Ndezvipi utachiona: mazita uye mhando

Mukuru chipenyu muviri panyika. wevamiriri vayo havana chete vakapona kwemabhiriyoni emakore, asi dzine simba kuparadza mamwe maonero zvose zvenyika. Munyaya ino tichakurukura chii vari utachiona.

Kutaura mamiriro avo, mashandiro, uye kudana vamwe anobatsira uye kunokuvadza mhuka.

The Kuwanika mabhakitiriya

Ngatitange rwokuparidza yedu muumambo Micro-zvipenyu vane tsananguro. Unorevei "bacteria"?

Izwi iri rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki "seinä". zvedzidzo ake Mutauro kwakamboitwa echiKristu Ehrenberg. Izvi dzisiri zvenyukireya tupukanana tusingaoneki, zvinosanganisira sero rimwe chete uye vasina core. Kare, vakanga vachiri kunzi "prokaryotes" (non-yenyukireya). Asi muna 1970 pakava nekupesana pakati Archaea uye eubacteria. Zvisinei, kusvikira ikozvino kazhinji kwaireva iri izwi prokaryotes zvose.

Zvidzidzo sainzi Bacteriology, vari utachiona. Masayendisiti anoti pari pane vanenge zviuru gumi marudzi akasiyana kurarama venyama. Zvisinei, zvinofungidzirwa kuti vari kupfuura miriyoni marudzi.

Anton Levenguk, munhu Dutch zvakasikwa, mumwe microbiologist uye nhengo Royal Society, muna 1676, muna tsamba muUK inotsanangura dzakawanda majemusi, izvo akaona. shoko rake vakawira voruzhinji vari kuvhunduka, akatumirwa kuti komiti muLondon kuti kaviri-kutarisa mashoko.

Pashure Neemiya Gryu chine ruzivo, Leeuwenhoek akava nyanzvi mbiri, piyona pakati nyore zvipenyu. Asi manotsi iye akataura kwavari "animalkuli".

basa rake rakanga zvakaramba Ehrenberg. Hazvina mutsvakurudzi uyu akaumba mashoko okuti ano okuti "bacteria" muna 1828.

Robert Koch akava echimurenga mu zvidukuduku. Iye postulates mune ukama hwavo tusingaoneki vane zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, uye anozivisa vamwe vavo vakatanga. Zvikurukuru, Koch akaziva utachiona hunokonzera tibhii.

Tisati kuti wakarurama kudzidza chete zvavo nemashoko, kuti pashure 1930, apo wokutanga Erekitironi maikorosikopu, sayenzi yakaita achikwakuka mune mirayiridzo iyi hwakagadzwa. Wokutanga anotanga zvakadzama kudzidza maumbirwo zvigare. Muna 1977, musayendisiti American Karl yeWatchtower wakapatsanura prokaryotes pamusoro archaea uye utachiona.

Saka, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti chirango ichi ndicho chete pakutanga kukura. Ndiani anoziva kuti vangani zvakawanda zvakawanwa akatimirira mumakore anouya.

mamiriro

On chii vari utachiona, 3 kirasi achitoziva akazvionera. Vana vanodzidza sechivako tusingaoneki mukirasi. Ngationei yokunyatsoongorora zvishoma pane nyaya iyi kuti adzikunure ruzivo. Pasina izvozvo, isu zvaizova zvakaoma kukurukura pfungwa dzinotevera.

Unorema mabhakitiriya ine sero rimwe chete. Asi zvakasiyana chimiro.

Nemamiriro kunobva mararamiro uye nechouviri yacho microorganism. Saka pane cocci (kumativi), Clostridium uye Bacillus (tsvimbo serin'i), spirochetes uye vibrios (ichitenderera), muchimiro cubes, nyeredzi uye tetrahedrons. Zvinonzi akacherechedza kuti vane risingamboshandisi uwandu zvinovaka muviri ari kwezvakatipoteredza bacteria vanowanzotevedzera kuwedzera pamusoro nzvimbo. Vanokura mberi dzidzo. Masayendisiti mudane excrescences izvi "prostheca".

Saka, pashure takazoziva, ndedzipi nzira utachiona, zvakafanira kuti anyorere womukati maumbirwo yavo. Celled zvinenge kuramba iine zvivako zvitatu. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinosiyana-siyana, asi kuti makirisito kucharamba chete.

Saka, mumwe nomumwe utachiona ndiyo hazvo aripo simba mamiriro (nucleotide) non-Kamudzira organelles anokonzera mapuroteni usage kubva amino acids (the ribosome) uye protoplast. Last zvinosanganisira cytoplasm uye cytoplasmic membrane.

Kubva hasha kwokunze simba sero Kamudzira runochengetedzwa imwe goko randinogara parusvingo Kamudzira nechifukidziro. Dzimwe unowanikwa zvachero idzodzo dzakaita villi uye flagella. Vari akagadzirirwa kubatsira utachiona zvinobudirira kufamba muchadenga, kupa zvokudya.

muviri

Pataipedza mawana nemi, ndedzipi utachiona, mhando zvokudya kuva pachena. tusingaoneki aya mapoka mapoka maviri - heterotrophic uye autotrophic. Aimbova zvinosanganisira tupukanana siyana risingagoni kupatsanurwa fuma yakawanikwa kubva kunze. Ivo kungoshandisa vakagadzirira akagadzirwa yeimwe nomuviri "muridzi". The yokupedzisira pachavo vanogona kubereka yakakwana inorganic yeimwe.

Kunyanya munokosha kutarisa heterotrophic utachiona. Mhando dzakasiyana vanoda imwe nhamba zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, Bacillus fastidiosus akawana chete weti, sezvo inogona kugamuchira chete kabhoni iri acid. About tusingaoneki izvi muudzame ichakurukurwa pashure.

Zvino zvakafanira kugara pamusoro nzira replenishment simba muchitokisi. Ndiyo sayenzi yemazuva anoziva matatu chete. Utachiona vanoshandisa photosynthesis, afemeruke kana chinovira.

Photosynthesis zvikurukuru, vangava nokushandiswa okisijeni uye pasina chikamu kwenhengo. Pasina izvozvo kukudyira yepepuru, girini uye geliobakterii. Ivo inongomutsa bacteriochlorophyll. For oxygenic photosynthesis kunoda nguva chlorophyll. Izvi zvinosanganisira prochlorophyta uye cyanobacteria.

Zvakawanikwa yakaitwa nguva ichangodarika. Masayendisiti akawana tusingaoneki izvo zvinoitwa muchitokisi uchishandisa rehydrogen zvinoberekwa kuora nokuda mvura. Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Nokuti ichi kuita, munhu anofanira kuva nhamba kuti uranium exchange esimbi, kwete zvimwe kuwana zvakakodzera mugumisiro.

Uyewo, zviri mvura nyika gungwa rakadzika, uye pane mapoka utachiona pamusoro wayo pasi, iyo zvinoparadzira simba chete pachishandiswa Magetsi.

kubereka

Kwamboita chii vari utachiona. Mhando kubereka ezvinhu zvipenyu izvi, isu haangatongovi ikozvino.

Pane nzira nhatu idzo zvisikwa izvi vari kuwedzera nhamba yavo.

Izvi pabonde kubereka mumamiriro chimiro, yotunga uye Isometric muchinjikwa kupesana.

In dzepabonde kubereka vana vakawana kuburikidza transduction, conjugation uye kuchinja.

Uise munyika

Pakuvamba, isu tichati edza ndedzipi utachiona. Zvino zvakafanira kuti titaure nezvebasa vatambe zvakasikwa.

Vanotsvakurudza vanoti kwemabhakitiriya - zviri yokutanga zvinenge vapenyu zvakaiswa redu. Kune vose Kurovedza uye anaerobic mhuka. Saka, zvisikwa kuroora-celled vanokwanisa kurarama panguva njodzi dzakasiyana-siyana kuitika pamwe Earth.

The undoubted kushandisa utachiona ndiyo mumhepo senitrogen kuitwa. Ivo vanobatanidzwa mune paumbwe hwevhu, kuparadzwa zvasara kasvisto akafa uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Uyewo, Micro-zvinenge zvinobatanidzwa kukura chicherwa mari uye vane basa kuramba nerubatsiro okisijeni uye carbon dioxide mumhepo yedu.

Total biomass pamusoro prokaryotes ndiyo matani anenge mashanu nemakumi mabhiriyoni. Rinochengeta zvinopfuura makumi masere muzana phosphorus, senitrogen uye kabhoni.

Zvisinei, munyika imomo zvinobatsira kwete chete, asiwo pathogenic kwemabhakitiriya kwemarudzi. Vanovata zvirwere zvakawanda zvinouraya. Somuenzaniso, tiibhii ndevamwe, maperembudzi, denda, njovhera, hwechigwadara, uye vamwe vakawanda. Asi kunyange avo conditionally wakachengeteka upenyu hwevanhu, kungava kukanganisa apo kuderedza padanho kutapata.

Panewo utachiona kuti zvirwere mhuka, shiri, hove uye zvirimwa. Saka, kwete bedzi tusingaoneki ndivo symbiotic ne zvimwe dzakabudirira venyama. Next tichataura pamusoro ndedzipi utachiona, uyewo vamiririri utility uyu mhando zvigare.

Utachiona uye vanhu

Isu kare afunga chii utachiona vari, sei vanotarira, vanoziva sei kuita. Zvino zvakafanira kutaura chii basa ravo muupenyu murume ano.

Chekutanga, kwemazana emakore akawanda, tiri kushandisa mano kukuru pamusoro lactic asidhi mabhakitiriya. Pasina tusingaoneki izvi zvaisazova kuva zvokudya zvedu kana kefir kana yogati, kana chizi. Uyezve, masangano aya uyewo basa nedanho mbiriso.

Mune zvokurima, utachiona anoshandiswa nenzira mbiri. Kudivi rimwe, vanobatsira kubvisa sora zvisingadiwi (phytopathogenic zvinenge zvakadai sora), mumwe - kubva nezvipembenene (entomopathogenic unicellular sezvo zvipembenene). Uyezve, vanhu akadzidza kusika kwemabhakitiriya fetiraiza.

Uyewo, tusingaoneki kushandiswa zvinangwa zvechiuto. Achibatsirwa siyana akasika zvinouraya zvombo zvoutachiona. Kuti aite izvi, muna kosi havasi chete utachiona, asi zvinokachidza secreted navo.

The rugare nzira sainzi anoshandisa unicellular zvinenge yokutsvakurudza panzvimbo genetics, nemakemikari omuviri, magene engineering ezvinhu zvipenyu. With anobudirira kuedza kuti kwetunhu algorithms mavhitaminzi dzakasikwa, mapuroteni uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinodikanwa kuti munhu.

Utachiona akashandiswa dzimwe nzvimbo. Achibatsirwa tusingaoneki kunowedzerwa ores uye kuchenesa mvura uye nevhu.

Uyewo, masayendisiti vanoti utachiona anoumba microflora mu intestinal yevanhu turakiti, zvinogona kunzi yoga muviri pamwe nezvinangwa ayo uye akasiyana mabasa. Maererano Masvomhu Vatsvakurudzi, mukati muviri zviri pamusoro chete kilogram zvigare izvi!

Muupenyu hwezuva nezuva tine kwose kwose pathogenic utachiona. Maererano nenhamba, chikuru nhamba nyuchi iri Pazvibato Supermarket trolleys, zvichiteverwa kombiyuta mbeva paIndaneti Datenroku, uye chete wechitatu rinopindura ruzhinji restrooms.

Zvinotevera hurukuro chinotaura pamusoro chii zvakanaka utachiona inongova zvakakodzera kuti munhu nokuda Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nokushanda kwenhengo dzomuviri.

mabhakitiriya anobatsira

Vachiri kuchikoro vanodzidziswa vari utachiona. 3 kirasi anoziva zvose zvemarudzi cyanobacteria uye zvimwe chete-celled Utachiona, avo marongerwo uye kubereka. Zvino tichataura pamusoro hunoshanda divi nyaya.

Hafu yezana remakore adarika, hapana akafunga pamusoro nyaya iyi, sezvo mamiriro ari microflora iri dumbu. Zvose zvakanga kuti. Power zvoga uye utano, kushoma pakati hormone nemishonga, zvishoma namakemikari choutsi kupinda zvakatipoteredza.

Nhasi, ari mamiriro nokushaya zvokudya, kushushikana, zvakawandisa asingaurayiwi dysbiosis ndokurondedzera nyaya kuenda kutungamirira nzvimbo. vanachiremba vanogona sei kupa kurwisa?

Mumwe mukuru mhinduro - ndiko kushandiswa probiotics. Ichi rinokosha kunzwisisa kuti kuzodzosera nyuchi kuti ura kwevanhu kunobatsira mabhakitiriya.

kupindira kwakadaro kunogona kubatsira kwakadaro vatarisane nguva, kufanana nezvimwe zvinhu zvokudya, lactose kusashivirira, zvirwere zviri nemudumbu uye zvimwe zvirwere.

Ngatikurukurei bata ndedzipi mabhakitiriya anobatsira, uyewo kudzidza pamusoro Migumisiro vavo utano.

The vakadzidza zvikuru kwazvo uye anoshandiswa nevakawanda kuti pesvedzero inobatsira muviri mhando nhatu tusingaoneki - acidophilus, Bulgarian bacillus uye bifidobacteria.

vaviri vokutanga vakasikwa kuti inotokonya masoja emuviri uye kuderedza kukura vamwe anokuvadza tusingaoneki akadai mbiriso, E. coli, uye zvichingodaro. Bifidobacteria vane basa kugayiwa lactose, kugadzirwa mamwe mavhitaminzi uye remafuta akawandisa rutapudzo.

inimical utachiona

Pakuvamba, tichataura pamusoro chii vari utachiona. Types uye mazita rakajairika zvinobatsira tusingaoneki akaratidzwa kumusoro. Zvinotevera hurukuro chinotaura pamusoro "vavengi unicellular" munhu.

Saka kutanga ngatiwanei zvinoitwa pathogenic mabhakitiriya. chombo chavainyanya pamusoro zvikuru yepamusoro venyama - ndiyo muchetura. Kushandisa yakafanana zvinhu vanokanganisa zvinenge masero, zviri parasitic. Ndizvo vakawanda kasvisto uye fauna of nokuda siyana utachiona.

Kune avo vari kukuvadza munhu, pane ngozi kune mhuka kana zvirimwa. Vanhu vakadzidza kushandisa neyokupedzisira, zvikurukuru, kudzora masora uye pesky nezvipembenene.

Tisati yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora kuti, chii vari mabhakitiriya anokuvadza ari kuona nzira dzavo. Asi pane imwe kwazvo. Chero tusingaoneki izvo chinopfuudzwa Via yakasviba uye tsvina zvigadzirwa, kuenda neherikoputa uye kuonana makwara, kuburikidza nemvura, ivhu kana kuburikidza zvipembenene ikaruma.

Kuipa ndechokuti chete sero rimwe, kurova yakanaka ezvinhu womunhu muviri anokwanisa mumaawa mashomanana kuparadzira kusvika mamiriyoni akawanda utachiona.

Kana isu kutaura ndedzipi utachiona, pathogenic uye zvinobatsira rokuti zvakaoma kusiyanisa munhuwo zvake. In sainzi, kureva tusingaoneki vachishandisa mashoko Latin. Pachinhu parlance shoko abstruse pfungwa itsive - "E. coli", "activators" kuti korera, whooping chikosoro, tiibhii uye nevamwe.

Matanho kuti kudzivirira zvirwere vari vatatu marudzi. kubaya ichi uye yokudzivirira zvinodzongonyedza yedzimudzangara nzira (gauze dressings, magiravhusi) murwere kwake oga.

vari kupi utachiona vari weti

Vamwe vanhu vari kuedza kutarisira utano hwavo uye vanopfuura kuongorora pakiriniki. Kakawanda mhaka dzavarombo zvabuda ndiyo pamberi zvigare zviri ivhu.

On ndezvipi utachiona iri weti, tinenge kukurukura gare gare. Zvino pamire oga kugara pamusoro apo, chokwadi, pane kuonekwa chete-celled zvisikwa.

Zvakanakisa, munhu chena weti. Kurege kuva chero zvinenge dzavatorwa. Nzira chete kuwana utachiona yega - munzvimbo nokubviswa tsvina kubva mumuviri. Zvikurukuru, muchiitiko ichi uchava urethra.

Kana ongororo inoratidza shoma inclusions zvigare zviri weti, chero bedzi zvose OK. Asi pamwe nokuwedzera chinoratidza pamusoro bvumidzwa mwero, mashoko akadaro anoratidza kukura mune urogenital mugadziriro inflammations. Izvi zvinogona kunzi pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis nezvimwe zvirwere hachifadzi.

Saka, mubvunzo chii vari kwemabhakitiriya ari dundira zvakakwana kururama. Tusingaoneki regai kuwira kusarudzwa muviri ichi. Masayendisiti saka kure akataura zvikonzero zvichiita kuti kuvapo zvisikwa chete-celled ari weti.

• Chekutanga, zviri asingazvibati.
• Chechipiri, zvirwere genitourinary hurongwa.
• Chechitatu, kurega utsanana.
• Chechina, ungaderedza kutapata, chirwere cheshuga uye zvimwe zvirwere.

Mhando utachiona vari weti

Pakuvamba munyaya yakati kuti zvigare murenje zvinowanikwa chete pana zvirwere. Atinovimbiswa kukuudzai ndedzipi utachiona. Mazita achapiwa chete marudzi avo kuti kunowanzoitwa rinowanikwa pakuongororwa.

Saka ngationei kutanga. Lactobacillus - mumiririri anaerobic zvipenyu, giremu-akanaka utachiona. Zvinofanira kuva zvomudumbu dzevanhu hurongwa. Kuvapo kwacho weti inoratidza zvimwe kukundikana. Chiitiko ichocho hakukoshi, asi hazvifadzi kuti bhero kuti inofanira zvakakomba riitwe pacharo.

Proteus ariwo dzinongoitika ugere nemudumbu. Asi kuvapo kwayo muna weti kunoratidza kukundikana iri goho pamusoro mutsvina yadzo. Muviri uyu anowana kubva zvokudya weti chete nenzira iyi. Rairatidza kuvapo yakawanda kurenje iri Serratia unopfuta manzwiro panzvimbo dzapasi mudumbu uye zvinorwadza weti ine mvura rima wechitema.

Very akafanana yapfuura utachiona ndiye Enterococcus fekalis. Rikawira saizvozvo ari weti, Anowanza nokukurumidza uye ikarapwa yakaoma. Uyezve, utachiona Enterococcus husingakwanisi unorema inorwisa mabhakitiriya.

Saka, munyaya ino tiri apprised nezvokuti utachiona hwakadaro. Vakataura pamusoro nechivako zvavo, kubereka. Munoziva mazita vamwe inokuvadza uye anobatsira mhuka.

Rombo rakanaka kwamuri, dzinodiwa vaverengi! Yeuka kuti utsanana ndiyo yakanakisisa dziviriro.