Ndezvipi raibhurari: munhoroondo mavambo, mhando uye wongororo

Zvinoshamisa vanhu ndiko kusikwa bhuku uye raibhurari - chinhu chinokosha mutsika neimwe nyika. Likhachev Dmitry Sergeyevich kamwe zvakarurama akati kuti kana ukapisa murwi kuronga, ipapo zvechokwadi ndiponesezve tsika, kunyange dai zvikoro kuchapera. Asi kwete vanhu vose vanzwisise chii chinodiwa mumaraibhurari.

kudiwa mumaraibhurari

Makarekare mumaraibhurari vaiva repositories zvinyorwa, uye mushure vekare, vakanga tinoshandurirwa vemunharaunda nzvimbo, iyo vaifanira kusimudzira ruzivo. Russia vakavaona kokutanga kumwe ari XI-XII emakore.

Nhasi panzvimbo iyi unogona kuwana akasiyana chaizvo bhuku kubva aida nzvimbo yebasa, kudzidza uye chete kunakidzwa. Saka nei tichifanira mumaraibhurari?

Chinangwa chikuru mumaraibhurari - sangano pachikamu, Kuchengetedzwa uye kushandisa evanhu mabhuku nemamwe mabhuku. Pakutanga, raibhurari inodiwa kudzidza uye kuwana zivo. Vanoda zvinhu zvose: Vana vanoenda kukireshi, kuchikoro vana, vadzidzi, pensioners uye nyanzvi.

Masayendisiti nekusimba kuti uropi hwomunhu anogona kuchengeta munhu ruzivo kupfuura Library of Congress of America. Zvisinei, vanhu haisati vakadzidza kushandisa zvose zvingagona uropi, saka bhuku chitoro handidi kubviswa uye hunozodiwa. Zvino vose anoziva zvinodiwa mumaraibhurari.

raibhurari rokutanga

Kare mumazuva mutana Asia akaumba anonzi raibhurari. In Nippur yakasiyana ravanhu evhu vakawanikwa (2500 BC), unonzi chinyakare bhuku panodonedzerwa. A shoma gare gare piramidhi waFarao akawana papyri.

Muzana remakore rechina BC Heracles akazarura rokutanga anonzi rakavhurika raibhurari muGirisi. Muzana remakore rechitatu BC akavaka Alexandria dzigare mairi mabhuku, iro chakakodzera anoonekwa somunhu huru muzinda mabhuku ekare. The raibhurari zvinosanganisira astroobservatorii, bhotani uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka mapindu, makamuri vapenyu uye nokuda mukuverenga mabhuku. Papera chinguva zvakanzi ikava miziyamu, riri vakazadzwa stuffed mhuka, zvivezwa uye nenhumbi achaporesa uye zvenyeredzi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvivako izvozvo dzakavakwa panguva tsvene. Ko raibhurari vanoda? Mumazuva iwayo, mubvunzo uyu akanga asina kukumbira. Vanhu vakanyora pasi zivo yavo nounyanzvi kuudza zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

zvinokosha zvinyorwa

KuMiddle Ages ari Russian yemamongi mumaraibhurari vakavhura zvitoro kuti nyorazve ari mumanyoro. Kazhinji vaikopera reShanduro chechi. Kuita Manyoro zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo uye nguva muitiro, asi nokuti bhuku aiva soro ukoshi. Ndokusaka chaiyo hwakavigwa mumakamuri vakanga kusungwa.

Apo akanga ava kubudisa dzimba, mumaraibhurari, upenyu hwachinja, nekuti vakarega kuva kushanda sezvo yamabhuku. depositories mari vava nokukurumidza kwazvo. Kupfuura akakodzera vanova pakasvika nguva vakawanda prisovokupleniem kuverenga. Tinofanira kuva raibhurari iri remakore rechi21, zvakaoma kupindura. Vakawanda vanosarudza digitaalinen nhau, asi havana kunge zvaiitikawo pasina mabhuku chaiwo.

marudzi mumaraibhurari

Maraibhurari vanogona:

• national;
• zvenharaunda;
• pachena;
• anokosha;
• mapofu;
• yunivhesiti;
• chikoro;
• mhuri.

Zvinokosha kunyatsoongorora, unodei imwe neimwe raibhurari.

National kuverenga nzvimbo yakagadzirwa kuti tichengetedze uye kusimbisa dzisina kudzivirirwa nekugara kuwana mabhuku akadhindwa nekanzuru mamiriro. Nokuti replenishment, dzimwe nyika vanoomerera nemitemo fanira mharidzo.

Regional Library - kupesana pakati ichangobva kutaurwa masangano, iyo inodiwa kuti kurarama kure dzomumaguta venguva. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti ukapisa murwi vakadaro vane kodzero dzose kugamuchira fanira mharidzo.

The raibhurari vanoshandisa vane kodzero tinyatsoziva zvikuru akakodzera uye nevakawanda mabhuku. Ko raibhurari vanoda ari digitaalinen zera? mubvunzo uyu kwave akabvunza kakawanda. Asi chete nekuti unogona kuponesa mumaraibhurari kwesayenzi uye mabhuku nhaka yose.

chinokosha bhuku panodonedzerwa

In rinokosha mumaraibhurari akachengetwa Bhuku chinangwa chinokosha, zvakadai patents, mamiriro mitemo kana jira mumhanzi. Kazhinji, izvi kuverenga makamuri vakasikwa aifanira aponese mabhuku pasi zvimwe ezvinhu.

Raibhurari mapofu achibvumira bofu uye vaverengi vanoona havaratidzi, kudzokorora mashoko. In establishments dzakadaro zvakachengetwa mabhuku maCD uye mabhuku zvakanyorwa rinokosha Fonts. State Library Emapofu anonzi guru Russia, nokuti kunze mabhuku vari kura mienzaniso izvo mapofu anogona tinyatsoziva nechitarisiko zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu.

Books - ruzivo urwu!

Zvikoro uye mumaraibhurari mumayunivhesiti zvinopa mabhuku vadzidzi. peculiarity wavo kuti ashumire rakamanikana pedenderedzwa vanoshandisa. Zvisinei, unogona kusangana yunivhesiti kuverenga nzvimbo rusununguko kuwana. Pane imwe ramangwana mumaraibhurari? mubvunzo uyu akakumbirwa vadzidzi ano. Most akati hapana - vari mamwe akafanana mabhuku digitaalinen uye mabhuku zvakarekodhwa.

Kwete kare, mumaraibhurari, rakatenderera mutsva - the rakapotsa raibhurari. Chero mushandisi pamwe Indaneti anokwanisa kukopa chero bhuku kubva specialized nzvimbo. Chizvarwa chevechiduku kusiya mashoko nepakudiwa zvigadzirwa depositories. Asi vanhu vakura vanoda bhuku "kurarama".

muronga mumaraibhurari

Ukapisa murwi vanokwanisa kuzoshumirwa nenzira mbiri. Muchiitiko chokutanga, muverengi anowana yacho chipeto. Kuburikidza vanopfuura ichi kunogona kuwanikwa kubva kushandiswa chero bhuku kwenguva yamunenge kumwedzi. Vamwe fomu basa ndiko kamuri kuverenga: pano inodzidzisa anogona kuverenga mabhuku ako chete muraibhurari.

Chinokosha chakanangana ndiye kuverenga makamuri uye STRUCTURAL mari. Part yemabhuku vaverengi zvezvisarudzo kukurumidzirwa, kazhinji munzvimbo achazoburuka, apo mushanyi ane mukana pakarepo kuidzokorora. dzimwe Shanduro All pavanoramba kuchengetwa, uye muverengi vanogona kuwana pavo chokuudzwa.

Chakasakara zvisingawanzoitiki Shanduro, uyewo mabhuku, izvo zvinogona ichengetwe ezvinhu zvakavanzika pamusoro kukosha, vari rakapa chete unokosha rubvumo.

Unogonawo kuwana Mobile vamapoka mumaraibhurari kuti zviite mukana chavagari kubva kumaruwa kuti mabhuku uye Indaneti. chimiro ichi basa kushandiswa nevanhu vakaremara, uyewo vagari dzinochengeterwa vakwegura.

Nhasi modernized mumaraibhurari vavo mari kwete chete akadhindwa mabhuku, asi microfilms, masiraidhi, mapepa ari electronic format. Nechekare mumwe hapana raibhurari haagoni kuita pasina kombiyuta, saka zvichave kudiwa kwete chete vakuru, asiwo vechikoro ano uye vadzidzi.

Zvino kuti munoziva zvinodiwa uye kuti raibhurari haagoni kuita pasina pavo.