Nzvimbo Modern murume munyika yacho makemikari nyika

Masayendisiti vanodana anthropology kubva sumo kwayo muEast Africa nevanhu yemadzitateguru siyana vokutanga (anenge mamiriyoni 1,7 akapfuura) kusvikira nhasi, uyewo kuedza kuona nzvimbo yomunhu ari makemikari nyika ino. Mugumisiro kudzidza ichi chaiva kusikwa rose boka anoranga kwesayenzi: anthropology, magariro zvepfungwa, socionics, uyo hanya murume sezvo chinhu mhuka, uchiyeuka kuti zvikuru nemamwe kuva nekunamata. Munyaya ino, isu kupindura mubvunzo, chii nzvimbo murume makemikari ezvinhu enyika nemhaka zvayo duality ndiko nokubatanidza zvinhu mumuviri anokunyengedzera hunhu.

The taxonomic chinzvimbo Homo sapiens

All zvipenyu kuti vanogara pasi redu, vane chinzvimbo yakajeka iri kupatsanura ezvinhu zvakasikwa. Ngatitarisei chii nzvimbo murume makemikari nyika ino.

Empire - ndiwo hukuru enderana muchikwata. Inonzi upenyu. Zvadaro taxon akafanana Domain (superkingdom). Life zvinosanganisira maviri superkingdom: prokaryotes uye eukaryotes. Munhu anopinda umambo eukaryotes (zvipenyu Nuclear). Izvi zvinoteverwa mhuka umambo, rudzi Chordates, mhuka kirasi infraclass Placental, primates, kwakabva hominid mhuri, kuti genus Vanhu vorudzii Homo sapiens. All vanhu kurarama, dziri pamusoro taxonomic dzakabatana, vanoumba boka rinonzi pavanhu.

Sei kuratidza mhuka kwakabva murume

Research inoitwa nemasayendisiti uye taxonomists ndikazvisimbisa kuti munhu ari makemikari nyika ino - boka mhuka, izvo zvinosanganisira taxa mhuka zvakadaro katsi, imbwa zviremwaremwa, nemakonzo, Artiodactyla, etc. Pasinei zvekunze kusiyana .. mamiriro, zvose vamiririri placental mhuka, rinosanganisira vanhu, pane zvakafanana anatomical uye vasiri unhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira 4-yokuvata mwoyo, vaviri kuparadzirwa, inodziya-bloodedness. Zvinonyatsorehwa nemamiriro zano makumbo kumberi uye hadzi, uyewo avo mabhandi mune mhuka dzose taxon izvi zvakafanana womunhu anatomi. Somuenzaniso, yokumusoro mutezo mune mhuka zvose rine mafudzi avo, ulna uye nharaunda uye carpal mapfupa, metacarpal uye phalanges.

Zvakakwana zvakafanana muvanhu uye placental mammalian metabolic kuita. Somuenzaniso, cleavage pane makemikari yeimwe kubudikidza kuitwa zvomudumbu makemikari, okisijeni chokufambisa nemasero matsvuku eropa, paumbwe uric asidhi sezvo mugumo chigadzirwa basa excretory hurongwa. Dzinowanzotaurwa zvigadziriswe pakati neuro-humoral murau upenyu. Izvi zvinopupurira chokwadi chokuti munhu ari makemikari ezvinhu enyika ari zvakabatana pamwechete vertebrates dziri mhuka mukirasi.

Embryological uchapupu mhuka hunhu wemunhu

Kwete chete kunoguma mumunda yakaitwa uye physiology zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti tine zvakafanana mavambo chete mhuka nyika. Serious uchapupu chokwadi ichi ndiyo zvidzidzo zviri kusango embryology, kudzidza embryonic kukura vertebrates, kubva hove kukirasi superclass kuti mhuka. mutemo Biogenetic akagadzira pedyo Haeckel uye F. Müller, akabatana nhoroondo kukura nomumwe rudzi chete ontogeny romunhu kana mumwe chete. mhuka dzose vertebrate, kusanganisira vanhu, dzinoitirwa mune embryogenesis ari zai pachikuva, chete paiva embryo - blastula embryo kaviri-rukoko zvinosanganisira ectoderm uye endoderm - gastrula.

Mukutanga zvokukura kukura pasina chaakasiya chordate tuvana vane dakashwa slits, mumwe muswe uye muviri chimiro chakafanana. Izvi zvinoshanda sezvo uchapupu hwokuti munhu ari makemikari ezvinhu enyika ari pedyo nemhuka. Uyezve, masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti nyika yose vertebrates hwakabva chimwe amadzibaba siyana.

Zvokuvamba uye atavism

With anoranga sezvo okufananidza anatomi zvakadaro, chaunoti nzvimbo yomunhu ari makemikari ezvinhu enyika, sezvo mamiriro muviri uye munhu zvomukati zviri mhuka unogona kuona kubatana yakajeka. Somuenzaniso, mashoko okuwedzera - a rudiment, achisimbisa kuti madzitateguru nevakawanda kwatiri vakanga herbivorous zvitarisiko mhuka. Uye kunyange vakarasikirwa kukosha kwayo kugaya munhu anoramba kuita basa rinokosha iri kuparara cellulose nezvimwe zvinetsoka hoofed mhuka kubva herbivores. zvako kanomirira ichi sezvo wechitatu fungiro, asingadi kuita chero basa iri womunhu mutumbi maonero, izvozvo inoita basa rinokosha mukirasi nezvinokambaira vertebrates zvakadai nenyoka.

Hazvina wokugaya muvanhu nzeve tsandanyama, saka pinna ndiye anenge immobile. Asi kuti Carnivora, boka iri tsandanyama kunokudziridzwa kwazvo, achivapa kutarisira uye dzidziso iri zvakatipoteredza.

Atavism: pakuonekwa muswe, multimammate, zhinji kukura bvudzi pachiso uye dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri - anoratidza nzvimbo munhu ezvinhu ari makemikari nyika maonero ayo mavambo mhuka.

Anatomical zvinhu chokuita bipedalism

mira mamiriro Fani zvakakonzera chidzoke dzimwe nyaya dziri anatomical maumbirwo womunhu muviri. Somuenzaniso, S-zvakaumbwa nomuzongoza chimiro, izvo anowedzera mukana wokushandiswa uye dzinopomhodza nokurohwa nokudzungudza kufamba uye kumhanya, yaiva Maumbirwe chiuno, iyo dzimba zvomukati, kunyanya sechivako tsoka - payo akaronga kuti rinopa cushioning uye kudzivirira rezasi maoko nemakumbo kana kufamba. All idzi nevamwe vanhu uye haana kuwanikwa chero mhando mhuka. Izvi zvinoratidza nzvimbo chaiye ano dzevanhu nyika makemikari ino kuti wakapatsanura kubva dzimwe nhengo mhuka umambo.

Social zvinhu-shanduka kwevanhu

Bipedalism akabatanidzwa basa rinokosha kukura womunhu wacho. Upper muzvidimbu - ruoko - vasunungurwe mashandiro rwokufamba akatanga kushandiswa kuita akatunhidzwa uye kunzwisisa mashandiro: tsamba, basa chiito, kuridza zviridzwa, uye zvichingodaro D. Kukwanisa kubereka uye kushandisa moto sedziviriro, uye achigadzirira zvokudya thermally kupatsanurwa zvachose. It akaparadzanisa nhengo mhando Homo sapiens kubva nedzimwe mhuka, uye kwakaratidza rakasiyana munhu ari makemikari nyika ino.

Kukura mafungiro uye matauriro

Kushandiswa chakagadzirwa zvishandiso upenyu mumamiriro munzanga zvakakonzera paumbwe imwe qualitatively yakasiyana zvichikurukura hurongwa, iyo yakasiyana kubva "mutauro mhuka". Kuomesa interneural contactsGoogle vari kuruboshwe hemisphere uye frontal akafukidza (nharaunda Wernicke uye poran) akapa activation nzvimbo kunzwisisa uye injini unyanzvi kutaura. Mano kunzwisisa pfungwa akavhiyiwa: pachisara kwetunhu, abstraction - mugumisiro shanduka kwevanhu - anthropogenesis. Zvakaita kuti paumbwe ano zvoutachiona kwemarudzi Homo sapiens.

Human shanduka uye hunyambiri hunhu wemunhu

Kuva hweunhu uye pasi yaro shanduka kusimudzira vanhu vose, uyewo mumwe nomumwe ndiye kuratidzwa kwake evanhu ukama izvo zvave somugumisiro wenhoroondo, zvechitendero uye zvetsika maitiro evanhu vakawanda zvakasiyana. Chirango ichi rwesayenzi sezvo sociobiology, riri chaizvoizvo muunganidzwa genetics, evanhu, zvipenyu, zvepfungwa, kuedza kubatanidza kuva rose zvinodavirwa muchitendero rwokuzvarwa selection, kuita zvakasikwa, pamwe dzavasinei nadzo dzevanhu mananara akadai nehanya nevamwe uye tsika. Ndivo kuzivikanwa nevanhu maitiro mhinduro uye kukonzera ayo musiyano kukuru kubva hunenge uye zvaisazogona mhuka.

Vanhu chacho muenzaniso evanhu

Kwawakarerekera vanoongorora basa zvipenyu chezvinonhuwira shanduka hwevanhu, asiwo nokuti pedyo maererano zvakasikwa, tinofanira kuyeuka kuti zvose pamusoro apa zvinoratidza kuti mhando Homo sapiens yose anthropogenesis aumba pasi pomutemo kukura munzanga yevanhu, yaidzidza evanhu, magariro sainzi, kwepfungwa . hwomunhu ukama mhuka nyika kunogona kunyatsooneka kuonekwa munhu sainzi akadai zvipenyu. Uise munhu ari makemikari ezvinhu zvenyika rakasiyana nemamwe, sezvo iye ari Dual chisikwa.

Izvi zvinoratidzwa vose anozivikanwa pakunamata uye dzouzivi dzidziso kuti vavapo muBhabhironi rekare, Greece uye hweRoma. Vakanga kushandurwa uye yakabuda sezvo pfungwa zvitendero zvenyika: chiJudha, chiKristu, Islam uye chiBuddha. The Nzvimbo pakukura nyika yebudiriro vakasimuka pahwaro socio-mamiriro ezveupfumi. Pamusana kwavari, ipapo akanga aumba rinokosha upenyu Panyika, unonzi vanhu.