Inotungamirwa, Secondary dzidzo uye zvikoro
Habitat flatworms. Types flatworms
Animal Type flatworms, izvo zvinosanganisirwa boka bilaterally zvakafanana, ichibata, vakadzidza sainzi uye zvipenyu. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) havasi chete nhengo dzeboka iri, rinoreva zvinopfuura 90% mhuka, kusanganisira annelid nehonye uye kumativi, arthropods, mollusks, etc.
Pakuonekwa uye tsananguro flatworms
Platyhelminthes C mutauro wechiGiriki rinoreva "yakafara nehonye." Izvi chinyakare invertebrate makonye, izvo kushaya muviri mhango, rakagadzirirwa kwacho, kuparadzirwa uye excretion nezvinovaka muviri. Vazhinji vavo tupukanana, uye vamwe vanogara mumvura kana nyika kumusoro mwando. Vari dzinoratidzwa kunzwisisa upenyu kutenderera, panguva iyo pane kuchinja zvenguva wehondo, kusvikira makonye hadzina kugara chokupedzisira nehondo miviri.
Mhando flatworms ndivo akasiyana uye vakapararira munyika yose. Kune vanenge 25 zviuru.
Scientific kupatsanura flatworms
Flatworms ndezvaJehovha hwaJehoshafati bilateral (symmetric kumativi ose) protostomes mhuka. Maererano nedzimwe nharo izvo vavapo pavaiedza pakugovana flatworms vari mapoka akasiyana, masayendisiti patsanura navo somunhu paraphyletic boka. Zvinosanganisira vamiriri chiduku chikamu vazukuru madzitateguru chete.
Sechivako zvomukati flatworm
flatworms muviri elongated uye flattened, asina mhango mukati. Ndizvo zvose nzvimbo rukazadza masero. Mukati, pane akaturikidzana pamusoro tsandanyama, iyo pamwe chete goko vanoumba gonye musculocutaneous bhegi.
Iripo nhengo dzomukati:
- The zvomudumbu Hurongwa chinomiririrwa muromo uye bofu (kuwana) ura. Zvinovaka muviri vanopinda achishandisa muromo, uye anogona nyura nokuda yose muviri pamusoro.
- Tsinga ine uropi uye tsinga ganglion mbiru. Vamwe flatworms makirasi vari chinyakare zvakanyatsoenzana nhengo wezvakaonekwa.
- The excretory Hurongwa ine chaiyo tubular, asi kazhinji kusunungura kunoitika yose muviri pamusoro.
- Dzokubereka nadzo seanoti munhukadzi (ovariectomized) namakwayana (testes) sikarudzi. Flatworms muri hermaphrodites.
Kusiyana pakati sandara uye kumativi Makonye
Roundworms Ndege zvakasiyana nezvinoitwa-chikamu pamuchinjikwa muviri ane tenderera chimiro. Roundworms zvichiri kunzi nematodes. Kuva bilaterally zvakafanana, ichibata muviri plan, vane zvakanaka dzakabudirira netsandanyama. Asi musiyano mukuru kubva flatworms ndechokuti denderedzwa une womukati muviri mhango, uye flat - kwete.
A-siyana makirasi flatworms
Table "Flatworms" chinoratidza zvakajeka weboka kwemarudzi kupinda makirasi, iro sayenzi yemazuva ano nomwe.
Zita mukirasi | dzinogarisana | miganhu | upenyu kutenderera |
Monogeneans (flukes) | Kushandisa namira Disc pakupedzisira pakuguma honye monogeneans vasiyana gills hove uye ganda amphibians uye nenjiva | Vashomashoma, avhareji asingasviki 1 mm | Over hwose, honye ane mumwe tenzi, inowira muchimiro vakasununguka-zvinoyangarara mazana iyo |
Tsestodoobraznye | Tupukanana mumuviri mhango hove Freshwater uye nenjiva | Length yemakomo kubva 2.5 kusvika 38 masendimita | The mazana kukudziridza mumuviri crustaceans mazai yakamedza. Vadya Crustacean hwemvura vertebrates vane akura munhu nyore kubva dumbu idzva muridzi inofamba pamuviri mhango, iro rinorarama uye dzinoita |
aspidogastrea | Yavanogara mitumbi molluscs, Freshwater uye saltwater hove | The saizi mukuru kazhinji inowana zvinopfuura 15 mm | Kanoverengeka kuchinja varidzi upenyu kutenderera honye |
Trematodes (flukes) | Ko tupukanana ose vertebrates uye invertebrates, murume. Kurarama muura, gallbladder, chiropa | Dimensions achasiyana zvichienderana nzvimbo parasitism akura honye inogona kubva 2 mm 1 M | Over hwose, ndine varidzi akawanda. The dukutu anogara wokutanga gastropods, uyo akafa. Zvinovhiringidza mukati kana anwa cercariae (vakagadzirira kufamba kuti zviremera yokupedzisira hondo dukutu) |
gyrocotylidea | Ko tupukanana nehove cartilaginous, chimaeras nenzira helical mudanga of ura | Kubva 2 kusvika 20 cm | Zvokufungidzira, asi mazana pakutanga munguva mutumbi zvenguva hondo, uye ipapo akazotamira hove. Asi nokuda kwokuti hove chimeric yakadzika, experimentally pfungwa haina yasimbiswa |
bhandi | flatworms dzinogarisana ura ane mhuka uye murume, rusvingo zvavanopa vachabatana zvakasimba vane musoro chikwata | Kungakanganisa kusvika 10 m. | Propagation kunoitika pahondo muviri, mazai dziri mumvura, dzakatsigira nyika. Pane dukutu, iyo pashure zvinhanho zvitatu kukura ichichinja gonye kuti akagadzirira parasitize uye kuti ichishanduka. Vakuru vanogona kuchinja vanatenzi |
ciliated | Mostly vakasununguka-honye vanogara yakachena uye munyu nemvura, dzimwe nguva ari ivhu nyoro | Muviri urefu yemakomo kubva roga kukura kusvika 40 masendimita | The dukutu zvakafanana mukuru honye chinovapo mazai, kurarama pakati plankton kusvikira vanokura |
Classes flatworms, zvose asi mumwe (ciliated Makonye) vari tupukanana. Vazhinji vavo kuchikosha zvainoita nevanhu vane Freshwater uye saltwater hove, achidzikisa pavo.
Kuva nemano parasitize paganda, gills pasi makonye vari kuwana zvinyorwa zvakasiyana chirwere mukati, izvo chinokonzera vakawanda noutachiona uye rufu hove.
turbellarians
Turbellarians (turbellarians) ndivo zvikara vanodya invertebrates diki, arthropods uye kunyange clams makuru. Ivo ndamedza duku dzinodya nyama yose kana simba anomwa kufamba yakabvamburwa kubvira zvidimbu yake.
honye muviri anokwanisa panoda hwavo. mumiriri Bright ndiye Planaria, iyo kunyange zviduku chikamu muviri kuzodzosera kukura kuva wakakwana munhu.
Flatworms kumba aquariums
Helminths anogona kuva dambudziko guru kune avo vanoda ruminant hove aquariums.
Habitat flatworms kunyanya mvura. Sezvo flukes, flatworms chinogona kubatanidzwa ne namira Disc kusvikira pemvura ganda uye gills hove akwariyamu.
Makonye mukuru mazai ayo mazana kuti kurarama paganda hove. Zvishoma nezvishoma, ivo zvinokambaira pamusoro gills zvavo, izvo varikukura, richisvika dzepabonde pakunamata.
hove Young vane kubatwa tupukanana simba. Paumbwe imwe Sumbu nehonye pamusoro gills inotungamirira rufu rwomuviri, uye gare gare kuti rufu hove.
Dzimwe flatworms mumusha akwariyamu pamwe ivhu, zvokudya Live. mazana avo vangava pamusoro pemvura algae pamusoro ganda pakazara itsva akwariyamu hove.
Kubvisa mhuri tupukanana kubva hove, zvakakodzera kuti tirambe navo mabhati pamwe kuwedzera 5-bitsillina uye munyu kwemaminitsi 5.
Nengozi vanhu utano tupukanana
Subject flatworms, kunyanya, dambudziko chipembenene kuzvidzora, kunokosha kwete chete nokuda hove uye dzemugungwa. Pane mukana wokutapukirwa kwevanhu nehonye, kurwa kuti anogona kuva refu uye kurwadza.
Dzimwe mhando tupukanana muvanhu uye dzimwe mhuka:
- Pseudophyllidea (tapeworm rakafara). Chirwere chinogona kuitika kwavari kana aripo zvokudya mbishi, taita nemunyu hove. Munguva duku ura pamusoro tapeworm anogona kurarama kwemakumi emakore, richisvika kureba kusvika 20 m.
- Aeniarhynchus saginatus (bovine tapeworm). Habitat flatworms - ura womunhu uye mombe. Prisasyvayas kuti masvingo aro, helminth anokura 10 m. The mazana kuve dzimwe nhengo dzomukati, mune kure munzvimbo (uropi, tsandanyama, chiropa), saka kakawanda navo zvakaoma chose kubvisa. Murwere kungava kuurayisa. Chirwere kunoitika kuburikidza ingestion mazai nehonye mudumbu pamwe zvakakwana chafariz kupatsanurwa zvokudya pamaoko tsvina.
- Echinococcus (Echinococcus) kwakazara imbwa nekatsi, vari kutamira muviri mumwe murume. Pasinei duku saizi - 5 chete mm - mano ayo larval chimiro Finns, kuremerwa nhengo dzomukati, zvinouraya. The mazana anogona zvinopfuura kufema, mapfupa, Urinary hurongwa. Flatworms echinococci aiwanzowanika uropi, chiropa uye dzimwe nhengo dzomukati. Munhu anogona kuwana nyore utachiona mazana yabudiswa nembwa, iyo vachipinda nguvo, uye kubva ipapo zvose zvemumba uye zvokudya.
- Chiropa fluke - akakuvadza pakati cholecystitis, biliary colic, kusagadzikana mudumbu uye ura, nezvimwe zvinhu. Habitat flatworms runonyanya mhuka chiropa dzevanhu uye ushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo, bile nzira. The muviri Kureba fluke hakuiti pfuura 3 cm. A chinokosha ndechokuti kwete chete vanhu vakuru, asi mazana avo vanokwanisa bereka.
Kudzivirira utachiona helminths
Matanho akawira mazai uye mazana honye mumuviri womunhu ndeinotevera:
- Zvakakodzera kugeza maoko kwazvo nesipo nemvura usati wadya, pashure kushanyira paruzhinji, zvimbudzi, mumigwagwa, kutaura dzinovaraidza.
- Geza mbishi miriwo nemichero nemvura inodziya uye sipo.
- Musadya yakatsvuka nyama uye hove.
- Long kupisa zvakaipa zvokudya, kunyanya nyama uye hove.
- Nyatsoteerera vachinyatsoziva kudzivirira parasitic infestations ose pazvaiwedzera.
- Nguva, kanenge kamwe pagore, tora fecal mazai helminth.
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