Ndivanaani Megrels? Nekwavanogara, mutauro, tsika

Nation Megrels - boka Sub-dzinza pamusoro Georgians, achigara kunyanya Samegrelo (Samargalo), iri nechokumadokero Georgia. Inoitwa nomwe administrative maruwa: Abasha, Senaki (zita Tshakaysky pasi pokutonga Soviet), Khobi, Tsalenjikha, Chhorotskusky, Martvili (aimbonzi Gegechkorsky) uye Zugdidi. Region ethnically homogeneous, kunze hombe mutauro wokuRussia vashoma mumaguta waPotifari, Zugdidi uye Senaki. Mingrelians zhinji anogara Gali uye Ochamchire mumaruwa pakati Abkhazian zvionera Republic. VaG kunoonekwa nevakawanda senzira Samegrelo.

nzvimbo

Samegrelo ari bordered kuchamhembe pedyo Abkhazia uye makomo Svaneti. Kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba ndiwo Georgian rweRoma Imereti uye Guria, uye kumadokero - Sea Black. 4339,2 mativi ari nhamba yacho. anenge 1260? km ndiye rwizi pamipata napamakomo, uye vamwe - the foothill uye gomo nharaunda, kunyanya kumabvazuva (Tsalenjikha, Chhorotskusky uye Marvilsky nharaunda). Kwekutanga machakwi mhenderekedzo Rioni rwizi mupata mupfumi ivhu, izvo akura zvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira nesirika, maranjisi uye fodya. In nokumapani subtropical ezvinhu pamwe tembiricha kubvira kunoreva tsika December 4-5 ° C kusvikira July 23-24 ° C. Winters regai kwenguva inopfuura mwedzi. Munzvimbo kutonhora gomo, kunyanya munguva yechando (-6 - -2 ° C muna January). The kunonaya muna Megrelia - kubva 1500 kusvika 2300 mm.

demography

Samegrelo nevanhu muna 1939 pamutemo 323.811 vanhu. With kuwedzera vagari Abkhazia uye nezvimwe zvikamu Georgia, vane nyika - Megrels, maererano nokumwe kufungidzira nhamba iyi muna 1941 raiva pedyo 500 000. Muna 1979, mukuru Vagari nedunhu vakasvika 405 500 vanhu, kana 10%. Georgian kwevanhu. . 145 zviuru, kana 32%, vaigara 5 mumaguta uye 5 misha makuru ( "dadebi"), vamwe - mumisha 370. Muna 1926 vanhu vaverengwe, umo "Megrels" National chakaita kuti vachiravana, vanhu 242.990. Vakaziva vanozviti Megrels uye 284.834 aiti kuti Mingrelian ndiye rurimi rwaamai. Kubvira ipapo, pasina vanofungidzira yepamutemo kunge inoitwa.

mitauro chavanopinda

Megrel chokuita Kartvelian (South Caucasian) mitauro uye haasi munhu pachena Georgian. Dzakawanda dzaiumba Soviet uye dzimwe nyanzvi Western funga Mingrelian, pamwe Laz, imwe yoga bazi yemhuri South Caucasian, rinozivikanwa Megrelo-Chansk kana zan boka. musayendisiti Soviet Chikobava kusiyanisa maviri kufanana tumitauro Mingrelian: wokumavirira, Samurzakan-Zugdidi, uye kumabvazuva - Senaki. The mutauro asina kunyorwa mutauro, uye kunyange zvazvo Megrels vanotaura nayo kumba, vakatora Georgian (Kartuli) sezvo chaiko. Hapana mutauro zvikoro, mabhuku uye mapepanhau, kunyange mave nenguva dzirikure kuedza kuumba mutauro chaiko pa kuguma tsarist uye mangwanani Soviet nguva. Mingrelian agara chezvinyorwa kukurukurwa Caucasian mitauro South. Nhasi, pokutsvakurudza vomunharaunda ngano. Mumutauro wechiGeorgian ndiyo Mugove mabhizimisi hurumende. Nhamba yevanhu pakuva Mingrelian, akaderedzwa, uye vakawanda veko funga pachavo Georgians.

A vakawanda vanofunga zvisizvo

Vamwe vanoti Megrels - amaJuda Georgian. Chokwadi, hakusi. VaJudha Georgian vakasvika munyika muna 586 BC. e. uye vakagara munyika nenyika yaro. Muna 1971, vakatanga zvavo vakawanda aliyah kuna Israeri nemhaka iyo nhamba yavo shoma kubva 55 400 kusvika vanhu 3200 muna 2010

Ndivanaani Megrels?

Endonym "Margali," rinoita mumatauriro rechiGiriki Μάνραλοι, iro Ptolemy ari II remakore BC. e. zvaireva marudzi Colchis. Mingrelians nhoroondo chokuita nharaunda, aizivikanwa kuti vaGiriki vekare uye vaRoma sezvo Lasik kana Colchis uye vokumadokero Georgians sezvo Egrisi. Muzana XIV remakore. Ikava yoga muranda umambo pamwe yayo hwedzinza machinda Dadiani akadana Odishi. The nharaunda rainzi Mingrelia chete XIX remakore. Iye kwagara chikamu chikuru Georgian tsika uye enyika mabhora, kunyanya nokuda Góc. Dzimwe nguva, zvisinei, Megrelia aiva pasi akasiyana tsika zvinofurira zvichienzaniswa Oriental Georgian (Kakhetinians uye Kartlis) abudiswe wokumavirira kunzvimbo (Imeretia) Leahy muhomba. Greek, Roman uye Byzantine Empire aiva zvikuru zvikuru dzokuMadokero Georgia. Muzana XVII remakore. nyika yakakamurwa pakati Persia uye hweOttoman Empire. Divi rokumadokero, kusanganisira Samegrelo, yaitongwa neDare zvengarava, uye nechokumabvazuva muPezhiya. Kereke rainge huviri, uye Samegrelo, akanga yayo chemindi netsika zvipingamupinyi, akava muranda pfuma, kusvikira pakupedzisira vakauya mutaviridziro Russia muna 1804 sechinhu zvionera ndima. chinzvimbo ichi yakaguma pashure kumukirawo Mingrelian vanhuwo zvavo muna 1856-1857 gg., akakunda guta guru nedunhu Zugdidi. Muna 1867, ivo Russian Empire chakanga chabvisa hugota. Under zviremera Russian kwakakomba dambudziko marariya kwave kugadziriswa zvikasabudiswa pasi marshes. Munguva kubva muna 1918 kusvika muna 1921. Samegrelo kwave chikamu akazvimirira Georgia. Muna 1921 yakava chikamu USSR.

About vari Megrels kunonyatsopupurira achiratidza chokwadi kuti kukonana kare pakati pavo uye vavakidzani vavo vaiva vashoma. kuitwa kwavo Georgians, kuti mhanyisa ari XIX remakore pasi pokudzora mazuvaano mushure annexation Soviet rakapera. Vamwe kuedza hafu mikukutu kugadza kuzvionera yemo Bolsheviks vakakundikana. Relations pakati Abkhaz uye Megrels hwakakanyiwa wokumaodzanyemba kumatunhu Abkhazia vakanga hwakakanganiswa Georgianisation gwara, yaiitwa Mingrelian Lavrenty Beria muna 1940 uye 1950. Conflicts pakati omunzvimbo Georgian (zvimwe Megrels) uye Abkhazians chakaitika panguva Kuma1960 uye kwema1970. Muna July 1989, aiva ropa kupesana Abkhazia, anokonzerwa zvinodiwa secession pakati Abkhazia; vanhu vanopfuura 20 vakaurayiwa. Megrels, chitarisiko uye mutauro zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva kunze uye mumutauro wechiGeorgian, vakaramba mazano enyika kuzvionera uye akatsigira kutamburira rusununguko rokuGeorgia.

misha

Pasinei mukuru mwero urbanization, ruzhinji Mingrelians vanogara kumaruwa. Yakakwirira arambe achirema zvokuwedzera pamapani havana yekudyidzana kwakachinja maumbirwo nemisha. Home, nekwavanogara Megrels, vane zvavo akakombwa muchivanze outbuildings, riri chinhambwe kubva mumwe. The musha ingangowedzera anoverengeka makiromita. Kwekutanga nemisha vakadaidzwa kuzivikanwa kwemadzinza mapoka. Nhasi, vagari netariro dzinza ichiri kukwanisa kurarama muchikamu rimwe musha. Dzimba yekudyidzana nani, tichienzanisa chinyakare yemapuranga kana yevhu hurongwa emakore akapfuura, akadai Amhara, dzhargvala uye godora. Most Mingrelians vokumaruwa nhasi kurarama emapuranga uye pezvitina maviri storey dzimba pamwe dzekurara panhurikidzwa yechipiri uye zvaiita dzezvimwe (kicheni, pandiri) pasi. Mumaguta Samegrelo 5. The zvikuru vavo - Zugdidi, waPotifari uye Senaki - muri musanganiswa dzimba uye dzinogarwa zvivako, iine kazhinji edzimba maviri 5-6-storey zvivakwa.

upfumi

About vari Megrels vakati zvoupfumi basa ravo, izvo anonyanya yakavakirwa kurima. Setsika, vagari vakadya Gomi (Panicum italicum) uye, achitanga kubva XVIII remakore, zviyo, izvo nhasi anoramba chikuru chirimwa, kunyange vapfumi ivhu uye subtropical okunze kwakakonzera kuti pave pamwero mukuru pakuburitswa tii uye maranjisi. Georgia kusvitsa Soviet Union vanopfuura 90% mudzimba uye 97% kubva maranjisi tii, akawanda uko dzabudapo Samegrelo. Nguruve, mombe nemakwai dzinokosha. In Samegrelo uye vakava winemaking, uchi uye chizi. Mhuri mumusha nderei zvoupfumi chikwata. WaPotifari chikuru chengarava. Naval chawo yaiva ikoko, nguva refu akaita guta akavharwa.

handicrafts

Setsika, vakawanda vemhuri muna Samegrelo mubasa kurukiswa pamusoro nesirika uye donje. Uyewo tswanda kurukiswa yakazokudziridzwa, kuumba uye gadzira emapuranga midziyo. Highlanders kuti shinda nemakapeti uye zvipfeko. Nhasi, chevarwere handicrafts mberi, kunyange pamwero muduku zvikuru.

tengeserana

Kare Megrels Georgian yakakurumbira yavo uri kutengeserana pamhenderekedzo yeGungwa Dema. Nhasi, kutengeserana inotongwa nehurumende uye kuitwa zvakachengetwa mune vokuMadokero, kunyange zvose dzomumaguta nzvimbo, pane misika pakachena mhepo uye indoor private pamisika, apo varimi veko kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvavo.

weboka basa

Mune zvetsika vaaigarisana Megrelia siyana vechirume unhu vanobviswa somunhu kupiwa. Kare, nevarume weboka basa rakasimbiswa pakuzvarwa, kana mukomana aibvumirwa kubata gejo uye nomunondo, uye vasikana - a thimble, kana chigero. mabasa Agricultural zvakaparadzana, kunyange zvazvo varume nevakadzi vaishanda muminda. Indoor kushandiswa, akadai chizi, kuchenesa, kubika, kutarisira vana, uye kurukiswa, yaive chete hadzi mabasa. Men aidaro zvehari, vakaruka matengu uye kuita kicheni nemidziyo, asi mukadzi - uye vachiri kufunga kudaro - ndiye mwene weimba. Nhasi, zvepabonde kurukutika vachiri aidaro repamba, apo vanhu vari kuita imba kugadziridza, batsira kuti vatenge uye, kusvika pamwero wakati, kutarisira vana. Girls vasati varoorana kuita chiedza epamba. Kuwedzera kwenhamba vakadzi vanoshanda kunoratidza Nokutendeka avo mumba.

nyika gavhuna

Munguva Soviet nguva nyika Samegrelo aiva neHurumende ari muchimiro mumapurazi. , Small private nyika muridzi yemichero uye miriwo mapindu zvakagadziriswa, uye nguva huru yakati pamusoro zvokurima mabasa. Pashure shanduko simba kuGeorgia mapurazi emauto akadzingwa mabasa nokuzvidira uye privatized nyika.

ukama

Anokosha boka ukama pano ndiyo imba mhuri zvivharwe. Megrels nezvekwakabva zita rayo uye rakagara richidudzirwa aikoshesa zvikuru. Mumwe nemhuri ine yayo musande aive uye chiratidzo. Megrels mazita avo kuguma musi - (a) I -ya uye -ava. Society riri patrilocal, ateteguru uye patrilineal. ukama mitsetse kwakavakirwa ukama hwemhuri pakati pavanhu uye exogamous. Uyezve, pane zvinokosha chakagadzirwa ukama hwemhuri, akadai mukaka ukama vana vakanga breastfed rimwe mukadzi, ainzi ukama (iro rinogona kuitika pakati pavakadzi), uyewo mamiriro ari godparents, kunyange chete okupedzisira maviri vachiri zvakajairika . Kunyange zvazvo kazhinji vakadzi panguva muchato ngaunyatsobata zita rake musikana, vana kutora zita rababa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti nemagariro zvinhu aimbova mubereki mutsetse anogona kuwanikwa yechiGeorgian uye Megrelian vanhu, sezvinoratidzwa dzimwe tsika dzechitendero uye mutauro constructs. Mingrelian yemadzitateguru zvinobatanidzwa vanhu vave zvishoma simba, zvikurukuru mumaguta munzvimbo. Kusavapo munhurume venhaka hachisisiri pasocial nhamo, iro bilateral ukama iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva chete mukono ukama hwemhuri uye kurarama nevabereki nomwenga wacho anogona kutora nzvimbo pasina mumagariro rusarura.

Marriage uye mhuri

Setsika, muchato Pakarongwa kunyange panguva kuzvarwa mukoma mukuru nomwenga kana yake rwaamai babamunini. The pamuchato vaisagona kuitika kana murume nomudzimai vaiva zita rimwe, raiwanzobatana kuburikidza chakagadzirwa ukama kana vaiva chete genus. Kunze wokupedzisira nyaya, injunctions kuramba kushanda nhasi. Marriage pamwe vomumusha vakapukunyuka, uye mwanasikana mukuru tinongogara kutanga kuroora. Mukati rimwe gore pashure muchato, vakanga vachangobva kuchata vaviri vasingagoni kutaura mumwe paruzhinji. Avhareji yezera chokuroorana kumaruwa kwakanga 13 kusvika 14 makore, uye mwenga kupamba chinogamuchirika, akapa kuti kuchengetwa nhamba mitemo yakaoma. michato Modern hadzina kurongwa, uye kunyange vaviri vachiri kuwana akaroora mangwanani uye nokukurumidza pashure pacho vana, ikozvino shoma zera iri makore 17. Zvinotarisirwa kuti vakadzi vanoramba mhandara kusvikira muchato. Kurambana kuri kashoma zvakadaro, kunyanya kumaruwa, asi zviri nyore kuwana, uye kodzero dzemadzimai chero munharaunda vanoremekedzwa uye kudzivirirwa nomutemo. Official mhemberero yewanano harisi yechitendero, asi kazhinji vakaroorana kuroorwa mukereke. Muchato kamuri patrilocality. The chikuru yokuronga mhuri yaiva pamuviri.

mhuri

mhuri huru mune yakawiriranwa zveupfumi uye mupfungwa rubatsiro. Vachiri kuramba kumaruwa Samegrelo, asi urongwa uhwu, zvikurukuru, vachirondedzera kune vakaroorana hama, achipa nzira mhuri shoma, izvo zvinosanganisira vanasekuru uye nehama kuroora uye nehanzvadzi. Close hama vachiri vanowanzotevedzera muvakidzani. In mumadhorobha nzvimbo, pane tsika pave mhuri yenyukireya.

nhaka

Maererano nenhau dzakaitika, nyika uye pfuma vakahuwana kuburikidza gono mutsetse, kunyanya pakati pehama, kunyange vakadzi vaivawo nekodzero imwewo private pfuma. Mitemo Modern vanotsigira bilateral nhaka, kunyange hurumende kashoma apindira pazvinhu nyaya dzakadaro, izvo vaiona nyaya seboka sarudzo vakaroorana mushakabvu nhengo dzeimba uye mhuri yakakura. Wills kashoma yakavhomorwa.

socialization

Vana ndivo musimboti woupenyu hwemhuri. Kids Kashoma varangwe mumuviri. Kare, vana ezero nenzira yakadaro kuti zvinoenderana netsika chechikadzi mabasa. Vakomana vanokurudzirwa Rigidity uye anokwanisa kuchovha bhiza, kundovhima ane firearm; vasikana kugadzirirwa rokuchenesa. simba yababa akanga takanyatsoomerera, uyewo kuremekedza vabereki uye madziteteguru akashaya. mhando idzi, umo mabhiza akanga yakatsiviwa motokari, sanganisika achiri nhasi, uye Implementation yavo mutoro mhuri yose. Hurumende anotanga kutora chikamu mune nedanho socialization apo vana kuenda kuchikoro kwemakore 7. With kuyaruka anotanga sumo kwemba mhuri.

Socio-political sangano

Samegrelo, sezvo chikamu yaimbova Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, uye Soviet Union yakanga pasi Communist Party kuzvidzora. Areas zvinosanganisira Megrelia yakasarudzwa Supreme Soviet vokuGeorgia SSR uye vapindi kwavo kwematunhu uye guta yevakuru. Munharaunda yakanga isina yoga kumiririrwa kana kuzvionera, kusafanana Abkhazia, Ajaria uye South Ossetia, mumwe kusarudzwa "nyika" vamiririri Council vemunyika. Pashure nesananguro asiri yechiKomonisiti hurumende yeGeorgia muna October 1990, basa vaKomonisiti mu vemo dzezvematongerwe zvakakomba kutsauka uye vakanga yakatsiviwa nemamwe mapato.

mumagariro sangano

Boka mamiriro muna Samegrelo ari nyanzvi. Upper Kirasi chena-chipika dzomumaguta vanhu vakadzidza vaiva zvikuru simba munharaunda pedyo Communist Party nemamwe yehurumende kana administrative hurongwa. Education uye basa anotakura soro chinzvimbo mumahofisi. Rural vanhu kunoonekwa sechinhu "dzematunhu", apo mhuri dzokumaruwa vanoremekedzwa wavo ndichengetedze nzira dzechinyakare upenyu.

political sangano

Masangano mumunda yaikosha kumaruwa, madhorobha uye dunhu makanzuru uye masangano pati nemakanzuru. Tips vakatsiviwa ne mumiririri zvitunha omunzvimbo kuzvitonga. Kare, kanzuru kumusha vazhinji vasiri nebato, kunyange muguta uye ruwa pamwero, sezvo mutemo, vaKomonisiti vakanga ruzhinji. Nhasi pakupedzisira kwenguva hunodzorwa chero hurumende dzematunhu kana pasarudzo kana yaiona zvinzvimbo. Vakatsiviwa vamiririri akazvimirira mapato.

mumagariro utariri

Makakatanwa chisarudzo, uye kuramba akabvuma kupa non-kudzidza yakadai mhuri, musha uye vezera muboka, uyewo masangano pamutemo, dzakadai pati, zvikoro, kanzuru kumatare. Matare chiito reruwa uye matunhu neminisiparati mumatunhu. Kunze uye anongoerekana purogiramu, izvo zvinogona ongorora dzekushandira uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana. Vatongi vose vanosarudzwa, uye kare anenge yagara nhengo Communist Party.

kunetsana

Megrels vanhu vagara nechemberi vokuGeorgia zvikapesana vavakidzani Muslim. VokuTurkey kanoverengeka akabata nharaunda, kokupedzisira muna 1918. Vakaitawo kusawirirana nevamwe mativi Georgia munguva dynastic matambudziko uye murimi mudiki yokumukira muna XIX uye mangwanani XX emakore. MuSoviet nguva, kurwisana kwemarudzi akanga usingashandi. Muna July 1989, zviitiko zviri kumaodzanyemba mudunhu Abkhazia Zvisinei, yekudyidzana hwakawedzera kuderera ari Abkhaz-Mingrelian ukama.

Muzvitendero uye miitiro

The chitendero chikuru Samegrelo, sezvo ari mamwe Georgia - Georgian Orthodoxy. The Orthodox Church chinhu autocephalous nyika. Kare, imwe mhuri yakanga yayo musande aive uye chiratidzo (dzhindzhihati), izvo zvaishandiswa kureverera zvokunamata. St. George akanga zvisaririra kukosha tsvene uye nhamba yaro anofungidzirwa inochengetwa Mingrelian machechi akawanda matsvene mumusha Ilori. Archangeloi Michael uye Gabriel (izvo dzimwe nguva sechinhu rimwe sangano) Aivawo refu nhengo mu Megrelia; dzimwe vatsvene vane dzakananga nzvimbo unyanzvi uye mazororo avo nguva dzose kuremekedzwa. Mhemberero uye zvinotendwa vakararama chiKristu chisati chavapo vanofanira avhenganisa mhemberero yechitendero. Yakapfuura Megrels vaitenda mudondo midzimu uye vamwe vanamwari vechihedheni. Zvinhu zvitendero zvakadaro kuramba dzimwe tsika uye mashura pakuzvarwa, muchato, rufu, Year New kana kukohwa mitambo. Megrels havasi zvachose vomuchechi vakatendeka, apo itsva sunungukei nomutemo pamusoro chitendero chaiva chikonzero dzechitendero rumutsiriro, sezvaingoitwawo Georgia.

unyanzvi

About vari Megrels inoti unyanzvi hwavo - vanozivikanwa vemo vanhu polyphonic kwavo kuimba munhu capella, uye nziyo uye vachitamba, apo ari yechiGeorgian manyorerwo, vane maitiro avo. zviridzwa Unique omunharaunda, akadai larhemi ( "nomudonzvo", rudzi kwomutopota), kuti akanyangarika ikozvino.

mushonga

Colchis, chikamu chakanga Samegrelo, aiva nomukurumbira pakati vaGiriki vekare pamwe mishonga yavo. Muroyi Medea akaberekwa pano. zvinodhaka zvakawanda dzakakurumbira zvichiripo, zvimwe izvo dzave wakazopinzwa ano Georgian mushonga. Most Mingrelian anoda mishonga yemazuva zvichienzaniswa zvetsika. vakadzi zvikuru vashoma vava achisununguka kumba.

rufu

Rufu muna Samegrelo akachema pachena uye kuzviita. In mumaruwa uye dzomumaguta kumatunhu rufu kunosimbisa ukama uye kubatana kwemhuri. Nokuti mhuri wemufi iri kuenda rubatsiro rwemari. tsika zhinji zvetsika yakapoteredza yemariro uye kuvigwa, richiri kuremekedzwa. With muviri nokuregererwa mazuva mana, umo zvokudya mumba hakusi vakagadzirira, kunyange muenzi hama neshamwari akaronga Wake. Chirangaridzo kudya zvakare musi ramakumi mana zuva, rimwe gore pashure pokufa. Pachivanhu pedyo mukono hama handidi kuveura kana kushanda yeMugovera rose gore. Mourning hunogara kubva 10 kusvika 15 makore, ayo kuunza zvipo kuti guva, makenduru zvinhu uye. In Mingrelians kunewo yakaenzana zuva rose vakafa (suntaoba), mhuri kana vanoshanyira makuva hama.