Petroleum achinatsa, nesekondari kubudiswa mafuta

Mafuta fractionated kuwana peturu mumatanho maviri, i.e. peturu DISTILLATION inopfuura nomunyika nesekondari kugadzira.

Muitiro chikuru achinatsa

In danho iri, mumwe DISTILLATION rinoitwa risati kupera mvura mumuviri uye desalting pamusoro kwakafumuka mafuta anokosha midziyo nekuti akazvitsaurira munyu uye dzimwe netsvina, izvo zvinogona kukonzera ngura yacho midziyo uye kuderedza unhu peturu zvigadzirwa. Zvadaro, mafuta raiva 3-4 chete MG munyu chete fő uye kwete kupfuura 0.1% mvura. The wakagadzirira chigadzirwa vagadzirira DISTILLATION.

Nokuti mvura Mahydrocarbon achibika panguva imwe tembiricha zvakasiyana, pfuma iyi rinoshandiswa peturu achinatsa nevamwe kwazviri wacho zvikamu zviduku pamwe zvakasiyana Kubika maitikiro. DISTILLATION mafuta painocheneserwa iri yokutanga yakaita kuti kusiyanisa zvinotevera nezvikamu maererano tembiricha: peturu (mamota pa 180 ° C uye pazasi), ndege fuel (mamota pa 180-240 ° C) uye Diesel (mamota pa 240-350 ° C). Kubva DISTILLATION namafuta peturu anoramba.

The mafuta muitiro iri akaparadzaniswa nevanhu DISTILLATION achibika kutonhora kuva zvikamu zviduku (zvinoriumba). Zvinoguma chinokosha peturu zvigadzirwa kana yenhengo dzavo. Oil nokunatsiridza ndiko kuchava kutanga kwekupwanyiwa ayo kubudiswa panguva unyanzvi zvirimwa.

Kana vamutswa moyo, dzinonzwa kuti unouya danho aumbwa, murwiyo izvo rakasiyana nemvura. Petroleum zvikamu zviduku yaunganidzwa DISTILLATION hadzifaniri yakaisvonaka chigadzirwa uye yeHydrocarbon nezvakasanganiswa. Mahydrocarbon nomumwe zvinogona kupatsanurwa bedzi vakawanda DISTILLATION epetroleum zvikamu zviduku.

Straight DISTILLATION mafuta ichakasangana nezvimwewo kuitwa

- mbaravara kwemvura nzira (anonzi zvakanyatsoenzana DISTILLATION) kana nyore DISTILLATION (fractional DISTILLATION);

- kana pasina rectification;

- kushandisa evaporating mumiririri;

- pasi Vacuum uye panguva mumhepo kuvafurira.

Zvakanyatsoenzana DISTILLATION zvishoma zvakajeka Anopatsanura mafuta kuva zvikamu zviduku pane nyore DISTILLATION. Saka muna mhute mamiriro panguva iyoyo tembiricha mumutsetse wokutanga chinofamba zvakawanda mafuta pane yechipiri.

Fractional DISTILLATION mafuta anopa mukana vawane rinochiwedzera siyana (peturu, Diesel mafuta uye ndege mafuta), uye yakatsvuka zvinhu (benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, ethylene, butadiene, propylene), zvokufembedzwa, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Next rinoitwa yechipiri mafuta DISTILLATION zvigadzirwa vakawana kare kubva anonzi Cracking.

Pfungwa yokunatsira yechipiri

Secondary mafuta achinatsa riri kuitwa makemikari kana chafariz CATALYTIC cleavage pamusoro chigadzirwa kuti vaparadzana nayo chikuru mafuta DISTILLATION. Izvi zvinobereka zvibereko mukuru yakawanda peturu zvikamu zviduku, uyewo mbishi zvokuvakisa pagadzirwe zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon (toluene, benzene, uye vamwe). The inonyanya unyanzvi ndiko achinatsa yechipiri mafuta Cracking.

Cracking muitiro anonzi mukuru-tembiricha kubudiswa mafuta uye yoga nezvikamu kuwana (zvikurukuru) zvigadzirwa apo duku samolecular uremu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mafuta injini, mafuta pamusoro lubrication uye m. P., Raw zvinhu nokuda petrochemical uye zvemakemikari Mazinga. Kufambira mberi Cracking kunoitika pamwe yokumbozorora C-C zvisungo paumbwe vakasununguka radicals kana carbanions. Atsamwira pamusoro C-C zvisungo rinoitwa panguva imwe chete dehydrogenation, isomerization, polymerization uye condensation pamusoro intermediates uye kutanga zvinhu. Ekupedzisira pezvakaitwa maviri vanoumba wakatsemuka vakasara, i.e. chakapatsanurwa achibika pamusoro 350 ° C uye chemubhotoro.

Oil achinatsa cracking walnut nzira yakanga patented muna 1891 na V. G. Shuhovym uye Gavrilov S., ipapo izvi ouinjiniya zvinogadzirisa akadzokorora W. Barton pakuvaka wokutanga muna US chirimwa.

The Cracking riri kuitwa muchidziisa mbishi zvinhu kana catalysts, uye kuona kuti mukuru tembiricha.

Cracking unokubvumira sarudza kubva mafuta mafuta zvikuru zvinoriumba.