Year 1770: Hondo Chesma. chikonzero hondo

Munoziva, kana paiva hondo Chesma wengarava? 1770 zvino vachipemberera Russia. The Battle kwakaitika Bay pamusoro Cesme muna 1770, musi July 24-26 (5-7 July), nzvimbo pakati muzvitsuwa Chios uye kumadokero kumugumo Anatolia. Zvinozivikanwa kuti munharaunda kare kwave dzakawanda hondo wengarava pakati Venetian Republic uye hweTurkey pakati Turkish uye Russian fleets. Battle aiva chikamu Second Peloponnesian vachimupandukira 1769 uye akatangira kuuya muchiGiriki War kwouchangamire (makore 1821-1829).

Today Day wokubwinya uto Russia vaipemberera musi July 7 - ndicho zuva kukunda yeRussian rengarava pamusoro vokuTurkey mu Hondo Chesma.

prehistory

Vakawanda vanoziva mufananidzo Chesme 1770. Hondo kwakaitika kuti gore. Kamwe muna 1768-M Russian hondo yakatanga pamwe Turkey, Russia akatumira squadrons shoma kuGungwa reMediterranean kubva reBaltic. Aida kutsausa pfungwa kuvaOttoman kubva First Archipelago rwendo (Black Sea Fleet), rwaiumbwa ipapo matanhatu chete battleships.

Two Russian dzechikwata akarayira Admiral Gregory Spiridov uye Chirungu mungangoenda Rear Admiral Elfinston Dzhon, uye vakatungamirirwa nomudzimu Count Orlov Aleksey. Somugumisiro, ruzivo vezvikepe vakawana hweOttoman rengarava yakanyura apo panopinda Cesme (Turkey West Coast).

Under kufurirwa France, uye simba dambudziko Polish muna 1768 hweOttoman Empire akataura kurwa Russia. Panguva iyi, kumaodzanyemba inokosha mirayiridzo yakaramba chete mamiriro ezvinhu, raiva XVII remakore. Muna Russian Empire haana neboka rengarava muna Black uye Azov Seas, iyo ushe wengarava masimba Zvengarava. Kutaura zvazviri, Gungwa Black aiva "Turkish dziva." Gungwa Azov, Sea Black uye North Crimea aidzora hweOttoman Empire - idzi vaiva springboard nokuda kwechisimba pamusoro Russia.

kubvuta

Year 1770 ... Chesma hondo ... Nei zvakaitika? Muna 1768-ndipo mumatsutso, Crimean vamabhiza yakarwisa Russia, akatanga kurwa. Muvengi vakakundwa uye akadzokera, asi kutyisidzira akasara. Northern Sea Black rava inokosha yemitambo yehondo, apo uto Russian kwemakore anopfuura mashanu kurwisa muchiuto hweOttoman Porte uye Crimean Khanate.

mabasa

Yeuka nhamba 1770. Chesma hondo zvinoreva. On the Black Sea Fleet hapana anofanira ndanyarara hangu. Ndokusaka St. Petersburg akasarudza kutumira muMediterranean dzechikwata kweGungwa reBaltic uye kubva ipapo kutyisidzira Turkey. Chinangwa chikuru pamusoro rwendo kwaiva kutsigira zvichibvira kumukira vagere muBalkan Peninsula (kunyanya zveAegean zviwi uye rechiGiriki Peloponnese) echiKristu uye kutyisidzirwa vokuTurkey neshure.

Chii mabasa kwaiva aite Russian dzechikwata? Aifanira kutyora yomuvengi gungwa tikurukure muGungwa reMediterranean, kubvisa vamwe simba rake (zvikurukuru rengarava) kubva munzvimbo Sea Black rehondo. Kana kubudirira dzechikwata raiva kubvuta inokosha kumahombekombe pfungwa Turkey uye kuti adzikatidza Dardanelles. Huru chiitiko yaiva muGungwa reAegean, kana, sezvo uine mu "Archipelago muGreece." Saka zita "Greek rwendo."

zano

aenda Long gore 1770. Hondo Chesma vanhu vachiri kuyeuka. Ndiani tega kutumira ngarava Russian kune reAegean kumhenderekedzo, kumutsa uye vatsigire yemuna echiKristu vakawanda anoramba aripo pamusoro kuvaOttoman? Kokutanga pfungwa iyi achidonongodza ipapo kufarira kuti mambokadzi Catherine II Orlov Grigory. Zvichida, pfungwa iyi yakatanga kushumwa ne yemberi mutungamiriri rwendo ari Count Orlov Aleksey, munun'una Gregory, uyo chete mvumo uye donos kuna Catherine.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Orlov Aleksey akanyorera hama yake pamusoro matambudziko kwedanidziro iyi hondo zvarwo: "Vanoda kuenda Constantinople uye kubudiswa vaKristu vose wakazvipira uye Orthodox kubva joko rinogozha. Uye ndichati ichi, mambo Peter I muna gwaro akati, uye ivo, Mohammedan infidels, kuti kudzinga jecha steppes ari aimbova musha wavo. Pano uMwari anooneka zvakare, uye Rumbidzai Mwari wedu, Wemasimbaose. " Panguva nokuzvininipisa nekubatwa kusvikira Council mushandirapamwe panguva Empress Orlov Grigory akagadzira ake kupfimbwa sezvinotevera: ". Tumira ari muchimiro rwendo muGungwa reMediterranean, uye kubva ipapo vaviri ngarava kuti muvengi sabhoteji"

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti hondo Chesma muna 1770 kwakakonzerwa chido Russia kuva yakazvimirira mbudo kubva Sea Black kusvika expanses zviri mumakungwa. Zvino handina kuda sechikonzero.

flotilla

Zvino zvishoma Ukanyatsotarisa gore 1770, hondo Chesma (Russian-Turkish kurwa). Russian flotilla kwaisanganisira mapfumbamwe Linear zvikepe, frigate matatu (rimwe-pfuti 36 uye peya 32-pfuti), 17-19 webetsero ngarava uye mudziyo bombardirskogo "Vokutinhira" (kanoni 10).

Pavakaona June 23 muvengi rengarava, akamira pamusoro pachitsuwa Kiyosi anchor, armáda yedu mambakwedza June 24 (July 5th) muna 1770 akapinda neKiyo mugero, akadana oga pachitsuwa kubva riviéra, Anatolia, kubva kurutivi rwokumusoro ana kuyeuka mhepo nyoro. Pamwe ichi kumahombekombe, kubva Gulf kusvika kuchamhembe Chesmensky, akamira misara miviri yakanyatsomira hweOttoman armáda.

Mariri pakanga 16 motokari (izvo nhanhatu dzaiva 90- kana 80-pfuti, nepo vamwe, kufanana Russian, akashongedzerwa namaturusi 66), midziyo diki 60 uye 6 frigate. Turkish rengarava akarayira Hassan al-Din - Captain Pasha. Aiva nenguva mumusasa pamhenderekedzo, uye mutevedzeri wake Hassan-Bey (the vakashinga Algerian), uyo vaiti sezvo ngarava muvengi vanofanira kuita uye bvisai navo mumhepo. Kunyange zvakadaro, Corvettes ake vasingagoni kutevera mutemo uyu, sezvo vakanga yakanyatsomira. Somugumisiro, Russian uye maseiri azvo akatora matanho muhondo pacharo.

Orlova nzira

Mugore 1770 hondo Chesma (Russian-Turkish kurwisana) zvikuru nzira Nhau dzairamba. Zvinozivikanwa kuti simba kunoshamisa muvengi pakutanga akarova Count Orlov. Asi, zvakasimba kuvimba ushingi ravarwi ake, uye Mwari, akarangana navakuru uye vatungamiri, uye akasarudza kurwisa Turkish rengarava. Orlov akarayira munhu Springe (netambo, zvakabatanidzwa kubudikidza zvimiso kuti tirambe chikepe munzvimbo) Kana unofanira anchor the pamusoro muvengi. Count akavaka mutsetse rehondo, uye vachifamba vokuTurkey kuti ichi:

• Rearguard: zvikepe "Svyatoslav" (Admiral Elphinstone, kaputeni Roxburgh), "Usabata ini" (Kaputeni Beshentsev), "Saratov" (Captain Polivanov).
• Vanguard, "Eustace" (Admiral Spiridonov, Captain Cruz), "Europe" (mukuru Klokachev), "Vasande Three" (Kaputeni Hmetevsky).
• Kordebataliya "Hierarchs Vatatu" (Count Orlov Aleksey, ari foromani Greig), "Januarius" (Kaputeni Borisov), "Rostislav" (Captain Lupandin).

Battle muna Kiyosi Strait

Chesma kurwa (1770, July 7) vakatendeuka kare shure. Chokutanga, funga pakurwa neKiyo Strait, kwakaitika musi June 24 (July 5th). Russian Zvikepe akabvuma chiito kuronga uye akaenda kumuganhu wokumaodzanyemba pamusoro Turkish mutsetse. Pashure paizvozvo iye akatendeuka uye akatanga kuiswa pamusoro zvikepe muvengi. Turkey rengarava vakatanga vachiridzira kure pamwe netambo nhatu (560 m) pa 11: 30-11: 45. Zvikepe Russian haana moto shure chero pedyo muvengi nechokure ehondo 80 (170 m) kuti pedyo yetsiva at 12:00.

Muna zvitatu Russian zvikepe rinoshamisa akanga kubudirira: "St. Januarius "nechisimba akatendeuka, asati akava lineup," Europe "kurashikirwa nzvimbo yake, akakuvara Somugumisiro, akatendeuka uye vakasiya ezvinhu, kuva seri" Rostislav "uye" Hierarchs Nhatu "kuseri munda vakagumisa chikepe nomuvengi rechipiri asati kumira mumutsetse, zvikaguma kuti chikanganiso vakarwisa corvette "Three akanyatsorongwa".

Kuvadza "Europe" dzinoreva kuti "St. Eustace "akanga achitungamirira chikepe Russian armáda. On chikepe ichi akatumwa moto Linear Turkish zvikepe nhatu (kusanganisira flagship hweOttoman rengarava, "Burj U Zafer", akarayira Hassan Pasha). "St. Eustace "akatanga akakwira flagship hweOttoman armáda, asati aona nomoto. Pashure kutsva mainmast "Burj U Zafer" Ini dzadonha nechepamusoro corvette "St. Eustace, "Iye raputika. Mushure maminitsi 10-15 uye Varidza kumusoro "Burj Zafer Y". Elphinstone aizviti Russian chaizvoizvo maturo uye Spiridov pamwe Count Orlovym Fodorom (mukoma womutungamiri) akasiya "St. Eustace, "kunyange pamberi melee. Saizvozvowo ndakapona rufu, uye mutyairi wacho "St. Eustache "Cruz. Spiridov akatanga kutungamirira kurwa nemashoko corvette "Hierarchs Three".

14:00 vokuTurkey kucheka tambo zvimiso uye vakadzokera shure pasi pabutiro nemhenderekedzo mabhatiri muna Chesma Harbor.

Kurwa apo panopinda

Masoja vazhinji vakafa muna 1770 Chesma vakarwa chimwe chezvinhu chisimba. On June 25-26 (July 6-7), paiva nokurwa pa Chesma Bay. Rakanga ipapo Turkish moto-chikepe akasika maviri akatevedzana 7- uye 8-Linear corvettes nezvimwe zvikepe dziri pakati pemitsara uye egungwa.

All zuva June 25 (July 6) zvikepe Russian airamba ari Turkish flotilla uye kumahombekombe nzvimbo. ebetsero midziyo mana kugadzirwa moto-zvikepe. At 17:00 bhomba-chikepe "Vokutinhira" akanga akasunganidzwa pamberi Chesma Bay ndokutanga vachiridzira panguva Turkish rengarava. At 00:30 akanga akabatana ne Linear chikepe "Europe", uye kune 01:00 - "Rostislav", vasvika panogasa zvikepe moto.

"Rostislav", "Europe" uye vakanyunyuta, "Usabata ini," vakaumba mutsetse kubva kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba, wakati akatanga kurwa nevanhu Turkish armáda. Panguva ino, "Saratov" rakanga standby, uye frigate "Africa" uye "Vokutinhira" akarwisa bhatiri kumadokero echitsuwa Gulf.

At 01:30 kana zvishoma apfuura (maererano Elphinstone, pakati pousiku) nokuda vachiridzira, "Usabata ini" uye "Vokutinhira", mumwe Linear vokuTurkey ngarava raputika moto rwakapararira muviri pamwe uchipfuta maseiri. Mirazvo akakurumidza kushandisa dzimwe ngarava chiteshi.

Saka, tiri kuramba nyaya zvakamboitika July 7, 1770 Chesma hondo anofanira kucherekedza nerimwe. Kamwe raputika pa 02:00 pakati Turkish chikepe wechipiri, midziyo Russian zvikanyarara vachiridzira, uye moto-ngarava akapinda Gulf. Vaviri vavo vaiva pasi murayiro Captain Dugdale uye Gagarin, vokuTurkey akapfura. Zviya, Elphinstone anoti moto-vakaurayiwa chete Captain Dugdale, uye ngarava Gagarin muNyika kurwa akaramba kuenda. Next imwe chikepe, akaraira Mackenzie, akaita akaita mutsimba raipfuta mudziyo, uye mumwe (kudzorwa refutenendi D. Ilina) - vachikoshesa kusvika 84-pfuti corvette mutsetse.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti Ilyin moto-yakavhenekerwa, uye akabva pamusoro mugwa vaine chikwata. The chikepe akanyemwerera uye akapisa dzakawanda dzimwe hweOttoman corvettes. By 2:30 raputika mamwe battleships matatu.

Around 04:00 ngarava Russian akatumira muchikepe, achida kuponesa haisati rinopfuta midziyo makuru maviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, vakakwanisa kutora chete mumwe wavo - "Rhodes '60-pfuti. Kubva 04:00 kusvikira 05:30 Varidza mamwe warships matanhatu, uye nenguva 7 o'clock - mana synchronously. By 8:00 mu hondo Chesma Bay yakapera.

mibairo Hondo

Chii chakanaka kuti nyika nhoroondo muna 1770 gore? Chesma kurwa sei vakauya Russia? Pashure kurwa ichi Russian rengarava aigona vangasimudzira kuvhiringidza Turkish kukurukurirana muGungwa reAegean agopfigira Dardanelles. nuances zvose izvi vakaita basa rinokosha kusaina of Peace Chibvumirano Kucuk Kandira Agreement.

At pokutungamirira Catherine II, kuti varumbidze kukunda Kukuru Peterhof Palace yakaitwa asingakanganwiki Chesmensky Hall (Makore 1774-1777), vakanga akamisira Zvivako mbiri chiitiko ichi: Chesme pilaster muna Tsarskoye tiiviste (1778) uye Chesmensky guva muna Gatchina (1775) uye akavaka Chesme Palace (makore 1774-1777) uye Chesma church St. Ioanna Predtechi (makore 1777-1780) muSt Petersburg.

Chesma kurwa immortalized muna 1770 kukandira goridhe nesirivha Medals, dzakanga kugadzirwa kubudikidza zvarayirwa Empress Catherine I. Count Orlovu Alekseyu aibvumirwa kuisa proimenovanie mazita, sezvo vakati, "Chesma".

zita

Zvinozivikanwa kuti zita "Chesma" aipfeka ironclad armáda wokuRussia nemauto rengarava. By zvarayirwa Nicholas II raiva zita Cesme nzvimbo, iyo yava mumusha kuChelyabinsk nharaunda.

Uye Gulf Anadyr ipapo Scesma Cape - ayo anonzi rwendo kuti clipper "Rider" muna 1876.

Russian President Vladimir Putin muna 2012, muna July, rakanamatidzwa kubudikidza Mutemo wakagadziridzwa wokuita "Pamusoro okupemberera Russia uye Mazuva Military Kubwinya." Somugumisiro, paiva Victory yeRussian rengarava pamusoro Turkish iri Hondo Chesma, iro rinopembererwa musi July 7.

mishumo

Vezvenhau dzichiri kudzidza gore 1770: Chesma hondo, mhosva iyo kare anozivikanwa, Russia mbiri nokuti yose nyika. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Spiridov akaudza President of College of Admiralty muSt Petersburg Count Chernyshov: "Mwari ngaaongwe uye nokukudzwa All-Russian flotilla! Kubva 25 fung kusvika 26 fung muvengi nezvikepe akarwiswa, vakaputsa, mutsindo, akapiswa, vakanyura, uye vakabvuma kudenga ikava madota, uye akasiya nzvimbo chinoshoorwa inotyisa, uye pachavo akatanga kudzora kumarudzi rezvitsuwa kwedu Queen Our ".

A. G. Orlov sowakajeka akaratidza manzwiro akafuridzirwa mukukunda Cesme, mune imwe tsamba kuna mukoma wake: "Hello, changamire, hama! Ndichange ndikuudzei zvishoma pamusoro rwendo rwedu; kana atungidza moto kunevamwe vakamanikidzwa kusiya Morea. Nokuti vorogov pamwe zvikepe aenda, akaenda kwaari uye vakarwa, vakabata, kuparadzwa, akundwa, vasina kurongeka, akatumirwa nechepasi uye incinerated. "