Plasmid - plasmids basa iri ...

Nyaya ino ine mashoko pamusoro husinganzwisisiki uye kunzwisisa samolecular hurongwa masero siyana, kazhinji utachiona - plasmids. Pano muchawana ruzivo pamusoro nechivako dzavo, chinangwa, kuberekana nzira, mukuru unhu uye zvakawanda.

The plasmids vaiva

Plasmid - DNA ndiyo morekuru kuti ane diki kukura uye mumuviri nzvimbo abudiswe muchitokisi chromosome genomic mhando. Vanokwanisa zvionera kuberekana rikurumidze. Kumboda plasmid inowanikwa utachiona. Nechokunze, morekuru ichi ane miviri nezano tenderera chimiro. Apo neapo plasmid anogona kuwanikwa archaea uye eukaryotes.

Kazhinji, mabhakitiriya plasmids ane mashoko majini anogona kuvandudza kuramba zvokunze hunhu zvinhu kwakakanganisa kukanganisa mamiriro nhengo yavanofanira dziri. Nemamwe mashoko, plasmid anogona kuderedza kubudirira inorwisa mabhakitiriya nokuda vawedzere kugadzikana kwemabhakitiriya pacharo. muitiro tama plasmids kubva utachiona kuti utachiona kazhinji kuwanikwa. Plasmids - vane STRUCTURAL zvinhu zvinobatsira nzira tama majini mashoko ari chinjikira mufashoni.

J. Lederberg - samolecular biologist, musayendisiti anobva kuUnited States, akatanga pfungwa plasmid muna 1952.

The ndeiya yakaita kwakakura plasmids uye nhamba yavo

Plasmid - chivakwa ane zvakasiyana siyana hukuru. Zviduku chimiro anogona ine zvuru zviviri nechimwe majoko zvichidzika, nepo mamwe makuru chimiro plasmids hwaibatanidza zana akawanda zviuru chawo peya mhando. Kuziva izvi kunoita kuti tara mutsetse pakati megaplazmidami uye Mini-okutodza. Pane utachiona kuti anogona embody-siyana plasmids. Panyaya iyi, yaipedzerwa magene zvinhu anogona kusapfuudza kukura zvinhu zviri musero.

Kuwanda emakopi plasmids vari muchitokisi chete, zvinogona siyana zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe muchitokisi pangava chete nomudzimai, nepo zvimwe plasmids zvakafanana mhando anoenda vemakumi kana mazana. nhamba yavo imhaka yezvakaita kuberekana.

Plasmid - a cellular STRUCTURAL zvinhu aigona zvionera kuberekana. Ndiko, vanogona kutevedzera pachavo, pasina kuva pasi kudzora okutodza. Panguva iyoyowo, iyo chromosome anokwanisa kuzvidzora plasmids. Kana ari wakaoma kudzora uwandu kudzokororwa plasmid kazhinji diki, vanenge 1-3. Plasmids duku Kukura inozikanwa pachena kuti kusimba pfungwa kuzvidzora uye anogona kusika zvimwe makopi.

kuberekana

Chirwere plasmid aigona zvionera kuberekana. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina pasi kunosiyana inosiyana chromosomal kuzvidzora. Izvi imhaka kushaya zvimwe majini zvinokosha. Tichifunga izvi cellular makemikari zvinosanganisirei plasmid kuberekana.

kuberekana Danho rakakamurwa mharuro danho, elongation uye kugumiswa. DNA polymerase rinotanga kuberekana chete pashure seeding kushandisa lähikuva. First rakavhurika redunhu kunoitika priming RNA, kunoteverwa anobuda nomumwe maketani achiumbwa uye vakasununguka 3`-OH magumo.

Kazhinji, mharuro rwakazara kunoitika pasi zvinoitwa catalysts mapuroteni encoded nokuda plasmid. Dzimwe nguva izvi chete mapuroteni anogona kupinda muitiro vіrabotki lähikuva.

Elongation kunoitika golofermenta vachishandisa DNA polymerase III (dzimwe nguva I) uye vamwe cellular mapuroteni, wakaumbwa replisome.

Kugumiswa kuberekana anogona kutanga chete kana zvimwe zvirwere zviri zvakasangana.

Misimboti kuberekana kuzvidzora

Control kuberekana zvigadziriswe anoitwa pa padariro mharuro kuberekana. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti kuchengeta nhamba plasmids ari yakaoma kwazvo. To morekuru inokwanisa ndazviziva, muri:

1. RNA ane pakatarisana polarity.
2. DNA - urongwa (Iteron).
3. RNA ane pakatarisana polarity, uye mapurotini.

zvigadziriswe izvi kuti kakawanda wodzokorora recreate ari plasmids mukati sero zvinogara, ivo kunyora chero zvarakasiya kubva ndozvakajairwa maitikiro.

Mhando kuberekana mashandiro

Kune nzira nhatu kuberekana kubva plasmids:

1. Theta mashandiro chinosanganisira unwinding kutotanga 2 redunhu vabereki RNA usage lähikuva nerimwe beach, ari kuberekana kumharuro tichiregeredza zvezvibereko zvenyika covalent mhando PrNK pangetani vaviri uye kwetunhu runoenzanirana DNA pamusoro vabereki cheni matunhu. Pasinei nokuti kwetunhu kwacho kunoitika panguva imwe chete, mumwe ngetani ndiye mutungamiri, uye mumwe ari shure.
2. Kuzvitsinhanisa cheni - misha zvichangobva anogadzirwa mumwe DNA ngetani mubereki. Somugumisiro mashandiro iri vakaumba serin'i DNA chete-chain mhando uye supercoiled DNA nengetani mbiri. DNA kubva cheni mumwe ichadzorerwa pashure.
3. Rinopfungaira denderedzwa kuberekana mashandiro - iri pakakoromoka chete-nezano kuti DNA uchishandisa Rep mapuroteni. Izvi zvinoguma 3`-OH boka, izvo achaita somunhu lähikuva. mashandiro Izvi zvinoitika kuburikidza siyana inotakura mapuroteni muchitokisi, semuenzaniso, a DNA helicase.

Modes zviri kufamba

Plasmids kupinda muchitokisi, uchishandisa imwe nzira mbiri. Nzira yokutanga - ndiyo pakagadzwa kubatana pakati muchitokisi uye mutakuri sero chisingazivi ane plasmids kunokonzerwa kubva conjugation rikurumidze. Pane conjugative plasmids mune utachiona, giremu-akanaka uye giremu negative. nzira yokutanga kunosanganisirawo kuparadzira panguva transduction kana kushanduka. Wechipiri Nzira zvinoitwa artificially nokusuma plasmids vakapinda muchitokisi, nhengo kunofanira vapukunyuke okuti majini uyo akaendesa masero, i.e. masero Wana kugona.

mabasa

Basa plasmids kazhinji ndiyo kupa musero chaiwo ehupfumi. Vamwe vavo hakugoni kupesvedzera phenotypic unhu tenzi wake, apo vamwe vanokwanisa kukonzera okuti mune zvenhau ehupfumi, achichipa kupfuura masero zvakafanana. ukuru Izvi zvichaita musero nani kuwana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza yaivhuvhuta umo mupenyu. Pasina plasmids akadaro kana sero haangavi akure, kana kwete zvachose richaparara.

Plasmid - a multifunctional zvinoriumba masero. Yavanobata akawandisa mabasa:

1. Kuyambutsa majini ruzivo panguva weboka conjugation. Kazhinji, zvinoita F-plasmids.
2. Bakteriotsinogennye kuzvidzora plasmid mapuroteni usage, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti rufu mamwe mabhakitiriya. Izvi kunyanya kuva Col-plasmids.
3. Hly-Fusion plasmid paaivatambudza hemolysin.
4. Huchaita kuramba zvinokonzerwa inorema simbi.
5. R-plasmid - kunonatsiridza kuramba asingaurayiwi nevamiririri.
6. Pfava-plasmid - anobvumira kuti synthesize enterotoxins.
7. Vamwe vavo kuwedzera ukuru kuramba UV nemwaranzi.
8. Plasmids Colonisation maantigen kubvumira kwemabhakitiriya adhesion rini pamusoro sero pemvura mukati muviri mhuka.
9. Vamwe vamiririri vavo ndivo mhosva chikamu DNA beach, ndiko kuti, akavarambidza uye nadzurudzo.
10. Plasmids Cam chikonzero cleavage camphor, XYL xylene ozeyewa plasmid uye plasmid Sal - salicylate.

Chinonyanya vakadzidza mhuka

vanhu vazhinji kwazvo kudzidza ehupfumi ose plasmid F, R uye VaK

F-plasmid - ndiyo yakakurumbira kongativnaya plasmid. Chiri episome, zvinosanganisira chimwe namazana nechimwe peya mhando. Rine yavo pfungwa kuberekana kutanga uye kuregawo pfungwa. Kufanana nevamwe mhando conjugative plasmids, vaiita yeEncoding mapuroteni vanokwanisa antagonizing kuda kwacho pili vamwe utachiona kuti chaiyo masero rusvingo.

Kunze mureza ruzivo rine loci tra uye trb, izvo kuronga nevakawanda, chinokosha operon ine zana matatu zvina nechimwe yezvinoita. The majini iri operon ichi, basa akasiyana-siyana oushumiri conjugation.

R-plasmid (chokufunga) - iri morekuru reDNA uye ane annular chimiro. DNA plasmids ane ruzivo kuti ndiye anokonzera kuyerera uye pakutevedzera kuberekana kwacho uye kuchinjwa nemishonga zvivako munzvimbo wacho muchitokisi. Naivowo kuona padanho muchitokisi kuramba nemimwe mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya. Vamwe R-plasmids vari conjugative. Kutamisirwa R-chokufunga imhaka mureza transduction uye masero kupesana. Vanokwanisa kurapwa pakati akasiyana mhando kubva mumwe, kana kunyange mhuri.

Hazvina chimiro ichi plasmids kunowanzokonzera zvinetso kurapwa kwemabhakitiriya zvirwere nokushandisa kuzivikanwa parizvino asingaurayiwi nevamiririri.

Col-plasmids ndivo mhosva kwetunhu colicin - chaiyo mapuroteni kuti anogona tunodzivisa dzinotsanagura kukura uye kubereka mabhakitiriya, kunze mutakuri.

Feature kupatsanura

The yose kupatsanura gadziriro inovakwa maererano zvimwe zvivako zviri plasmids:

1. Nzira dzekufambisa kuberekana ayo mashandiro kuti leakage.
2. Kuvapo nevakawanda zvakawanda zvenhau.
3. Features kukopa nhamba.
4. Topological zvechadenga plasmids.
5. Kugarisana.
6. Iye / conjugative plasmid.
7. Kuvapo chiratidzo Gene iri plasmid.

Zvisinei, chero nzira kupatsanura chine kuberekana kudzidziswa pfungwa.

Mafomu ose plasmids

plasmids basa kana kushandiswa nevanhu inzira rakasikwa munhu yakaumbwa kopi DNA. Plasmids pachavo ave vector. Kugona kubvumira kuberekana kubva plasmids kuti recreate zviri recombinant DNA iri mutakuri muchitokisi. Kushandiswa kwakapararira vakawana magene mapurani. Bazi iri plasmids sayenzi vakasikwa artificially kuti kuchinjwa masero mhando mashoko kana kukudzora chiito pamwe magene zvinhu.

Pfungwa idzi cellular zvinoriumba zvinowanikwa uchitamba mutambo indasitiri ( "Bioshock"). Plasmids vanoita mashandiro zvimwe zvinhu izvo vanogona kupa nemamwe ehupfumi muviri. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mutambo plasmids vane chinenge chinhu chokuita chero chaicho. The mutambo unoitwa munzvimbo Genre pakati shooter pamwe zvezvidzidzo RPG, iro rinonzi Bioshock, plasmids ndiwo majini nadzurudzo vamwe zvivako zviri muviri, avo kuchinja uye kupa nzira super-masimba.