Rehydrogen - chii ichocho zvinhu? Chemical uye zvivako rehydrogen chaiko

Mumwe makemikari chaikosha ane yayo nzvimbo zvinzvimbo periodic ino, izvo zvinoreva unhu hwakaratidzwa navo uye anotaura pamusoro wayo zvemagetsi marongerwo. Zvisinei, pane imwe kunyanya kwemaatomu zvose, izvo zvinotora masero maviri chete. It riri muna mbiri pakatarisana zvachose ehupfumi hwakaratidzwa mapoka zvinhu. Ko rehydrogen. Izvi zvinhu kuti nemamwe.

Rehydrogen - haisi chinhu, asi nyore fuma, uyewo chinhu chinokosha yeimwe zhinji kunzwisisa, biogenic uye organogenic maatomu akafanana. Naizvozvo, isu funga zvachiri uye zvivako zvizere.

Rehydrogen ndiwo mushonga eremendi

Rehydrogen - ane chinhu boka chikuru boka rokutanga, uyewo boka rechinomwe huru boka rokutanga munguva diki. Nguva iyi ine mbiri chete nemaatomu: nehelium uye chinhu kuonana. We tsanangura huru zviri rehydrogen chinzvimbo periodic ino.

1. Ordinal nhamba rehydrogen - 1, nhamba maerekitironi ndiyo chete, ukuwo, protons sezvo zvikuru. Mabhomba guru - 1,00795. Kune zvitatu isotope ari chinhu pamwe gobvu nhamba 1, 2, 3. Zvisinei, ehupfumi nomumwe akasiyana zvikuru, nokuti kuwedzera uremu paminiti chikwata kunyange kamwe chete kwenguva rehydrogen riri kaviri.
2. Chokwadi kuti rokunze simba pamwero rine chete Erekitironi chete, zvinogona kubudirira kuva zvose oxidizing uye kwomuviri. Uyezve, mushure hazviiti Erekitironi anoramba akasununguka orbital, izvo zvaisanganisira pakugadzirwa kwemakemikari zvisungo anyatsoronga-acceptor mashandiro.
3. Rehydrogen - ane simba achidzikisa zvaanoda. Saka, zviri kuonekwa nzvimbo inokosha boka huru boka, apo akatungamirira kupfuura basa nesimbi rokutanga - alkaline.
4. Zvisinei, nokuda maitiro pamwe simba yokuderedza vamiririri akadai Somuenzaniso, nesimbi, uye zvinogona kuva oxidant, kubvuma Erekitironi. yeimwe ava inonzi hydrides. On hwaro ichi anotungamirira munhu subgroup pamusoro halogens, iro rakafanana.
5. Nokuda chidukuduku mabhomba guru rehydrogen ichaongororwa kuva lightest maatomu akafanana. Mukuwedzera, arambe achirema ndiyewo dikisa, saka zviri zvakare chipimo zvakanaka.

Saka, zviri pachena kuti rehydrogen atomu - iri zvachose akasiyana, kusafanana nedzimwe maatomu akafanana. Somugumisiro, zvivako zviri zvakare inokosha, uye kuumbwa nyore uye kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru. Ngatimboongororai navo mberi.

nyore fuma

Kana isu nezvazvo chaikosha ichi sezvo morekuru, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti zviri diatomic. Kureva, rehydrogen (nyore fuma), - gasi. empirical payakavakirwa Its zvakanyorwa sezvo H _2, uye Graphics - kuburikidza rimwe Sigma-chisungo H-H. The mashandiro rokuumba chisungo pakati maatomu - asiri polar covalent.

Kunyange Henry Cavendish muna 1766, wakagona kuzarura fuma. Kuti akaratidza kuti rehydrogen - gasi, rimwe rinogona ikarira mumhepo. Gare gare, ari ehupfumi zvave zvakanaka kudzidza, zvakava pachena kuti pfuma - the lightest pakati yakakurumbira.

Kunyange pashure Lavoisier akapa zita (sechinhu ichocho, uye pfuma anoritsanangura) muchiLatin - ". Achisununguka mvura" hydrogenium, zvinoreva Akawana 1781 godu chaikosha ichi Henry Cavendish zvakaratidza kuti mvura - mubatanidzwa sehydrogen okisijeni, i.e. ndiwo maitiro chigadzirwa chayo. Uye kuti chiedza gasi kuri zvinobata moto chaizvo, akanga atova anozivikanwa XVI remakore, izvi zvinoratidzwa yenhau Paracelsus.

Saka, samolecular rehydrogen - zvakajairika chaizvo zvakasikwa uye sezvingatarisirwa kuitika gaseous remubatanidzwa zvinosanganisira maatomu maviri rinokwanisa ikarira mumhepo. Uyezve, morekuru inogona yaora kupinda maatomu, izvo havagovani zvenyukireya siyana, akatendeuka kuva nehelium neerekitironi. azvaiitwa ichi- dzinoitika zuva uye muchadenga, ndiyo bhizimisi chikuru mukomboni.

Rehydrogen - imwe pfuma kuti anokwanisa kutaura pachavo, uye somunhu oxidizing mumiririri, uye somunhu kuderedza zvaanoda. Uyewo, ndiko inoshandiswa zvikuru zvinoitwa nevanhu.

mumuviri ehupfumi

parameters Zvokunyama rehydrogen rine zvinotevera:

1. Kubika pfungwa - (-252.76 ⁰ C).
2. Utsotso pfungwa - (-259.2 ⁰ C).
3. In tembiricha siyana kwakaratidza chiri Hauoneki mvura, asina kwakanaka.
4. Panguva yakakwirira chaizvo zvinetso zviripo snowlike crystals zvokufonongonwa rehydrogen.
5. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu (matunhu kumanikidzwa netembiricha pasi) ndiyo convertible kuti esimbi ezvinhu.
6. Munenge insoluble nemvura saka basa iri ivepo misha remvura gadziriro murabhoritari.
7. Under zvavo ezvinhu rehydrogen - gasi, imwe odorless, Hauoneki uye shata.
8. Zvinobata moto uye putika zvinhu.
9. It urwa zvakanaka nesimbi, sezvo anokwanisa diffuse kuburikidza Ukobvu.
10. Inenge 14,5 nguva gasi iri vakareruka kupfuura mhepo.

The sekristaro rekamuri imwe nyore samolecular zvinhu, kukurukurirana simba, saka zviri nyore kuparadzwa.

mushonga ehupfumi

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, rehydrogen anogona kuratidza zvose rutapudzo uye oxidising zvivako. Possible oxidizing simba chinhu 1; -1. Saka, zvinoita rinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri nokuda Syntheses siyana uye nezviito.

Oxidation ehupfumi rehydrogen

1. The kudyidzana pamwe yezviri simbi (alkaline uye alkaline pasi) pasi kwakajairika ezvinhu inotungamirira paumbwe munyu-kufanana yeimwe inonzi hydrides. Somuenzaniso: LiH, kuSareka _2, KH, MgH _2, uye vamwe.
2. Compounds pamwe sekwaserera nesimbi panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha kana simba jekeso (the photochemical kudzidziswa maitiro) Uyewo kuumba hydrides.

Rehydrogen kwomuviri

1. Kudyidzana pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu chete fluorine (somunhu simba oxidizing mumiririri). Somugumisiro, rehydrogen fluoride kana hydrofluoric asidhi Zvakanaka hf.
2. Kudyidzana pamwe anenge asiri nesimbi, asi pasi zvimwe zvinhu panzvimbo inoomesera. Mienzaniso yeimwe: H ₂ S, NH _3, H ₂ O, ph _3, SiH ₄ uye nevamwe.
3. Anonaya simbi kubva oxides avo nyore zvinhu. Uyu ndiwo mumwe maindasitiri nzira hwokubereka simbi -called vodorodotermiey.

Tinofanirawo kuratidza vamwe kuti zvinoshandiswa Organic Syntheses. Dzinonzi hydrogenation - dehydrogenation uye rehydrogen saturation, kureva, ayo cleavage kubva Morekuru. Pachishandiswa nzira idzi, mumwe muzvizhinji kuti transformations ose Mahydrocarbon uye mamwe makemikari yeimwe.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Rehydrogen - ndicho fuma pamusoro redu uye mberi. Pashure pezvose, anenge zvose yomuchadenga nzvimbo uye nyeredzi kubva ino chaiyo akakura. In muchadenga, anogona kuvapo ari muchimiro:

• yeplasma;
• gasi;
• ions;
• maatomu;
• mamorekuru.

Kune mhando dzakawanda akasiyana arambe achirema makore, iine chaiyo nenhumbi ichi.

Achitaura akanatsozvarwa kuti kupararira mune goko paNyika, hydrogen iri munzvimbo yechipiri pamusoro nhamba emaatomu ezvinhu okisijeni nemarudzi vanenge 17%. The vakasununguka chimiro hariwanikwi, bedzi zviduku uwandu sorutivi yakaoma mhepo. Vakawanda remubatanidzwa wenyika chaikosha ichi - mvura. Zviri wayo marongerwo uye inowanikwa panyika.

Uyewo, rehydrogen chinhu chinokosha chero chipenyu muviri. Uyezve, 63% womunhu muviri pane chikamu maatomu. Rehydrogen - the chinhu chiri organogenic saka zvinowanisa mamorekuru kwemapurotini, mafuta, makabhohaidhiretsi uye nucleic acids, uyewo dzimwe yeimwe dzakawanda dzinokosha.

mutambo

Pane nzira dzakasiyana kuwana gasi pasi pedu. Idzi dzinosanganisira maindasitiri uye mumarabhoritari usage dzakasiyana.

Commercial pezvakaitwa nokuti kubudisa rehydrogen :

1. Steam methane kutendeuka.
2. Gasification kuti marasha - kwacho kunosanganisira muchidziisa kabhoni kusvika 1000 ⁰ C, nokudaro achiumba rehydrogen uye kabhoni-nyanyisa.
3. Electrolysis. Nzira iyi inogona kushandiswa bedzi aqueous zvingaitwa kuti munyu siyana sezvo uchanyangadika haiiti kuti pauri mvura panguva cathode.

Laboratory Nzira hwokubereka rehydrogen:

1. The hydrolysis nesimbi hydrides.
2. Kuitwa sanganisa acids pamusoro basa nesimbi uye yechipiri basa.
3. Kudyidzana nenyika alkali uye alkaline simbi nemvura.

Kuunganidza rehydrogen yakabereka, zvakakodzera kuchengeta chubhu husisina kumira. Pashure pezvose, gasi haigoni vakaunganidza Somuenzaniso, carbon dioxide. Ko rehydrogen, zviri vakareruka kupfuura mhepo. Nokukurumidza anonyangarika, uye akawanda apo hwakakanyiwa mhepo rinoputika. Naizvozvo, kuti chubhu titsauke. Yangopedzwa zvinofanira kuvharwa aine rabha chimiso.

Kuongorora rucheno yakaunganidzwa rehydrogen vanofanira kuunza mutsipa aibvira machisa. Kana donje mikukutu uye kunyarara - saka gasi chakachena, shoma mhepo tsvina. Kana ruzha Whistling - tsvina, ane guru achagoverwawo dzimwe zvinoriumba.

Areas mashandisiro

Panguva combustion rehydrogen akasunungura ndiyo uwandu guru simba (kupisa) kuti gasi chinotsva ndiyo zvikuru. Uyezve, vakanga vasiri kusvibisa. Zvisinei, nhasi, kushandiswa kwayo ane paanogumira munzvimbo iyi. Izvi imhaka kurwara-zano haana zvachose kugadzirisa matambudziko kwetunhu yakaisvonaka rehydrogen, izvo zvingava dzakakodzera kushandiswa sezvo huni reactors injini uye inotakurika namano, uyewo kudziyisa boilers dzimba.

Zvechokwadi, nzira achigadzirira gasi vari nani anodhura, saka pamberi zvakakodzera kuva kwetunhu nzira inokosha. Mumwe kuti achabvumira kuwana chigadzirwa pamwero uye usingashandi nesimba.

Kune nzvimbo dzakawanda anokosha umo gasi inoshandiswa pasi kukurukurwa nesu.

1. Chemical kwetunhu. Pachishandiswa vakawana hydrogenation sipo, margarine, epurasitiki. Kana rehydrogen kutaurawo synthesized methanol uye amoniya, uye dzimwe yeimwe.
2. In zvokudya indasitiri - sezvo chirungiso E949.
3. The avhiyesheni Indasitiri (chitundumuseremusere, ndege).
4. Electrical simba.
5. Meteorology.
6. Chinotsva Cleaner chitarisiko.

Zviri pachena, hydrogen kunokosha kufanana achiparadzirwa zvakasikwa. Achiri kuita basa rinokosha vakaumba yeimwe siyana.

yeimwe rehydrogen

kunzwisisa ichi fuma ine rehydrogen maatomu. Mhando dzakawanda inokosha zvakadaro zvinokuvadza vangazivikanwa.

1. Halides. The vakawanda payakavakirwa - HHal. Zvikuru kukosha pakati pavo rehydrogen chloride. gasi ichi, izvo urwa mumvura kuti aumbe hydrochloric asidhi mhinduro. asidhi iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinenge zvose makemikari Syntheses. Uyezve, zvose Organic uye inorganic. Rehydrogen chloride - mukomboni ane empirical payakavakirwa HCL uye ndiyo imwe pakukura tichitarisa okuwana pagore munyika ino. Panewo rehydrogen halide zvinosanganisira rehydrogen iodide, rehydrogen fluoride uye rehydrogen bromide. Ivo vose vanoumba runoenzanirana acid.
2. Akadaro rehydrogen nonmetal yeimwe. Zvinenge zvose zvikuru chepfu magasi. Somuenzaniso, rehydrogen sulfide, methane, silane, phosphine, uye vamwe. Zviri zvinobata moto chaizvo.
3. Hydrides - yeimwe pamwe simbi. Kureva munyu boka.
4. Hydroxides: zvigadziko acids, uye amphoteric yeimwe. sezvamunoita kwavo kunodiwa kuti zvinosanganisira hydrogen maatomu, mumwe kana kupfuura. Muenzaniso: NaOH, K ₂ [AL (OH) _4], H ₂ SO ₄ uye nevamwe.
5. Hydroxide rehydrogen. remubatanidzwa Iri nani kuvazivisa semvura. Chimwe zita rehydrogen oxide. Its empirical payakavakirwa ndiyo - H ₂ O.
6. Rehydrogen peroxide. Izvi oxidizer simba, iyo nzira ane chimiro H ₂ O _2.
7. Vakawanda Organic yeimwe: Mahydrocarbon, mapuroteni, mafuta, lipids, mavhitaminzi, hormone, uye zvimwe zvinokosha anonhuwirira.

Zviri pachena kuti kusiyana kwakaita tiri kufunga chinhu ihuru kwazvo. Izvi kamwe zvakare anosimbisa kukosha zvakasikwa uye murume, uyewo zvose zvipenyu.

Oxide rehydrogen - ndiyo yakanakisisa solvent

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mashoko plebeian zita pfuma - mvura. Inoitwa maviri rehydrogen maatomu uye mumwe okisijeni interconnected polar covalent zvisungo. Mvura morekuru rimwe dipole, rinotsanangura vazhinji zvivako hwakaratidzwa nayo. Chidimbu chokwadi kuti zvakasikwa solvent.

Yakanga iri hwemvura masango kuitika zvinenge zvose makemikari kwendangariro. Inner epurasitiki Maitiro uye simba muviri mu zvipenyu iri kuitwa pamwe rehydrogen oxide.

Mvura kuonekwa anokosha fuma panyika. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pasina haikwanise kurarama chete chipenyu muviri. On Earth, anogona kuvapo muna zvitatu inoti zviri aggregation:

• mvura;
• Gas (chiutsi);
• zvikukutu (chando).

Zvichienderana hydrogen isotope iri Morekuru, kune marudzi matatu mvura.

1. Easy kana protium. Isotope ane gobvu nhamba 1. The nzira - H ₂ O. Ichi kujairana chimiro kuti anoshandisa zvinenge zvose.
2. Deuterium kana rinorema, izvozvo payakavakirwa - D ₂ O. rine isotope ² H.
3. Superheavy kana tritium. The yemaitiro iri sezvo T ₃ O isotope - ³ N.

reserves zvikuru mvura yakachena pasi pano protium. Nechekare, munyika dzakawanda pane kushayikwa kwayo. Dzakabudirira nzira nokuti mishonga mvura munyu kubereka mvura potable.

Rehydrogen peroxide - ndiyo zvakasikwa nzira

remubatanidzwa ichi, sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, shasha oxidant. Zvisinei, vamiririri simba anogona kuita uye ave kuderedza mumiririri zvakare. Uyezve, ane simba bactericidal kushanda.

Chimwe zita remubatanidzwa ichi - peroxide. In chimiro ichi rinoshandiswa mune zvokurapa. 3% mhinduro kubva crystalline yeimwe pasi kukurukurwa - ichi yezvokurapa zvinodhaka iro rakashandiswa mabatiro maronda duku ine maonero kuti decontamination yavo. Zvisinei, zvinonzi akaratidza kuti panguva iyoyo kuporesa maronda kunowedzera.

Uyewo rehydrogen peroxide rinoshandiswa chitundumuseremusere huni indasitiri nokuda disinfection uye bleaching, somunhu anopupuma mumiririri kuwana runoenzanirana zvinhu (furo, somuenzaniso). Mukuwedzera, peroxide kunobatsira kuchenesa aquariums, discolor mbeu bvudzi uye kuzvichenesa zvikadaro meno. Zvisinei, kukuvadza nhengo dzomukati, saka nyanzvi kuti chinangwa ichi hachina inokurudzirwa.