"The Prague Cemetery" Umberto RUGWARO: Chokwadi uye Nhema

Kamwe muna 1980 yokufungidzira chakavanzika "Zita Rose" yakabudiswa, munyori Italian Umberto Eco nomukurumbira munyika. Gare gare, iye akabudisa mabhuku akawanda, asi hapana pavo rikanzwikwa kukurumbira pakati "Zita Rose." Zvaiita kuti munyori hapana zvimwe vakashamiswa mafeni, asi pashure pemakore 30 nyika akazunungusa bhuku rake idzva - "The Prague Cemetery". Umberto RUGWARO basa izere kwete chete neboka nezvirahwe, asi kusanganiswa zvarongwa vakawanda chokwadi chenhau dzine uye unhu. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vaverengi vazhinji kuvhiringidzika: chii yemunyori ingano, uye chaizvoizvo. Saka, ngationei kunzwisisa nezvehukorokodzwa bhuku rino.

munyori yokufungidzira "The Prague Cemetery" - Umberto Eco

Chekutanga zvose zvakafanira kuziva zvishoma pamusoro musiki "The Prague Cemetery". Murume uyu anoshamisa akazvarwa muna January 1932 mune duku Italian taundi Alessandria, napanzvimbo dzakapoteredza nokuTurin.

Apo baba mhuri akarwa Second World War, mai vake uye hama nehanzvadzi 12 Eco akatamira musha pedyo pamakomo Piedmont, apo munyori vakapedza ake muduku.

Young Umberto vaisiyana pfungwa zvinoshamisa nenyota zivo. Saka baba vangu aitarisira kuti aizova gweta. Asi ichi basa haana kufadza jaya, uye pashure chikoro akaenda kudzidza uzivi uye mabhuku Ages paYunivhesiti nokuTurin.

Kudzidza nhoroondo ekare uye dzavo KUJEKA chesekondari kwakakonzera chii mwoyo nechitendero uye akava munhu asingadaviri kuti kunaMwari Umberto RUGWARO. "Parisian kumakuva", "Zita Rose", "Baudolino" - zvose izvi nezvimwewo mabasa munyori ruchitedzemuka caustic satire pamusoro kupfungwa muchechi dzavo zvokufungidzira.

Ndapedza muna 1954, mubasa akapedza pakudzidzisa aesthetics uye dzidziso netsika pa mumayunivhesiti siyana. Pamwe nedzidziso Eco yakabudiswa mabasa kwesayenzi, izvo akamutendera kuti ave mumwe yakakurumbira masayendisiti mumunda mavo. Zvisinei, muna 1980 akasarudza kuedza ruoko rwake kunyora yokunyepera. Saka paiva yokufungidzira "Zita Rose", vaiuya munyori wayo nomukurumbira kupfuura zvose monographs ake uye nyaya.

Mushure anobudirira debut ari munyori akanzi kutsoropodza vaikudzwa mumayunivhesiti zvenyika, zvokuti iye akagamuchira honorary chiremba sayenzi mune zvakawanda.

Kuziva kuti vanhu vanofarira kuverenga enganonyorwa pane tomes kwesayenzi, munyori akanyora kuti panguva nenguva ( "Foucault kuti zvakavamba kuchinja", "The Island the Day Asati", "Baudolino" uye "The wanda Flame Mambokadzi Loana"). Mushure kusunungurwa chigadzirwa, "The Prague Cemetery" Umberto RUGWARO akati haana urongwa kunyora zvakawanda, asi haana kuchengeta shoko rake, uye muna 2015 akabudisa ichangobva yokufungidzira ake "nhamba razero".

Munyori akafa February 2016 pane pancreatic kenza. Kuwedzera kune vakawanda mafeni basa rake uye vadzidzi, akasiya vana vaviri. Ivo akabereka wake Eco - Renate Ramge, waakawana muna 1961

The nganonyorwa "The Prague Cemetery" Umberto RUGWARO: pfupiso

In March 1897 Simonini Simon anomuka uye anoziva kuti iye achitambura nomusoro dzakaipa. Kuyeuka zano "chiremba pamwe, hakusi yeAustria, kwete German" (Munongedzo Freud), akasarudza arayire zvose zvenyu ndangariro. Zvisinei, musori, haagoni kutiudza nezvako kune mumwe munhu kana kuti kureurura. Naizvozvo anosarudza kuramba dhayari uye mugonyora mairi zvose zvaitika kwaari.

Nemhaka yenhau gamba, uyewo imwe Abbe postscripts Piccolo zvishoma nezvishoma kutanga kutora uchiumba Biography ake.

Akarerwa sekuru vake, ane Anti-Semite uye vaJesuit, iye akapiwa dzidzo yakanaka. Pakafa ake sekuru wematambudziko kunounza Simone gweta chitsotsi, iro rinodzidzisa jaya dzamaoko nounyengeri umo Simonini anobudirira zvakakwana. Asi kubudirira ake anoti Secret Service of Piedmont, uye vanoripira gamba.
Kuita mabasa avo akasiyana-siyana, Simone Simonini delves zvishoma nezvishoma kunyika musimboti enyika chivande uye anova tenzi consummate pamusoro kurukiswa. Asi "overplaying" kuna Ippolito Nievo, anowira kunze nyasha, uye rinoreva France.

Pano iye Re-mubasa senguva zvokutengeserana, asi pashure pemakore 35 angasarudza kuenda kuti zvakakodzera mudyandigere. Uye anofanira crank panze shoma nemabhizimisi, vanokwanisa kupa munhu kwaye pakukwegura gamba. Saka akasarudza kuti vanyore "Protocols", iro rinotaura zvakawanika ake ose pamusoro pavanhu, akazviunganidzira kwemakore akawanda.

Iye negotiates pamwe wokuRussia pamusoro kutengeswa gwaro iri, asi achinyengera uye hazvitsivi chinhu, uye kunyange vanomanikidzwa anobhomba, izvo achasimbisa rakarurama anobudiswa gwaro. On pakugadzirira bhuku rino chinoguma. kugutsikana Its anopiwa pano chete zvavo nemashoko. More chingadzidzwa nokuverenga pepa kana-digital chimiro yokufungidzira Umberto RUGWARO "The Prague Cemetery» (EPUB, Mobi, FB2 kana mune mumwe zvinowanzoitwa zvinogona e-books).

chepfungwa yokufungidzira

Kufanana zvose mabasa erudite munyori, bhuku rino ane flair.

Externally Chimiro haisi kunoshamisa: 27 misoro, uye afterwords paya yakarongedzwa ari muchimiro dhayari. Asi nganonyorwa yake "The Prague Cemetery" Umberto RUGWARO ndaishandisa chete vemungano hunhu - Simone Simonini, uye vamwe vose, kunyange voukama of protagonist - munhu chaiye akamborarama (Sigmund Freud, Ippolito Nievo, Leo Taxil, St. Thérèse pamusoro Lisieux, Yuliana Glinka Peter Raczkowski, Diana Vaughan, Moris Zholi, F. M. Dostoevsky, Ezhen Syu, I. S. Turgenev, uye vamwe). Izvi Nzira dzimwe nguva muverengi anotanga mubvunzo: Ko uyu munhu zvekunyepera chigadzirwa, kana anotsanangurwa mariri - zvakarurama?

Zvinoreva zita

Bhuku rino inonzi pashure akakurumbira zvinotyisa muPrague - kumakuva kuti Quarter yechiJudha Josefov. Iyi nzvimbo kwazova utiziro okupedzisira vaJudha anenge 100,000 vakanga vakavigwa pano XV-XVIII emakore.

The Prague Cemetery Umberto RUGWARO akasarudza sezvo zita rake rinonzi, sezvazvakanyorwa aidavira kuti kune makore akawanda kuenda sangano muchivande Jewish, vanonzi "Vakuru veZioni". Zviri panguva Prague kumakuva vakasikwa "The Protocols Vakuru veZioni", rwakazokura mavambo kuparadzwa kukuru vaJudha XX remakore.

"The Protocols Vakuru veZioni": nyepera kana yepakutanga

Gwaro iri, rine maminitsi 25, yakatanga kubudiswa muna Russian Empire muna 1903. Zvinoita chaipiwa somunhu achinyora anokosha mashoko akavanzika misangano Zionists muBasel. "Protocols" akava hwaro paumbwe akakurumbira nhasi dzidziso pamusoro Judeo-Masonic rangano (kuvapo zvakavanzika mubatanidzwa revaJudha uye navavaki kubvuta simba pamusoro nyika).

The Bhuku Gwaro rino akanga akafanana nomunhu kuputika bhomba. "Protocols" vakanga mumitauro yose uye inobudiswa mamiriyoni maBhaibheri. Mune dzimwe nyika vari kurambidzwa, chete nayo vakabatsira mukurumbira wavo. Pakati vakatenda kwavo nderechokwadi yakanga kufara uye Artist kubva kuGermany, uyo akazozivikanwa kuti nyika sezvo Adolf Hitler. "Protocols" kwakamuita kuti pfungwa vakawanda kuparadzwa vaJudha, uye ipapo vamwe marudzi, waiva mumwe zvikonzero pakutanga kunokonzera kuteurwa kweropa rakawanda hondo munhoroondo yevanhu.

Pakarepo mushure racho nepakatanga "Protocols" vakatanga kupokana. To musi, maererano pamutemo shanduro Gwaro iri chitsotsi. Asi kusvikira zvino, vazhinji anonyatsozivikanwa dzekare, masayendisiti munyika vanodavira nderechokwadi basa.

Sezvo munhu anoda mabhuku ngano yekare uye dzavo KUJEKA, Eco asingagoni kubatsira asi kufarira "Protocol". Kuva nyatsonzvera pamusoro pavo mashoko ose uye kuti vabudise mhedziso dzavowo, munyori akanga aronga kunyora monograph ichi. Asi ndakaziva kuti wakaita basa unyanzvi mafungiro ake achava vaverengi vakawanda vanofarira. Naizvozvo akaenda naye nyaya "Protocols" nemunyori, uye akaudza mu yokufungidzira yake "The Prague Cemetery". Umberto Eco (munyori webhuku) akaita vakakwanisa kuti kuratidza kuti zvinotisimbisa kwekurudziro nokuti "Protocols" vaiva: a yokufungidzira naAlexandre Dumas 'Joseph Balsamo, "bhuku Eugene Sue," Mazano vanhu "uye" Mysteries of Paris "uye kabhuku kubudikidza Maurice Joly' Dialogue gehena Machiavelli uye Montesquieu kana Machiavelli kuti zvematongerwo enyika vari XIX remakore. "

Real uye zvekufungidzira zvinhu zviri yokufungidzira

Kunze Eco tega nyaya "Protocols" VaDabengwa, bhuku rinopa kududzirwa zvinoverengeka hazvitaurwi zviitiko munhoroondo yenyika.

Chokutanga, ndicho chakavanzika rufu Italian munyori Ippolito Nievo, uyo akafa muna chikepe muGungwa Tyrrhenian. Historians vachiri handizivi kana netsaona kana ngarava nemaune yakanyura. Eco anoita chaikonzera rufu Ippolito Nievo Simonini.

Kufa yakakurumbira wenhau French Maurice Joly, nokushingaira vakatsoropodza basa Napoleon III, uye akavata hana protagonist ari yokufungidzira "The Prague Cemetery". Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina kuita zvematongerwo enyika nechimiro chokureva. Kutaura zvazviri, muchiita rugwaro "Protocols", Simon akakwereta yakawanda yakakurumbira turakiti neMunyori ichi. Achityira kupomerwa kuti plagiarism uye kuti uchadzinga mumvuri pamusoro nderechokwadi gwaro, anouraya Joly uye hunopa rufu rwake somunhu kuzviuraya. Version rufu zvechisimba yanyadziswa munyori zvikuru paakapiwa yake mupfungwa hwakasiyana, pane asingatsananguriki kuzviuraya, iro Maurice panguva Hazvingaiti chikonzero. Nenzira, uchiri aionekwa dzakaitika. Kunyange zvazvo pekufukunurwa uye kuratidza yakarurama kana falsity kuti dzidziso iyi hazvibviri, sezvo zvisingazivikanwe yemakuva wenhau.

Chimwe achirova Simonini mhosva rinobatanidzwa panyaya Anoronga kuti Alsatian muJudha Alfred Dreyfus. Kuva akaita magwaro asiwo (pahwaro iyo mukuru akapomerwa kushora, akanga demoted uye akatumwa raDhiyabhorosi Island), nokusaziva zviri protagonist kuva zvinokonzera inotungamirwa ari muvanhu pfungwa yechiJudha State pachake.

Izvi hoaxes Eco chaizvoizvo anoramba pose Jewish nokumukira dzidziso kana mamwe marudzi. Uyezve, iye anoti zvakasimba kuti inokosha munhau zhinji vaiva mugumisiro mukana kana banal kukara zvimwe vanhu havana kufunga nezvemigumisiro nezviito zvake.

Anti-Semitism uye Anti-clericalism iri yokufungidzira

Bhuku rino anoongorora mamiriro kuna Eco uye muitiro pamusoro kwaita Anti-Semitism mukuvamba XX remakore. Muromo huru hunhu, anoita chokwadi chinosuruvarisa: VaJudha vaiva "vokupomera" vanhu. Hwavo chaihwo-upenyu pokuperevedza kwakawedzeredzwa kune huru zvikuru, uye anonzi itsva. Saka Simonini, uyo akakurira pave Anti-Semitism, zvakakodzera akataura kuti atarisana vaJudha vaigara, havana kuwana chinhu chimwe kwavari chaityisa kwazvo. Uyezve, muupenyu hwake, zvishoma nezvishoma vakasvika pakugumisa kuti vakawanda aivapo pfungwa pamusoro pavo - chete nemanyepo vamwe projected ari kukanganisa kwavo. Sezvineiwo, vokuGermany, uyo Simon akanga kakawanda kubata zvikuru ashatirwa naye. A Russian General - kunyengerwa.

With yakagozha kutsvinya munyori anorondedzera vaya "akavimbika" zvinyorwa, apo gamba akavhomora mashoko ake kuti "Protocols". Chokutanga, kwaiva dzidziso chido vaJudha kuwana simba pamusoro nyika, kuti sekuru vake vakanzwa kubva kupenga mupemhi-muJudha Mordukh Turin cram. Masangano anenge asara vakanga randomly akatorwa nziyo Joly; tsamba kubva baba Rodin baba Rootanu mu "Mazano vanhu" Eugène Sue; setsa anecdotes kubva munyori-zvakasikwa Alphonse Toussenel; kubva nganonyorwa "Konigsbi" B. Disraeli nemamwe unhu vakakurumbira. Saka, Umberto Eco ari kuedza kwete chete kuti aratidze chitsotsi ari "Protocols", asi kuti aratidze kuti vaverengi kuti vanhu pacharo rakanga vaipikisa vaJudha, uye chitarisiko bhuku rino raiva zvakasikwa.

Kana chitendero, zvino, sezvo pamusoro apa, Eco aiva nani chokwadi maitiro kuti nevanhu yeRoma Church. Ndiye nyanzvi aiziva kuti vakawanda magwaro (pamusoro izvo zvavari kwakavakirwa), kana nhema, kana pamberi zvakaipa. Kunyanya zvakajeka kuratidzwa mwoyo muchechi Simonini, kuti hazvina kumutadzisa deftly mukana vafundisi kuti ivo pachavo vabatsirwe. Saka, gamba aiva mumwe chinhu chinosiririsa mienzaniso vapristi, akavanda seri zita raKristu kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa zvavo.

Simon Simonini

Munyaya "The Prague Cemetery" nechepakati yokufungidzira Umberto RUGWARO akaisa akachenjera uye zvachose anonyengera anokorovhera ainzi Simon Simonini. Ndiye hafu French, hafu chiItalian, akaberekwa Italian taundi Piedmont, muna 1830

mai vake vakafa paaiva nokuvhuvha, saka ake Marererwo yakanga yatsidzira sekuru Anti-oukuru. Naizvozvo, munhu akaipa aiita vaJudha gamba woga zvinenge kune mukaka waamai. Kunyange zita akapiwa kuremekedza vaJudha vakapondwa. Ndezvokuti, mune chokwadi, Simonini aibata vanhu ava hanya. Greater kwayo ruvengo ashandira French, vanhu vokuGermany uye vokuItaly.

Chipo pachisikigo, Simon kubva muduku ainyatsogona mumitauro 3 (German, French uye Italian) uye aiva zvine pfungwa. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakauya vaJesuit, iye akaumba munhu nezvavasingadi nokuda kupfungwa kereke. Panguva iyoyowo aiziva kuti nzira ayo chaizvo kuti kudzora kuziva munzanga.

First tsitsi Simonini, muJudha kubva cram, haana kudzoka manzwiro ake, pamusana izvo akaramba ari mhandara uye vakava hanya kwenyama mafaro. Ake chete chido chaiva chete Gourmet zvokudya.

Simonini uye Eco

Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoti mukutarisana Simon Simonini Umberto Eco akauya aine musiyano wezvinyorwa wake Biography, kana akanga aberekwa makore 100 adarika. Zvinokwanisika kuzochera kwakafanana pachena pakati protagonist pamusoro yokufungidzira "The Prague Cemetery" - Umberto Eco. Facts kubva Biography ari munyori kuzosimbisa ichi.

• baba emunyori vaida kuva gweta, asi munyori asarudzwa yakasiyana basa. Simonini nokuti gweta basa.
• Eco akanga kuongorora zvinyorwa zvekare uye kugadzwa kwavo zvechokwadi. Simon, nekusiyana - akasika munhu akangwara chitsotsi.
• Zvino munyori, uye hunhu hwake kunoshamisa uye vanhu vari vakadzidza chaizvo. Zvisinei, mumwe akashandisa matarenda ake kudzidzisa vanhu uye neimwe kudhaka.
• Eco uye Simonini mwoyo chitendero, mumwe nomumwe wavo aiziva rayo rinokosha basa revanhukadzi.

Mukuru "muvengi" Simonini

Kwenguva gamba refu yokufungidzira kuedza kutsvaka ani risingazivikanwi Abbe Dalla Piccolo, achinyora dhayari paaigara asipo. Simonini anoyeuka kuti yapfuura anguva akauraya murume, asi nekuda ndangariro zvirwere kugona kurangarira izvozvo.

Kutaura zvazviri Piccolo (yambiro, navaparadzi!) - ndiro mufundisi aonekwe of gamba pachake. unhu ichi chechipiri chinotora pamusoro mune nguva Simon nehope kana ndafenda.

Kusiya Blog Entries Simonini, Abbot Eco kunobatsira kuti pave zvakawanda-dimensional matatu mufananidzo protagonist.

muverengi Reviews

Verenga uye kunzwisisa zviri kuitika mubhuku kunoda ruzivo vamwe mumunda mabhuku, nhoroondo uye tsika XIX-XX emakore. Vaya iverengwe ane pamwero pfungwa yaiva pazasi mureza wakasiyiwa yokufungidzira Umberto RUGWARO, "The Prague Cemetery", basa iri akasiya kunaka wongororo. Ivo kunyanya chema kuoma nyaya.

Zvisinei, avo zvikuru erudite nevamwe akawana bhuku kunakidza chaizvo. Kunyanya kuti akaratidza zvimwe zvakavanzika kupfuura kunakidza pamusoro XIX remakore nayo - XX emakore. Kunyanya yakawanda yakafanana sei akangwara Eco vairuka chinokosha chokurondedzera vazhinji vekare.

In mhedziso zvinofanira kuva vakatendeseka uye bvuma kuti bhuku rino haina aiendeswa zvavo muverengi. Its akainangisa - erudite vakadzidza, ndaneta kwakadaro mutikitivha enganonyorwa pamwe hakunakidzi, oneka vanotaurwa. vanhu vakadaro vanowana mufaro kubva kuverenga yokufungidzira "The Prague Cemetery". Umberto Eco bhuku tigutsikane mune kuvhiringidzika inovhiringidza chaiyo zvakavanzika nhoroondo dzaro dzakasiyana otgadok navo. Saka, muverengi mune zvemafaro nzira inogona kusangana nevakawanda nesayenzi dzidziso kuti kuatsanangura.