Nuclear rinochiwedzera: mhando uye kugadzira

Renyukireya rinoumbwa vakawanda makambani zvinangwa zvakasiyana. Yakatsvuka mashoko indasitiri ino rinobudiswa kubva uranium exchange nemigodhi. Pashure zviri mumaoko zvebhizimisi kuti kugadzirwa mafuta.

Uyezve, chinotsva zvifambiswe kune simba renyukireya miti, umo anopinda reactor core. Kana mafuta yenyukireya aite izwi rake, chinogadzirwa. Processing tsvina kuti anofanira kuraswa. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti tsvina zvine ngozi haisi chete pashure reprocessing, asiwo chero rwakazara - kubva uranium exchange kuchera kuti nokushanda reactor.

renyukireya mafuta

Chinotsva iri nezvezvikwata zviviri. Chokutanga - iri uranium exchange mined mumigodhi, ukuwo, rwokuzvarwa mavambo. Rine mbishi zvinhu kuti vanokwanisa rokuumba plutonium. Wechipiri - chinotsva, izvo zvinosikwa artificially (yechipiri).

Sezvo mafuta renyukireya yakakamurwa makemikari anoumba: simbi, oxide, carbide, nitride uye zvakasiyana.

Uranium exchange kuchera uye huni kugadzirwa

A guru inorwara ari uranium exchange mugodhi nezvokuvandudzika nyika mishomanana: Russia, France, Australia, USA, Canada uye South Africa.

Uranium exchange - chinokosha kuti huni renyukireya nesimba miti. Kuti vasvike kune reactor, ruchapinda kuburikidza akawanda kugadzira matanho. Kazhinji uranium exchange deposits vari yakabatana nendarama nemhangura, zvisinei voitakura kunze dzokubudisa zvinokosha simbi.

On kukura utano vanhu vari mungozi huru nekuti uranium exchange - chepfu zvinhu, uye magasi dzinomuka mukufamba kwaro kugadzirwa, kukonzera siyana kenza. Kunyange zvazvo vakawanda mhangura rine mari shoma uranium exchange - kubva 0.1 1 muzana. Uyewo zvimwe pangozi vemo kurarama pedyo uranium exchange nemigodhi.

Zvakapfumisa uranium exchange - mukuru huni simba renyukireya zvinomera, asi pashure kurishandisa iri rakakura uwandu mwaranzi. Pasinei nengozi yacho, uranium exchange vapfume kunokosha muitiro rakasikwa huni yenyukireya.

In zvepanyama muchimiro uranium exchange kunodokuva kusingabviri kushandisa kwese. Kuti kushandisa, zvinokosha rokuvandudza. gasi centrifuges zvinoshandiswa vapfume.

Zvakapfumisa uranium exchange inoshandiswa kwete indasitiri yenyukireya, asi kugadzirwa kwezvombo.

kutakura

Chero pavaipfuura mafuta kutenderera ari zvifambiswe. Voitakura kunze unotofanira: nomumugwagwa, gungwa uye mhepo. Uyu mukana mukuru uye ngozi kwete chete nokuda kwezvakatipoteredza asiwo vanhu zvikuru.

Panguva zvekufambisa zvenyukireya mafuta zvinhu kana zvikaitika tsaona zvizhinji kunoguma nokubudiswa radioactive zvinhu. Ichi chimwe zvikonzero zvakawanda nei simba renyukireya anonzi kuchengeteka.

Incapacitate reactors

Hapana reactors haina namambo mumwe chete dzakaparara. Kunyange wakashata paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa. The ndechokuti maererano nyanzvi inofungidzira mutengo dismantling kuenzana kana kunyange akapfuudza mutengo pavakwe reactor itsva. Asi zvirokwazvo hapana anogona kutaura sei vanoda mari: mutengo dzaona pamusoro Zvakaitika dismantling etuzvirimwa yokutsvakurudza. Nyanzvi kupa mbiri zvokusarudza:

1. Isa reactors uye vakapedza mafuta zvenyukireya dzigare mairi.
2. Kuvaka vakabuda nokushanda reactor sarcophagus.

Mumakore gumi akatevera, anenge 350 reactors pose vakava yavo zvekuvaka, uye zvinofanira kuparadzwa. Asi sendarama zvakakodzera kuchengeteka uye mutengo nzira isina yagadzirwa, ndiwo mubvunzo ndichiri asarudza.

Zvino 436 reactors uchishanda pose. Chokwadi, ichi ndicho chipo chikuru kuna afoot, asi zviri kuchengeteka zvikuru. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti mune makore 15-20 achakwanisa kutsiva renyukireya simba dzemapurisa kuti vanomhanya nemhepo uye kwezuva.

renyukireya tsvina

A kuwanda tsvina yenyukireya iri kunotangira basa yenyukireya. Processing zvenyukireya mafuta uye akasiya shure tsvina ngozi. Muchiitiko chino, hapana nyika vasina kuwana mhinduro.

Nhasi, tsvina yenyukireya iri pfupi kuchengetwa, mune dziva remvura kana vakavigwa yakadzika pasi pevhu.

The zvikuru nzira - nayo kunochengetwa chaiyo okuchengetera zvivako, asi pane Zvinogonekawo nemwaranzi idonhe, uyewo mune dzimwe nzira.

Kutaura zvazviri, tsvina yenyukireya vamwe kukosha, asi kunoda kunyatsotevedza nemitemo okuchengetera. Uye kupfuura kukurumidza dambudziko.

Chinhu chinokosha ndechokuti munguva iyo tsvina iri ngozi. Mumwe radioactive fuma-upenyu kuora, umo chiri muchetura.

Mhando tsvina yenyukireya

Kana kushanda chero simba renyukireya chirimwa tsvina mukati zvakatipoteredza. Izvi kutonhora mvura uye tsvina gasi turbines.

Nuclear tsvina yakakamurwa muzvikamu zvitatu:

1. Low pamwero - mbatya vakuru NPP, rabhoritari michina. tsvina kwakadaro kunogona kuuya kubva zvokurapa masangano, ongororo mumarabhoritari. Havadi kumirira njodzi huru, asi zvinoda pawakaperera nekuchengetedzwa matanho.
2. Zvenguva rukoko - midziyo simbi umo mafuta ari zvifambiswe. Padanho nemwaranzi ivo mukuru zvakakwana, uye neavo vane pedyo, vanofanira kuchengetedzwa kubva kwavari.
3. High pamwero - mafuta ichi apedza renyukireya uye zvaro. Padanho radioactivity kunoderedza nokukurumidza. High-pamwero tsvina iri dikisa, vanenge 3 muzana, asi ane 95 muzana yose radioactivity.