Pane mhuka maberekero wemazano nzira?

matavi Various sayenzi kubata maberekero cultivars, nemhuka dzemarudzi purazi uye kwemabhakitiriya utachiona anoshandiswa zvose zvetsika uye hwava nzira uye inoshanda nzira. Vacharamba achinyanya kuvimba chinhu kusarudzwa basa. Nemamwe mashoko, kuitisa kuedza vane zvinomera, musayendisiti anogona kushandisa vakawanda vakasarudzwa kana nzira Chipangamazano, nepo mune mhuka kana majemusi mitoo dzakadaro kushandiswa ipfupi, uye dzimwe nguva haana kushandiswa zvachose.

Chinangwa ino ndiko kujekesa mubvunzo kana chimiro ichi maberekero, sezvo nzira chekupa mazano, zviri hunonzi zvinogoneka uye kushanda noitika kusika zvitsva kana kuvandudza huripo dzemarudzi mombe, nguruve uye yehuku.

Kunyanya mhuka rutoto

Kuzivikanwa munharaunda zvesayenzi basa Charles Darwin "Kuchinja zvipfuwo uye kurimwa zvinomera pasi pokudzora domestication," rakanyorwa pakati pezana remakore rechi19, zvakadaro zvinotarisirwa kuverenga rose renyeredzi remasayendisiti ano vaiita dzinoshanda mabasa. It akataura chikuru maberekero nzira: hybridization, heterosis uye inbreeding yakavakirwa chakagadzirwa vakasarudzwa.

In kuedza nemhuka zvinonzi kudziviswa kushandisa muhombe chimiro, sezvo peya mubereki vanhu kazhinji zvinopa shoma VaNefirimu, mumwe ane zvimwe ukoshi mune zvokunyama nerokuti. Ngatisakanganwa kuti nhengo makirasi shiri uye mhuka, iyo rinonyanya vari midziyo mikuru maberekero, mamirire chete pabonde kubereka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzira pachishandiswa vegetative siyana (kuchekwa, yotunga, kusonanidzwa), mhuka iri isingagamuchiriki. Kukurira mubvunzo kana kuti kushandisa mubasa mhuka dzokupfuya naivowo nzira yaizova musoro kutanga kuwana musimboti unyanzvi ichi.

mudzidzisi nzira

The hunoshamisa Russian musayendisiti mwene I. V. Michurin, zvidzidzo penya zvakange chinokosha nyika sainzi, ndikarangarira zvakanangwa vegetative rapprochement pakati zvinomera maviri mhando dzakasiyana. Somugumisiro, vanhu vaviri vakatanga kuwana itsva pachako zvinhu uye zvivako. Somuenzaniso, kuchinja chimiro, ukuru kana ruvara muchero, uyewo uhwiro unhu hwavo. Kuburikidza kusonanidzwa mu korona chirimwa chawo, I. V. Michurin akakwanisa kusika ezvinhu umo pemashanga kutanga kugamuchira zvinovaka muviri kubva mubereki shiri.

Zvose izvi mugumo mugumisiro nokuchinja nzira metabolic siyana mumasero uye nyama ndibatanidzwe kuchekwa, saka ayo phenotypic maitiro. The pamusoro-akatsanangura nzira kubaya hwava aizivikanwa chirimwa maberekero sezvo nzira wemazano.

Mienzaniso kwezvisikwa mhando itsva emichero

Mumwe wokutanga anogadzirwa I. Michurin muna 1908, ari siyana apple Kitaika Bellefleur. Sezvo mwene scion sembeu ichangotanga kumera akatora American mhando Bellefleur yero pamwe hunoshamisa munuhwi. Seedling chawo vakashumira Kitaika guru-fruited - Local mhando yakabudiswa munharaunda Central Russia. Its chikuru zvakwakanakira vaiva chando nemishonga uye kuramba mikuru zvirwere apuro - gwati uye powdery nokuora. Kushandisa nzira yacho chipangamazano, nyanzvi somugumisiro hybridization aiva siyana idzva, zvakanakisisa dzakashandisa utsinye okunze kuchamhembe latitudes, pamwe kumusoro kuravira muchero. Michurinist apuro mhando vane nyama inonaka kuravidza manyoro kusimba hunonhuhwira chando-chena.

Patsika iyi kwerinopfuura zana remakore kuramba akura toga mudzimba, kwete chete Russia asiwo Ukraine, Armenia, North Caucasus chinoda. Chikwata vanoonga siyana ichi uyewo nguva refu goho uye kuramba chando. Pazuva rutoto zviteshi uye nemaruva dzemichero mizambiringa yakabva kumwe Bellefleur-donje zvinhu rinoshandiswawo senzira chawo ari hybridization kwacho, saka akasikwa mhando itsva anenge 13.

Zvinangwa nezvinotarisirwa dzidzo kugamuchira achitaura chemasanganiswa miti

Pachishandiswa pamusoro apa, zviri pachena zvinokosha chaizvo experimental basa I. V. Michurina, uyo akakurukura chipangamazano nzira kwete chete, asiwo akamuita mumwe aitungamirira ari maberekero emarudzi itsva muchero uye bheri zvirimwa.

Kuedza vatsivi musayendisiti - E. S. Stroeva, E. N. Sedova nemamwe tsvimbo All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of maberekero muchero zvirimwa waitsanangura zvinangwa kuti kubudirira pamusana pokushandisa nzira kunangidzirwa dzidzo remasanganiswa mizambiringa yakabva kumwe.

Kukosha izvi zvinosanganisira: nokuputsa yaivhuvhuta phenotypic zvingaitwa vakaberekwa vanhu, uyewo asunga zvinodiwa ehupfumi kuti munhu miti yakabereka mhando. Generalizing migumisiro dzakawanda chirimwa maberekero, vatsvakurudzi akauya kunzwisisa zvimwe mitemo pematanho kushandiswa majekiseni uchidzidzira. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Conditions chokuwana vegetative VaNefirimu

Achishandisa nzira yacho chipangamazano mu mhuka maberekero, zvinokosha kufunga mitemo zvinotevera:

• chirimwa, iyo tora dzinde kana chipande (scion) anofanira kuva vegetatively muduku, hapana mukuru kupfuura makore 1-2, uye sezvo chipangamazano kwemakore akawanda kushandiswa mwana muti;
• pedo vegetative inoculum uchapukunyuka hazvo rakaramba vazhinji nemapazi chawo, ichipa simba pamusoro phenotypic unhu educability miti.

Nokuda pamusoro ezvinhu Breeders asingakwanisi kuumba mu muchero uye bheri zvirimwa zvemari ehupfumi zvinokosha. Somumwe zvikuru nevanhu uye zvakajairika nzira ruminant mhando itsva zvirimwa, nzira iyi, zvinosuruvarisa richiri havaratidzi zvinonzwisiswa biochemists ano uye cytology.

tishu Engineering

Pamusoro mubvunzo mhuka maberekero wakashandiswa nzira iri chipangamazano kana kwete, mhinduro ndeyokuti kwete. Interesting iyi neruremekedzo zveBhaibheri hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu chokuita clone, i.e. kubatana kwetunhu chizvaro (imwe kana kupfuura masero somatic), gwaro ane muviri zvakakwana. Panyaya iyi, muenzaniso kune vegetative Mashoko chirimwa zvipenyu chimiro, sezvo mhuka pacharo clone chinosanganisira homogeneous genotype masero. Kuedza mumunda zvinyama uye masero ouinjiniya riri kuitwa kukura navo mune inotonhorera svikiro. Okutodza cores inochengetwa mashoko yose nhaka ane muviri, izvo zvinoreva kuti iwe unogona kuwana chete sero rimwe chete nokusingaperi vakawanda vanhu - makopi.

Mamirire mhuka rutoto unyanzvi

I. V. Michurin yakatanga chipangamazano nzira chete kushandiswa mune kuedza pamwe chirimwa Utachiona, kana chaizvo, muchero uye bheri zvirimwa. Sezvo yapfuura isu akati, tsvakurudzo mhuka ine chaizvo ayo. Chokutanga pane kushayikwa vegetative kupararira mune dzakakwirira vertebrates.

Tinofanira kuyeuka kuti miviri yavo vanoonekwa ne mukuru mwero kusangana zvomukati zvose uye hurongwa, saka kuchinja unhu zvakananga muviri pasi pokudzora chipangamazano vaizongoguma kutokonzera kuvhiringidzika hurongwa chokuita anatomically uye physiologically. In tsika, kuti Implementation zvingava zvakakodzera kuti vashande nemhuka anotevera nzira, zvinoti: inbreeding (inbreeding) uye hybridization kure. Origin akashandisa kusika mitsetse yakachena uye zvakare kuwana mugumisiro heterosis uye yechipiri inoshandiswa vachiwana itsva dzinoita mhuka.