzi Swedish nerokuti mashoko "chaienda" uye "kukwasva". Panyaya iyi Thomsen zano ivo pachavo kuti zita yakadaro inonzi Scandinavians, vaigara pamhenderekedzo muGulf of Finland, uye akatanga rwendo kuenda kunyika pedyo. Saizvozvowo, nyanzvi akaita shoko "VaViking". Maererano pfungwa yake, anouya kubva Swedish mudzi "gat", iro rinoshandurudza se "pokugara" kana "dziviriro".

Thomsen akasarudza gumi nevaviri mashoko ekare mitauro, ndiani anogona zvakajeka kuonekwa Air Mabviro (Tiuna, grids, chitoro, rutanda, uye zvichingodaro. D.). Achiratidza kudzidza, munyori zvinganaka munhu capacious dimikira: asi Scandinavians akateya nheyo duku mamiriro, ine pachake Slavs ayo yawedzera yakakura zvikuru. Kana iwe enzanisa nzvimbo uye Normanists antinormanistov, kwakadaro kuenzanisa hazvo hunogara pamusoro nharo kuti kutanga vakauya Dane Vilhelm Thomsen.

mugumisiro nharo

Pakusarudza uyo zvakarurama nharo Normanists uye antinormanistov, zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti gakava ravo akanga zvichireva chete panyaya vakanakisisa XIX remakore, kana paumbwe hurumende chokuita kwakabva imba youmambo. Asi kunyange munyori kiyi Ages kunobva "zvakaedza zvekare Years" Nestor akapindura mibvunzo mitatu voga, "apo akaenda" vanhu necheSalvic vaiva Rurik uye, pakupedzisira, Russia pacharo akaita sei. Around chete nzira nhasi inoomerera nhoroondo nesayenzi.

Modern Normanists antinormanistov uye mberi gakava ravo, kunyange kare pachena kuti urongwa wehurumende inotungamirwa ndiyo yakazvimirira urudzi mhuri mutongo. Chokwadi kuti Rurik aiva mutorwa munhuwo, haana kurambidza mwanakomana wake Igor kubvira paucheche vachiwedzera yakasiyana zvachose mamiriro ezvinhu uye nezvairehwa. mwanakomana wake uye muzukuru Vladimir Svyatoslav ane hakuna nzira afanane Scandinavians - vakanga Slavs vari ropa uye tsika kana mutauro. Zvimwezvo zvakaitika kuna Varangian pakukurukura varairiri, retainers, uye vamwe akadana kubva mhiri kwemakungwa kuRussia northerners.

Enzanisa nezvenzvimbo Normanists antinormanistov uye edza kuona sei kukuru kwaiva pokudzora Scandinavians pamusoro kusikwa Old Russian mamiriro. Kunyange zvazvo Novgorod uye mitemo VaViking (Rurik), uye Kiev akanga akabatwa mubatsiri wake kana hama (Oleg), vazhinji vemo idzva nyika kwagara Slav. pakupedzisira Air chaikosha yakanyangarika mugungwa. Uye saka zvesayenzi mukukunda vatsigiri "Varangian pfungwa" haagoni kunyadzisa "national kuzvikudza Great", iro vakati kunyange Normanists vokutanga chaizvo uye antinormanistov. Muchidimbu, gakava ichi kare. Professional uye zvakadzama tsvakurudzo pamusoro pokudzora Norman Ancient Rus mberi nhasi, asi inesungano zvidiki: mamwe mashoko mumutauro wokuRussia, tsika, zvehondo uye zvichingodaro ..