Order Diptera: mukuru maitiro, vamiririri, kubereka

Uye achinaya mvura uye murenje, uye mune mimwe enyika dzinowanzotaurwa tupukanana Unorudzi Diptera. Vamiririri vemhuri iyi anozivikanwa nyika kubva munguva Jurassic kumwedzi. Kunetsa nhunzi, dzichiruma Umhutu Zvechokwadi hapana mutorwa wose.

Order Diptera: mukuru unhu

Diptera anonzi mhuka invertebrate vechigaro mukirasi nezvipembenene, mumwe aizoonekawo kuvapo chete peya wamapapiro uye izere Kuwanikwa imwe metamorphosis wakakwana. On a tsanangudzo anenge ose munhu akadaro anodzidza arava "Biology" bhuku. Diptera - kuri yokuzviparadzanisa, izvo unotora mhuri dzinopfuura zana namakumi mashanu nechiuru chimwe namazana zana mhando nezvipembenene. Special kukurumbira ane neinda, umhutu, nhunzi, horseflies.

Masayendisiti hadzisi kusvika Diptera evanhu mhuka, asi pane asina zviitiko apo vamiririri yokuzviparadzanisa kuumba rongedza. Kazhinji izvi, nokuda kuvapo anokwezva dzinoita kwezvokudya yakakunakira nzvimbo mundima kuti zvisangane kana kuzorora.

Asi chikuru mugove vaviri-mapapiro tumbuyu vanosarudza munhu woga kuvapo. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ichipfuura imwe kutenderera, iro akawana kuburikidza kutendeuka kupinda zvizere mumwe murayiro Diptera. Vamiririri kukupfura pakutanga panguva padariro mazai, ipapo kufamba vakapinda dukutu, pupa uye inoteverwa chete ipapo mukuru.

On Danho lichinistoy nomumwe muviri wakafanana gonye pasina makumbo. Chete muromo pamuviri yavo unsegmented dzidzo iri mudumbu. Uyewo, ivo dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo mouthparts. The mukuru vakuru chete anogona kugara airspace. Mazana panyaya iyi picky. Ndivo akasununguka uye muvhu uye mumvura uye iri miviri nemhuka. Imago, kuva murayiro Diptera, uchidzidza nekita pamwe nepfuma. Vane dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya uye ropa-anomwa.

Order Diptera: kubereka

Mazana nevamiririri vakura, nhengo kukupfura vane misiyano zvakajeka muna anatomical uye vasiri marongerwo. kwakawedzera rutoto mwaka wandei maviri mapapiro nezvipembenene inopfuura nyore. Kazhinji, vechirume vakagadzirira rora, ndinosika pamusoro yaiita ruzha nekamba rinokwanisa kukwezvera vakadzi vakawanda.

The chikuru mugove Diptera ndiye egglayers. Asi zvakasikwa pane nhunzi kuti zvinoodza ovoviviparity. Panyaya iyi, iyo Tupukanana rinokandira zai, iyo dzimba kuti pakupedzisira kuumbwa dipterous kuita mazana. Mushure hatching, vakabva vatanga kuti ribude zvakadai anokosha sezvo muviri.

Uyewo, pane nhunzi, vaikwanisa kurarama pakuberekwa. Muchiitiko chino, pane shanduro mbiri migumisiro zviitiko. Pakutanga instar dukutu anoberekerwa, kunoda imwe nguva yakawanda ari zvokudya, yechipiri dukutu anozvarwa akagadzirira pupation.

Uyewo Diptera kubereka kunogona kuitika panguva lichinistoy danho. Fani iyi inonzi pedogenesis. Zvinonzi inobva kuibvisa kweinenge subsidiaries makumi matanhatu mazana mumuviri paedogenetic. Child mazana vape- kuburikidza discontinuities vari mubereki pakavha. Kubereka mumwaka ezvinhu, vachibvumira zvipembenene mukati murayiro Diptera, achipa kusvikira chizvarwa chitsva 10 nokuti gore.

External zviratidzo vakuru Diptera

Nokuti mukuru Sizes Diptera - imago - richisvika pakati maviri namashanu masendimita pakureba. Bilateral symmetry ndiye anozivikanwa chinhu chinosiyanisa nemamwe Unorudzi Diptera. Mbabvu anoiswa pamusoro muviri pamusoro mudumbu iri uwandu vaviri vaviri vatatu. Head Diptera akasiyana unhu vakagumisa chimiro ne guru remubatanidzwa maziso, riri kumativi ose.

Chikuru mugove vamiririri ano yakayamwa mouthparts. Mukuwedzera nayo remhosva coexistence-licking uye rinobaya-anomwa. Vamwe mbuo mouthparts ndiyo underdeveloped. Front membranous mapapiro zvakabatanidzwa kuti mesothorax. Vane dzakabudirira nani uye neshure ndiyo nzira chikuru kutiza. Hangaiwa rearview mapapiro mubishi yemhindumupindu atora muchimiro halteres clavate uye akava vakadengezera nenyere. Namakumbo uwandu maviri matatu kutama pazamu ane Tupukanana kupinda hurongwa Diptera. Mbabvu mukwanisi suckers uye nenzara. Hazvina kuvapo kwavo rinobvumira zvipembenene kuti zvinokambaira munhu wehunyambiri ndege.

zvemukati mamiriro

In basa muviri Urume pakati vamiririri murayiro Diptera anoita hemolymph. At paro, nefuma akafanana ropa iri mhuka yepamusorosoro. Hurongwa Diptera kunoratidzwa pachena kweropa hurongwa. Ndiko, zvose nhengo hemolymph neVadzidzi zvomukati. On rwemberi rusvingo pechipfuva mhango, mumiririri ndohwaJehovha murayiro Diptera, akaita thickened uye nekuumbanidzwa dorsal mudziyo. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye anoita cardiac ushande. Nokuti kufema zvipembenene muviri mutoro trachea. pezvakaitwa Gas kuchinjirwa vakatakudzwa kubva mune abdominal mhango. Pane rakakura yakawanda trachea mu napedyo kuna yeropa. Zvinorayirwa Diptera rezvipembenene iri dzinoratidzwa pamberi uropi.

Basa zvakasikwa

Zvipembenene zvakawanda zvaiva murayiro Diptera, anogona kukuvadza munhu kana mhuka utano. Chokutanga, izvi imhaka yokuti vamiririri akadai umhutu, nhunzi, umhutu, horseflies uye akatsiga nhunzi, kunowanzova kutsungirira ose zvirwere. Kune vakawanda vanhu vanokwanisa kukonzera zvakaipa miti, apo ari larval danho. In mamiriro ichi, vari kazhinji parasitic mumuviri womunhu uye nomuviri mhuka. Uyewo, zvikomborero Diptera vamiririri yokuzviparadzanisa, pollinating zvinomera uye ivhu-nokuita. Panewo mhando mbiri-mapapiro tumbuyu, izvo shredders munda.

Zana nezviuru mhando Diptera ikashandiswa muzvikwata akawanda:

• Umhutu uye kuruma midges;
• tolstonozhki uye mycetophilidae;
• chitemamachira nhunzi;
• Crane-bhururuka;
• lvink;
• xylophagidae;
• horseflies;
• Sharovka;
• Gorbatka;
• hoverflies;
• mupfudze uye nhunzi;
• mbuo uye tahini.

nhunzi

Ko nhunzi mhuri chipo nenhunzi. Ndivo varidzi munhu commensal muviri kuti rava zvinenge zvisingaiti kuwana zvakasikwa. Munhu akamuka kwakadai advantageously zuva. nhunzi mamiriro ndiwo maziso makuru faceted rima dzvuku. Pamwe kureba yemanyorero zvishoma pane millimeters masere. Ruvara muviri wayo musoro pamwe hunhu dema longitudinal kurohwa pamusoro pachipfuva. Mudumbu nechepasi ane yellowish ruvara.

Nemamiriro munhukadzi enhunzi, siyanei murume mhuka. Kutanga ivo vakawedzera chinhambwe pakati meso. Chechipiri, vakadzi akakura ari kukura. Mumaruva nhunzi chaiyo licking-yakayamwa mouthparts. Panyaya iyi, havana kukwanisa prokusyvanie ganda uye yakayamwa ropa. Zvokudya vanotora chete mvura. Kana chikafu chikukutu yaunodya vane pre-nzira kubereka yayo nemukuparadzwa mu mate.

Housefly upenyu nguva kunoenderana tembiricha hwaiitwa inogara. Munzvimbo Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu pamwe tembiricha kwazvo muchikwidza nokuderedza inzwi munharaunda rworwendo makumi maviri nezvina Celsius, unogona kurarama mazuva maviri. Maererano nzira kubereka nhunzi oviparous. Panguva, munhu mumwe anogona kuisa kusvika mazai zana namakumi maviri. kutendeuka kutenderera ivo pedzisa.

umhutu

Zvikasadaro, dzinonzi umhutu. Vanopinda boka Nematocera. Fudzai vakawanda muto uye nekita zvinomera. Vakawanda nomumukanwa mudziyo iri akagadzirirwa kubaya ganda uye muchayamwa ropa. Mumwe nomumwe kwemarudzi izvi zvokudya chinhu chinokosha chaizvo rine simba nokuda kwezvinhu.

Umhutu mutete muviri kureba gumi masendimita. Uyewo, ivo ne makumbo refu uye yakatetepa, anenge segirazi mapapiro. Color Body kwavari kuchena, yellow kana shava. Pane zvakasiyana-siyana mosquito paunchy zvakasvibirira kana dema.

Elongated dumbu rakakamurwa muzvikamu gumi. Emandiriri maumbirwo Umhutu ndechokuti chipfuva zvishoma kupfuura mudumbu. On kumuromo kwematanda makumbo vane mbiri nenzara. Mapapiro mosquito scaly uye segmented tunonzwa. Nyorai mouthparts - kuboora-anomwa.

A pachena chinoratidza munhukadzi ane refu proboscis pamwe stitching bristles. Mumwe kwezvinhu mhando wakapa trubochkovidnaya hwakaderera muromo. It anovanda shure kwake mouthparts. Uyewo ari Bay ichi vari shaya dzakawanda, vachibvumira mosquito rakapinza buri paganda. Pashure kufekuka nayo plunges mugomba rejeri proboscis kuburikidza iyo sucks ropa. In yayo kukura, umhutu zvose vazere upenyu kunoita kubva zai kuti munhu mukuru.

horseflies

In mhuri Diptera chinokosha nzvimbo inogarwa horseflies. Vanodzidza nezvezvinhu zvipenyu anoreva navo suborder korotkousyh. In nechitarisiko vakafanana nhunzi, chete yakakura. Vane dzine hunde unopinza uye rakasimba sharps stilettos. Tunonzwa horseflies protrude mberi uye akaumbwa zvikamu zvina. Meso avo makuru uye zvinonakidza. The nemamiriro mouthparts zvinosanganisira mandibles, shaya, yokumusoro muromo uchingodzikira muromo uye podglotochnik achichinja mashizha.

Kufanana vakawanda Diptera, horseflies muri egglayers. Panguva zai rwakazara, vane refu chimiro uye ndachena musoro, rutema kana ruvara. Achitendeukira kuita mazana, ivo yakajeka uye kuva fusiform. Chrysalis Nhunzi kwazvo zvakafanana bhatafurayi pupae. The chikuru svikiro kuti kupararira ndiyo nzvimbo kufudza.

Female vakuru venyika Tupukanana anowanzoitwa anodya ropa remhuka inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo. Vanhurume vanosarudza kudyara nekita. Pane imwe nguva mumwe mukadzi anogona kuisa kusvika mazai chiuru. Unorema upenyu horseflies vakatakura airspace achibhururuka pamusoro kusiyanisa munzvimbo uye zvinhu.

gadfly

Kutaura zvazviri, mbuo - zvose zvakafanana enhunzi. Vari dzinoratidzwa svikiro saizi. mazana avo parasitic nzira youpenyu mhuka. Pane nyaya kana vari inowanikwa vanhu muchimiro myiasis. Mbuo vari kutendeuka zvakakwana, asati achiva imago. Izvi mapapiro Tupukanana vanopedza kwenguva yakazara kutendeuka kutenderera ari subcutaneous inosvika mhuka ingangoita gore.

Chinokosha vakuru ndiko kushaya muviri zvinodiwa. Chokwadi kuti ivo, sezvinoita dukutu, -wedzera runodiwa uwandu zvinovaka muviri, kudya izvo rikaitika akura rwakazara. Kazhinji, asi imago anorarama kubva matatu kusvika makumi maviri mazuva. Panguva ivepo, izvozvo anorasikirwa kusvikira chetatu muviri uremu hwavo.

Kuberekesana gadfly kunoitika gore negore chete nzvimbo. Mushure mukono fertilizes nehadzi, iye pakarepo anoenda kunotsvaka akakodzera mhuka mazai. Most kunyanya munzvimbo yavo ine zvinyoronyoro rusvingo mudumbu, groin uye pamberi mhuka hudyu. Kune dumbu, uye abdominal subcutaneous mbuo. The pangozi vakawanda mabhiza, mbudzi, makwai, nembongoro uye mombe.

chitemamachira nhunzi

Moth inobhururuka, kana Diptera kungozvifunga ndezvaJehovha suborder Nematocera. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi umhutu duku, kuva kukura kubva imwe mana millimeters. In chitarisiko akafanana tuduku kwazvo uye zvakatsvinda kungozvifunga. Dzinokwana anenge zviuru zvitatu marudzi. Moth nhunzi zvinowanika pamakona ose apasi. chikuru siyana yavo kunoonekwa Kishi munyika. The mazana kuti zvipfukuto enhunzi vanosarudza kugara kuorera mazviri zvasara zvinomera. Vamwe vavo vanosarudza hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza.

Musoro mukuru chitemamachira enhunzi shongedza tunonzwa uye maziso maviri. mapapiro ayo duku anenge maviri millimeters pakureba. The muviri wose pamwechete namapapiro zviri nyore volosyanistoe unhani. Moth nhunzi simbi yaingowanikwa kana sirivha ruvara. Azvo, vari apo neapo. Nzira huru rwokufamba ichifamba kuburikidza gusts.

Total vakura chiratidzazvizhinji ari mapapiro tupukanana kurarama mavhiki maviri kana matatu. Mukuita upenyu hwavo, zvinowanzoda haina dzinofambiswa. Kuti vadiwe vanhurume kuti iyo boka richitora mazamu chitemamachira Nhunzi vanokwanisa govera rinokosha ziso-muchivande. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti yakadaro chakavanzika anokwanisa kusarudza uye Spider-Bolado. pfuma iyi inobvumira kuti akwezve gono chitemamachira enhunzi, izvo kazhinji kacho kuti Musanyura pasi padandemutande kwayo.

Over nguva chitemamachira Nhunzi anogona mazai chete zana. Uye mazuva maviri chete neimwe zai madhoo ari dukutu. The mazana kuti zvipfukuto enhunzi vane chinokosha zvikuru chinhu chakanaka - vanokwanisa kudya madzihwa inotungamirwa ari mukati menyika mapaipi nenyere. Saka ivo akachenesa navo. The furati imago chitemamachira nhunzi kuwira kuburikidza makatsemuka paburiro, mumakomba zvikwepa tsvina, tsinga rinosakara uye risers. Apartments dzakakwirira mwando kwavari kupfuura hwomutambarakede.