Phrenology - chii ichi? Kuti inoongorora sayenzi phrenology?

sayenzi yemazuva iri migumisiro kukurumidza kukura kwepfungwa nesayenzi regumi namasere-namapfumbamwe remakore. Nepo masayendisiti nzira dzakawanda zviitiko yakanga ichangotanga kuumbika, uye masayendisiti zvakasikwa zvakawanda munzvimbo dzakanga dzakakurumbira chaizvo, asi vakazonzi kuwanikwa kuti nhema. A nyaya yakafanana angamuzivisa phrenology. Bazi iri sayenzi kamwe yakakunda anoita nyika yose, asi akarasikirwa kukosha kwayo nokuda kukura wepfungwa uye neurophysiology. Kunyange zvazvo munzvimbo idzi Sayenzi phrenology achiri vakasiya zvimwe ndaisagona zviyo.

Phrenology - imwe sainzi kana Yesayenzi?

In zvinyorwa zvakawanda esayenzi Formulations siyana anechekuita panguva kutaurwa phrenology. nechivimbo Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti phrenology - a ekunyebera sainzi, asi vamwe vanoona achiri sainzi, zvakauyiswa yakawanda Zvakawanikwa zvinowanikwa nemasayendisiti ano. Kubatana pakati dzakawanda, zvinosuwisa, kwete. Saka, munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro phrenology somunhu sainzi. Asi yeuka kuti panguva ino haisi vaiona sechinhu chinokosha nokusimbisa dzidziso.

Phrenology - sayenzi sechivako Nemadehenya uye ukama dzaro mupfungwa zvechadenga munhu. Dzidziso iyi yakanga yakakurumbira kwazvo rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore uye vakanga vateveri rose. Munyika dzakawanda, kunyange pakutanga ramakumi maviri remakore, chikuru zvokudya phrenology inoshandiswa mubasa esayenzi kunoshamisa masayendisiti munyika vakakurumbira.

The chikuru zvokudya phrenology: zvishoma pamusoro huru

Hwaro nesayenzi yokuti kwaiva kubvuma kuti uropi hwomunhu, dhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe riri basa chaizvo mupfungwa mabasa. The zvakawanda vakava imwe dhipatimendi, zvikuru kuoneka kuti dehenya. Zvaidavirwa kuti protuberances pamusoro dehenya vari mamirire kunyanya dzakabudirira zvikamu cerebral cortex uye kuora mwoyo anoratidza underdevelopment pakati madhipatimendi ayo nomumwe.

Vateveri phrenology vaidavira kuti vakaisa pakunambwa mupfungwa zvinoitwa munhu haagoni kuva pasi pokudzora evanhu zvinhu uye kurerwa. Uye kwenguva ingarevei zvimwe nezvainoita physiology uye zvepfungwa ari munhu, asi kunogona kuitika pamazera mashomanana. Mukutanga namapfumbamwe remakore yakanga akagadzira zvishoma zvinhu zvokudya phrenology, iyo yakava huru postulates zvesainzi, rinoshandiswa zvose vateveri nesayenzi:

• uropi ndohwaJehovha nhengo kuti pfungwa;
• cerebral cortex rinoumbwa maviri namanomwe, iro ishande pasina mumwe;
• dzimwe nzvimbo uropi anokwanisa kukura nomuzvarirwo, nokudaro vachiwedzera zvachose vhoriyamu kwayo;
• kushingaira kusimudzira zvikamu kunowedzera saizi yavo;
• kuyera vanhu dehenya, tinogona zvakarurama kuratidza kukura uye kukura munhu nzvimbo chepfungwa cortex;
• pahwaro nokuyerwa Data anogona kufanoona kwomunhu maitiro uye zvinoratidza ake mafungiro.

Kuti apa akaumba hwaro nokuda pakuzadzisa phrenology.

Prerequisites nokuti chidzoke sayenzi

Pakupera nemisere remakore muEurope nomukurumbira chaizvo physiognomy. Maererano zvinokosha ayo, zvose zvaidiwa unhu hwemunhu vangazivikanwa kubudikidza maumbirwo chake. Masayendisiti akawanda zvakakomba mubasa kukura sayenzi iyi uye akauya hombe umbowo kutsigira chawo. Physiognomy muropa dzokumusorosoro madenderedzwa, uye aiona mutsva kuitika, pachena zvakavanzika wepfungwa dzevanhu. Modern dzekare vanodavira kuti akanga chete kudiwa nesayenzi kwevanhu kumutsanangurira peculiarities wepfungwa. Chokwadi kuti pakutanga kwezana nemisere uye namapfumbamwe remakore, vanhu vari kuramba kutamira kure dzechitendero dzidziso, uye vakafarira zvikuru kudzidza womunhu sezvo munhu. Hazvishamisi, pakadzika dzevanhu subconscious akapa chinhu unexplored tichitaura nesayenzi.

Uyewo panguva iyi nenguva American chiremba wepfungwa akaisa mberi dzidziso kuti zvose vapari vemhosva yakaipisisa utsinye vakambokundikana kupenga chokuita kukundikana nomumwe zvikamu uropi. Maererano nepfungwa iyi, panguva utsotsi nhengo uropi kuti vakashanda vakazvimiririra, vanotanga 'hwakakanyiwa "nemumwe uye kuti sitiroko, zvichitungamirira mhosva.

Zvose zvataurwa zvaiva hwaro, apo yakanga yakavakirwa phrenology. Izvi sayenzi, zvino physiognomy, ave achishingaira yakatanga. Mune ramangwana, izvozvo wakadenha yakawanda dzinokura matsva uye nepfungwa echimurenga yesayenzi. Akatanga phrenology zvinenge kusvikira kumugumo hwake achidzivirira dzidziso yake. Pashure porufu rwake, iye ikazopiwa ake dehenya yesayenzi sangano sezvo rokupedzisira uye kupfuura uchapupu hwechokwadi hwokuti yesayenzi shanduro, yaakanga akasimudzira munyika dzese munyika.

Ndiani akasika dzidziso phrenology?

Kakawanda, sainzi itsva hunobuda sezvo vagari basa anoverengeka masayendisiti pfungwa. Asi kwatiri zvakaitika zvachose zvakasiyana. Phrenology ndiye Musiki yeAustria musayendisiti Franz nduru. Akanga ane chiremba uye anatomist, uye vanosvika makumi matatu namasere tigare mashoko kuitira kuti aratidze dzidziso yake. Wokutanga akapa hurukuro muVienna nguva, pashure nduru rave zvokuita pamusoro phrenology pose uye akabudisa dzakawanda mapepanhau kwesayenzi panhau.

Franz nduru: pfupi Biography

musayendisiti yakakurumbira akaberekerwa Vienna pakati nemisere remakore. Vakawanda vakararama panguva yake vaimuona chiremba kwakajeka, aiva rake vatengi uye zvakanaka ndakawana. Asi kupfuura zvose aifarira anatomi inouraya uye zvaidiwa nevanhu psyche, zvinoratidzwa nemamiriro ose dehenya.

Ari kufanana ake tsika wezvokurapa nokushingaira kudzidza nemamiriro skulls kwevanhu uye mhuka. Mumakore mashomanana nduru akaunganidza chaizvo dzakaunganidzwa skulls ndokuupfurira, izvo akamutendera kuti kusika zvimwe masayendisiti hwaro phrenology.

The kukurumbira hurukuro yake Vienna, Austria akamanikidza hurumende Ndainetseka. Pashure phrenology categorically vakaramba chinopa raMwari, iro anosarudza unhu hwemunhu uye tarenda. Izvi zvinopesana zvose Ecclesiastical dzidziso, saka musayendisiti akadzingwa Austria. Asi haina kuitwa inouraya mapfumo ake yesayenzi yechokwadi, akaenda kunyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope uye kwose kwose yakanga nomufaro yakagamuchirwa nemasayendisiti. The chakarebesa akagara France. Panguva ino, nduru akasunungura mavhoriyamu mana mabasa yesayenzi pamusoro phrenology. Scientist akafa muna 1828 imwe chepfungwa ropa.

Kugadzirwa phrenology

Sezvo nenduru aizviti iye akatanga kufunga pamusoro poukama uropi kukura uye nemamiriro dehenya mumakore ake kuchikoro. Ipapo akacherechedza kuti vezera vake maziso makuru bulging, vane ndangariro dzakanaka. Naizvozvo iye vakaongorora anoverengeka zana vanhu uye zvakaparadzira matarenda dzevanhu uye zvimwe zvakasiyana zvikamu uropi. Pakutanga nduru akasarudza maviri namanomwe mapoka uropi, uye kunyange akavhomora pavo mepu, munguva yemberi nhamba yakawedzera-matatu navapfumbamwe.

Gallo akabatsira jaya chiremba Shpurtsgeym, uyo akava co-munyori mabasa ekutanga esayenzi musayendisiti. vanachiremba vakawanda nduru mhosva dzokudarika, sapamazuva mharidzo yake, akataura mienzaniso kuti akasimbisa dzidziso yake. Other zvinhu musayendisiti nyore haana kuona uye akaona vasingakoshi. Kunyange zvazvo vakanga vaunganidza zvakakwana kwemakore akawanda.

Pasinei vavengi, phrenology vakawana mukurumbira ari UK, US uye Europe. Gallo akazviratidza vateveri vakawanda mberi basa rake kwesayenzi kusvikira pakati rokupedzisira remakore.

madokero phrenology

Masayendisiti anodavira kuti kukwira thirties remakore rapfuura phrenology nokushingaira isimbiswe nesayenzi. Munhu wose aiona basa rangu kupa ayo kukura, saka, akabuda yakawanda mabhuku uye mabasa kwesayenzi pamusoro phrenology iyi.

Mumakore akatevera, masayendisiti massively aisimbisa sainzi, kuedza kukwezva vatsigiri vakawanda sezvinobvira. Example phrenology, zvidzidzo uropi, akafuridzirwa masayendisiti akawanda kushanda nezvenyaya iyi. Asi vamwe vavo kusvika akasiyana zvachose zvabuda, uye akatanga achiita pamwe dzokupisa nesayenzi, dzichishandisa itsva kukakavadzana, chokwadi uye pfungwa. Phrenology kugara bindepinde pamwe anthropology, zvepfungwa, forensic wepfungwa uye physiology. Pakupedzisira Yesayenzi akava riwedzere nokuda pokumuka yeminda zvose izvi zvesayenzi, akavigwa anenge ose nenduru.

Phrenology muchinangwa ano forensic sayenzi

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti phrenology mu kwemhosva kutanga vakaedza kudzidza mhosva maitiro uye akaratidza kudiwa kudzidza hunhu utsotsi rose. Modern masayendisiti uye nyanzvi dzinoongorora vakanga nheyo pamusoro dzidziso Arayirwa phrenology, kuti mutadzi maitiro hunonyatsobatana kuti urema muuropi. Uye anotanga kusikwa phrenologists kupatsanura unhu vemhosva. Vanenge vose vaidavira kuti vanhu vanofamba pamusoro mhosva vanorwara. Uyezve, vanachiremba vepfungwa ano ndikazvisimbisa kuti panguva yokunambwa vanhu dzakasiyana propensity zvechisimba uye utsinye.

Vose dzidziso idzi dzave kuisa mberi kokutanga Halle, uye mumazuva iwayo kwainzi zvakazonaka.

Phrenology simba pamusoro paumbwe kwepfungwa ari sainzi

Phrenology mu zvepfungwa kwava jenareta pamusoro echimurenga pfungwa dzakawanda. Masayendisiti akawanda vanodavira kuti hakuna havasisipo, uye anongoti pachishandurwa kuva sainzi itsva. In chokwadi hakusi, asi phrenologists dzidziso kunge chinopa simba rokuchinja kukura kwepfungwa.

wokutanga shanduro kwakatangwa nevanhu kuti munhu mupfungwa kugozha angava vasiri nezvikonzero. Uye nemhaka iyi vanogona kuporeswa. Uyewo imwe nyaya dzokudzidza phrenologists kwaiva kucherechedza kuti rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore vasingagoni kuva zvakanaka akatsanangura. Vazhinji vanachiremba vepfungwa inonyatsozivikanwa American remakore rechimakumi maviri maimbova phrenology. Izvi kunonyatsoratidza.

Mutemo Europe: mumwe kutevera phrenology

Yesayenzi akaita akakwanisa kuve nhangaruvanze kuti dzokororo mitemo zhinji muEurope. Somuenzaniso, mune rusarura mupfungwa kurwara vatadzi havachasungirwi kugamuchirwa kurangwa kwakadaro vanhuwo zvavo. Vakatanga kutumirwa chinokosha pakuchengetedzwa yawapiwa. Nokuda phrenology akasimuka panguva voruzhinji, waitsigira abolition yacho rufu munyika dzokuEurope uye United States.

In zvakafanana, munyika dzakawanda hurumende kufungisisa kuitwa wandei mitemo yokudzora kodzero vasungwa uye correctional masangano kusuma utungamiriri mitemo.

mhedziso

Zvichida phrenology haana kuva sainzi, asi akakwanisa kushandura nyika zvachose uye asike preconditions nokuda pokumuka dzenzvimbo itsva dzakawanda dzesayenzi, gare gare vakakosa kure kupinda yakazvimirira nesayenzi. Hazvizivikanwi chii zvino masayendisiti, kana kwete kuongorora pfungwa Frantsa Gallya, akanga asingatyi kuva muvambi ane echimurenga uye zvachose nemamwe dzenzvimbo yesayenzi.