Ngarawa "Aurora" - ngarava, anozivikanwa chete-vapfurwa. Main maitiro, nhoroondo ngarawa

Ngarawa "Aurora" ndechimwe chezvinhu kucherechedzwa zviratidzo yaOctober Revolution. Asi nhoroondo chikepe inosanganisira zvakawanda zviitiko zvakawanda uye rutsigiro rwemauto pasina iyo pfungwa nhau munzira ngarawa kwaizova kukwana.

ngarawa purojekiti

Kuvaka ngarawa "Aurora" (chikepe ari "Diana") akatanga muna 1896. Maererano aimbova chirongwa shipbuilding, chirongwa ichi chakanga kwete zvirongwa zvikepe. Zvisinei, panguva pakuguma XIX remakore wokumwe mitemo mamiriro ezvinhu hwaderera chaizvo. Zvakatanga maoko nhangemutange chete Germany. Against ichi nechekumashure, hurumende yaida ngarava itsva akadai "Aurora".

The chikepe chaiva wechitatu pakati sevatsvaki vemapuranga vomukirasi yacho (mbiri yokutanga vakanga "Diana" uye "Pallada"). Ngarava wakaradzikwa pasi muNew Admiralty. chirongwa chake ndiye muvambi wengarava zvakagadzirwa injiniya Xavier murwi. Draft akabvumirwa panguva Naval Technical Committee, uye akatanga kugadzirira kuvakwa.

Muchirimo 1897 Kesari Nicholas II akapa pfungwa 12 zita mudziyo nezveramangwana. Mambo akasarudza "Aurora" - zita akatorwa pamusoro kubva yekare mwarikadzi weRoma wamambakwedza. Kuisa mhemberero yakaitwa musi Chikumi 4th. Rakanga wakapindwa Admiral General Fleet Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich. Vamwe vaviri sevatsvaki vemapuranga zvakapedzwa pamberi paiva "Aurora". Ngarava yakaitwa belatedly nokuti kuti Executive Order asina kukwanisa kubvumirana hurukuro yacho hwemvura injini. mafekitari Society Franco-Russian pakutanga havana kuda kubudisa zvinokosha vanodhirowa Baltic Shipyard. Pakupedzisira kunetsana yaigadziriswa, uye chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa (July 20).

Start basa

24 Chivabvu, 1900 chikepe "Aurora" kwakatangwa. The mhemberero kwakaitika pamberi paMambo Nicholas II, mukadzi wake Alexandra uye mai vake Maria Feodorovna. Zviri yokufananidzira kuti munguva anoburukira pamusoro bhodhi raiva wechikepe, vakanga vamboshanda musi iwoyo frigate "Aurora", akatora mugove kudzivirira Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky munguva Crimean War. Installation michina uye ebetsero michina vakatanga rakatevera zuva.

The chikuru hwokugadzira zvechadenga mudziyo vari: kureba - 126 metres, upamhi - 16 metres, nekubatwa - 6 mamita. "Aurora" ane misha matani 6731. Sezvo injini vagadziri vakasarudza mvura chubhu boilers Belleville. Pamusangano simba vanenge 12 zviuru horsepower motokari inogona kusvika nokukurumidza makiromita 35 paawa (19 change). Nevashandi vomungarava raiva 550 vezvikepe uye 20 vatariri.

Makore chikepe kwakaedzwa, ipapo muna 1903 akabatana yokuzviparadzanisa pasi murayiro Rear-Admiral Andrew Vireniusa. The mberi kutapwa chikepe chakanga chokuita Second Pacific dzechikwata, akasikwa nokuda kwehondo wokuRussia-Japanese. Akaenda Port Arthur kuti anzwisise rakakombwa pachiteshi. Zvikepe vaiva refu nzira, iyo kazhinji akatambanudza haidereri pane rimwe gore.

Dogger Bank chiitiko

Nepo nechikepe vari muGungwa reBaltic October 22, 1904 rakakomba chiitiko chakaitika. dzechikwata zvikepe kufanorongwa vachiridzira nokuda zvinowanikwa zvinosanganisira kufungira chikepe vari bvungapfunga. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti akanga vehove yeBritain. Vaviri vavo vakaurayiwa. "Aurora" rakasvikawo pasi moto noushamwari nokuda murombo maonero. Chikepe ane 5 anoshongwa. Nokuda vakapiwa makuvaro akafa nguva pfupi pashure pacho akanga ari ngarawa mumongi. The chiitiko yakazozivikanwa seshanduro Dogger Bank chiitiko. Nokuda zvikepe zvikanganiso ukama Russia uye United Kingdom kunge zvavaiita. Kuti kujekesa ezvinhu tsaona mapato vakatenderana ane kuongorora zviri arbitral pechigaro chokutonga. Yaiva nyaya yokutanga kwakadaro munyika tsika.

Pasinei zvaitika, dzechikwata mberi nerwendo kwayo. Chii chaiva mamiriro ezvinhu ari ngarawa "Aurora"? The chikepe nokukurumidza makwapa, uye kukuvara hazvikonzerwi kudzokera kunyika yokumusha kwavo. Pachitsuwa Madagascar panguva kupaka vafambisi vakadzidza kuti Port Arthur yakanga yadonha, uye wokutanga dzechikwata Tihookenskaya akafa.

hondo Tsushima

14 kana May 27, 1905, manyorerwo matsva chikepe "Aurora", akatora mugove yakakurumbira Hondo Tsushima. Nokuti Russian rengarava aiva muhondo kusarudza uye tariro yokupedzisira ruponeso yose pokurwa. Second Pacific dzechikwata akatambura unorema kukundwa. "Aurora" rombo rakanaka - chikepe payakarovera, asi kwete aisa uye haana vakanyura vakasiyana zvikuru nevamwe epamba matare.

Mushure kurwisana ngarawa akawana 18 hits. Anchor cheni rakaurayiwa uye fairlead incapacitated. Makomba yasara dzakaparadzwa. May 21, achiperekedzwa chikepe aswedera vokuAmerica chengarava Manila, kuPhilippines. Ngarava yakanga mujeri. The chikwata vakapa akanyorwa isiri kuita zvimwe kurwisana weJapanese. "Aurora" akaramba yacho muManila kusvikira kusaina kuti Rugare Portsmouth, izvo akagumisa hondo. The ngarawa kumusha February 19, 1906. Anchor muna Libau akakandwa pashure pemazuva 458 pashure chikepe nechikepe pamusoro pakundopambara sezvo chikamu Second Pacific dzechikwata.

The War World First

Pakarepo mushure First World War ngarava-ngarawa "Aurora" akauya vanotozvifarira chengarava achimirira zvirevo zvitsva. August 26, 1914 akamhanya kukandirwa "muMagdeburg" iri mvura Gulf Finland. "Aurora" akaenda gamha mudziyo German. vakwasvi Russian akakwanisa kubvuta chikepe. Gare gare, akanga namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara kuti chinyorwa.

Izvi zvakateverwa refu vari chengarava Helsingfors. Muna 1916, "Aurora" wakapinda Gulf Riga uye akabatsira pasi mauto vachishandisa rinorema atirari moto. In Mumatsutso chikepe kuna Kronstadt kuti igadziridzwe.

February chimurenga

Panguva kugara Kronstadt mukuru Mihail Nikolsky akaedza kuramba political echimurenga yokushatirwa, izvo makamutsiridzazve yomunharaunda fekitari, izvo kugadzira chikepe. Panguva emakambani ane kuramwa rakatanga. Vashandi 'zvinoda vakanga vakasiyana. Mumwe aida kuderedza kushanda zuva, vamwe vakashora zviremera. Pakadaro, mukuru zvakarurama vakatya nokuti morale nevarume vake.

February yechi27 yakanga yanyatsosimba maoko murindi aichengetedza ngarawa "Aurora". History of chikepe kare zvaisanganisira ngozi gungwa hondo, asi kana kumukira vakatanga mungarava, vatariri count aisangova chii. Uyezve agitators dzapararira nerunyerekupe kuti kubva "Aurora" achaita mujeri chikepe.

Pausiku yaFebruary Revolution, chikepe rioting. Vafambisi vakarega kuteerera mirairo Nikolsky, ipapo vakuru akazarura moto pamusoro pavo. vanhu vatatu vakakuvadzwa, mumwe pashure vakafa matambudziko. Zvichakadaro, muSt Petersburg zvatoitika gobvu dzakakurumbira mienzaniso uye hurumende iri guru kwakanga kwava akaremara.

28 pamberi "Aurora" vakatanga vairatidzira. Vashandi zvikazara chikepe. Pavakaziva kuti zuva chikepe chakati kupfura, kutsamwa ndokumuka. Vasingagutsikane wakavharirwa mukuru Nikolsky uye mumwe Ogranovicha mukuru. Navo zvaiputikira anosungira. Vaviri vaifanira rufu nemhomho mukuratidza kuwedzera mhirizhonga. Nikolsky akapfurwa nokuramba kuenda Tauride Palace pamwe dzvuku jira iri ake. Officers vakatadza kudzivirira chikepe kubva agitators.

Kunzvaira 1917 ndipo

Muna 1917, muenzaniso chikepe "Aurora" achiri kurwa-vakakodzera uye nekaupenyu ano. Ngarawa, pasinei mari yehondo chimurenga raigona kushandiswa chinangwa chahwo. Pashure nezvezviitiko February uye sapakuparadzwa poumambo vafambisi makasimbisa munhu Ship Committee. Paiva yakawanda vamiririri vasara-bapiro mapati, asi kwete chete Bolshevik.

Zvisinei, muzhizha zvinhu zvakachinja zvinoshamisa. Lenin Supporters nokungwarira akashanda Army uye Navy. Saka ivo, Chokwadi, vaisagona kukanganwa kukosha ngarawa kudaro "Aurora". History of chikepe chakanga muchidimbu kuzivikanwa kuvagari vose guru. Kana Bolsheviks vakakwanisa anyengetedze murayiro mudziyo kurutivi rwayo, zvingava sakodzera kubudirira.

On the "Aurora" akaita anonyatsodedemura agitators bato (somuenzaniso, Mikhail kuKalinin), vaone ukama hwake hunokosha kuti vakamira ngarava yacho. Zvakaguma haana kumirira. Pakazosvika zhizha dare atova vamiririri 42 of RSDLP (b). Vafambisi vechikepe vakatanga kushingaira mubasa Bolshevik mumugwagwa zviito. July 4 munguva vakawanda kuratidzwa muna Petrograd vafambisi akauya pasi muchina-pfuti moto weuto takavimbika kuna dikidiki Government. repressions pamusoro Bolsheviks nokukurumidza akatanga. Lenin akatizira kari Razliv, uye vamwe vakwasvi kunyanya vanoshingaira "Aurora" zvaiva pasi kusungwa.

The October chimurenga

Muna September, paiva nomumwe chikepe apiwa sarudzo komiti. Rakanga sachigaro ne Bolshevik Alexander Belyshev. Kaputeni aiva Nikolai Eriksson. Sezvo ngarava kugadzira kwakapedzwa, iye nokukurumidza aifanira kupinda mugungwa. Zvisinei, musi October 10 pamusangano reCentral Committee of Bolsheviks vakasarudza chimurenga zvombo Petrograd. "Aurora" zvakanga kwete zvakakodzera sezvo ngarawa zvakanaka zvombo, asiwo se chiratidzo chinokosha.

The Bolsheviks aidzora kwete chete chikepe, asi Petrograd Soviet. Maererano ayo zvasarudzwa October 24 vafambisi vengarava vakasiya chikepe muSt Petersburg. "Aurora" aifanira kuuya Nicholas Bridge. City vakuru vakaedza kuvhara kuyambuka kuitira kumisa nevapanduki muguta guru, uye vapanduki vakanga vachiedza kuzvidzivisa.

Pausiku October 25, ngarava akapinda Neva. Pakutanga Erickson mukuru akaramba mutongo, asi zvakadaro akabvuma. Akatya kuti nyanzvi vezvikepe chete kudyara chikepe kukandirwa. Nicholas Bridge aiva mumaoko Junkers. Apo "Aurora" nzira vakatiza, uye vatsigiri Bolsheviks vakakwanisa kudzosa kwebasa rwizi.

yakaoma bara

Pakazosvika mangwanani October 25 Lenin Smolny aidzora yose kukurukurirana kwezvivako Petrograd - .. Telegraph, posvo, kuchiteshi, etc. Hurumende zvokungoitawo akanga achiri Winter Palace. The Bolsheviks dzaienda moto kubva nhare, iri huye kukundikana Vashumiri zvakaitika nayo.

Pane ari kurwisa aigona kubatsira "Aurora"? mhando chikepe uye ayo maoko akabvumira kuti vabereke chiratidzo wapfura. The Bolsheviks dzakasarudza kushandisa mukana uyu. Masikati 25 chikepe chakasvika Vladimir Antonov - musoro dzesango mudonzvo vateveri Lenin vake. Akarayira zvibereko bara, rakanga akaronga kubudisa mushure chiratidzo kubva pashongwe Petro naPauro. Uyezve Bolsheviks vakashandisa redhiyo kuti "Aurora" kwokupa kufarirwa Lenin.

Blank bara rakarira kubva pa 21:40. Zvakaita Gunnery Yevdokim Ognev. The bara raiva chiratidzo kurwisa Winter Palace. Uyezve, akaita kutya Vashumiri dikidiki Government vakazvisunga midzi munhare dzavo okupedzisira. Historians vachiri gakava kana paiva waishandiswa wokuti Romumunda Aurora vaipfura panguva Winter Palace. Vamwe vaongorori vanoti moto pamusoro kukundwa vasingagoni kunyange nokuda nzvimbo muchikepe nzvimbo. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi kumberi kupfura haana zvakakodzera. The Winter Palace aiva mumaoko vapanduki, uye pasina rubatsiro "Aurora".

Teverai nyaya

Chiitiko kwakaitika munguva October Revolution, akava akakurumbira zvikuru "Aurora" nokuda ngarawa. History of chikepe chakanga pakarepo dzikava chinhu mufananidzo unokosha yokuberekwa nehurumende yeSoviet. Mazuva matatu pashure nezvakaitika Winter Palace akadzokera kuti kugadziriswa. Nokukurumidza "Aurora" yave zvakare kuva chikamu yezviri rengarava.

Muzhizha 1918, hurumende Bolshevik achiri kusimba. Petrograd yakatanga pamusoro White Army tsamwisa Yudenich. chikepe Class "Aurora" vaisagona kubatsira kurwa pasi. Kunyange zvakadaro, zvakanga akasarudza kushandisa ngarawa zvishoma zvakasiyana. Ipapo Petrograd pamberi nokutyisidzirwa dzimwe kupindira. The Bolsheviks aida chokusatongofashamidzazve "Aurora" uye ngarava shoma chaivharidzira gwara ngarava muvengi. Zvisinei, kudiwa ichi kumuka.

In yorunyararo, ngarava "Aurora", vane mufananidzo muna October zviitiko Petrograd akazviwisira pamberi peji dzakawanda mapepanhau Russian uye vatorwa, akava chikepe chokurovedza. Ngarawa vaiitawo dzimwe Reisen dzakawanda. Munguva iyi iongororwe yawana kuona matsva vezvikepe RKKF. The wegumi gore pokuchinja muna 1927, "Aurora" akanga paakavapa hurongwa Red Banner.

Ekupedzisira-refu Range rwendo chikepe yakaitwa muna 1930, apo iye vakagumisa kuti Air Peninsula. Zvino kwakatevera refu overhaul. Zvisinei, aisagona chechetere pamusoro ndechokuti chikepe iri kubva zuva. Pakazosvika 1941, akanga aronga kuita kuti mubve zvikepe, asi pasava kutanga hondo.

Panguva Leningrad "Aurora" blockade akanga pasi dzakawanda wakabhombwa nokuda ndege German. Pakutanga yehondo, utungamiriri Soviet vakasarudza kuti chikepe chikamu kudzivirira ezvinhu muguta. Mudziyo aiva mashoma pfuti Anti ndege, izvo zvinogona kubatsira vari pakurwisana Luftwaffe ndege. The kutokonora kwakaguma chokwadi kuti chikepe yakawanda yakabvooka. Mukupera 1941, vafambisi akanga abviswa. Vachiridzira pamusoro "Aurora" yamira chete pashure vachisimudza yacho blockade.

On husingaperi kupaka

Muna 1944 kwakasarudzwa kuti vatumire chikepe hwusingaperi kupaka muna Petrograd embankment uye kuzvitengesa miziyamu. Pakazosvika nguva dzose pamusoro Soviet Union, pakanga anenge asina zvakadai kunozivikanwa nzvimbo sezvo ngarawa "Aurora". Tour chikepe yakaitwa fanira nokuti vashanyi ari Northern guru.

Mumakore mashomanana emakore, "Aurora" Aenda kuburikidza gumi nevaviri restorations. Muna 2014, ngarava akatumirwa Kronstadt inotevera kugadziriswa. Iye yainorongwa kudzoka nokusingaperi kupaka muna Petrograd embankment atova muzhizha 2016.