Pluralism - mumwe multiplicity

Muzvizhinji zvoruzivo iri pfungwa aishora MONISM. Izwi anobva pluralis Latin, rinoreva "multiple". Saka, pluralism - iri kutungamirirwa ichibva seti akatanga kana mhuka. Vane akazvimirira uye havasi pasi kuona mumwe.

The izwi wakatangwa dzidziso kwezana remakore rechi19. Maererano nomumwe kana vamwe mhinduro inokosha mubvunzo kwouzivi, kana zvingava muzvizhinji rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma kana pfuma. Rondedzero dzokufungidzira dzinowanzoguma zvokudya zvinoratidzwa mabasa Leibniz Somuenzaniso. Zvinhu pamuviri inoonekwa zvichiratidza Empedocles, Spinoza.

A rinokosha anoonekwa kuva multiplicity kuti hunyambiri. postulates ake vanoratidza pfungwa yakazvimirira ariko akakodzera uye mashoko.

Inenge zvose dzidziso ouzivi kare akatsvaka kuona ukama dzomunyika mananara, achidzikisa navo chete siyana nechimwe. Somugumisiro, vaiva monistic nemunhu. Zvisinei, pakazopera remakore rechi19 akacherekedza reorientation pluralism. Izvi zvakaitika uchisimbisa ochinja nyaya pakutanga yepakutanga (misimboti) zvakasikwa mibvunzo pamusoro epistemology (Pfungwa ruzivo).

Muzvizhinji mu epistemology Inoti conventionalism, nomumwe postpositivist pfungwa (semuenzaniso, dzinonetsa realism, "anarchistic dzidziso ruzivo", etc.).

Epistemological pluralism - ari nokumunyima inokosha kubatana zivo. Muzvizhinji pano, achitora sepokutangira dzidziso zivo chete yokuti pane yakatarwa kuzvimirira, matsime kufurirwa uye siyana zivo. All anopa izvi uye siyana basa maererano nemitemo yayo (semuenzaniso, unyanzvi okugadzira zvinhu, chakavanzika, sainzi, vanhuwo ruzivo , etc.), kuratidza kungoreva chete "mufananidzo wenyika."

Muzvizhinji - Kazhinji kuramba kana underestimation rwemusimboti, pasina tichifunga kuti hazvibviri kuwadzana munhu muzvizhinji siyana uye zvinhu pamwe chete. Dzidziso anogona kunzi mhiri dzinokosha matambudziko uye nyaya kubatana uye kusiyana zvinhu zvenyika. Panguva iyoyowo rinopikisa pluralistic uye monistic pfungwa asina hunhu Mhedziso.

Nzira uye maonero enyika multiplicity anogona ine musoro zvinhu zvinogona kutadzisa nemhedziso imwe Conceptual kurongeka, kare, uyewo manyorero mufananidzo wenyika kana mafungiro ichi kana kuti kunyanya womuenzaniso zivo. It inotaura kuvapo nzira dzakawanda kuti kukura uye kusikwa ruzivo, uye nokudaro kwakamutsa tichirwisa kukwikwidzirana yokungotaura zvishande uye methodological zvirongwa zvakasiyana.

Political pluralism - vanzwisise kuti inosanganisira paumbwe kwemitemo kubudikidza inowirirana kushanda nheyo kupatsanurwa simba. Maererano nheyo inoshanda uye sangano, neDemocratic maitiro munyika kunoratidza kuvapo muna nzanga vakawanda akazvimirira masangano uye mapoka kuti vane simba rokuchinja paumbwe hurumende, apo vasina nayo (simba) chindingindingi.

Munguva ichangopfuura, shoko rokuti "pluralism" rinowanzoshandiswa enyika dzidziso uye evanhu kuita gutsaruzhinji. Pfungwa mugovanisi multiplicity rinoburitsa Kurambwa wokushandiswa yaiona-murayiro hurongwa, iyo isina omumwe hweruzhinji.

The zvakasiyana siyana muridzi chiito sezvo upfumi hwaro pluralism. Maererano nedzimwe vanyori, kuti siyana mugovanisi aivapo zvinobudirira, unofanira misoro democratization vanhu pamusoro pakanyorwa kuderedza nzvimbo wehurumende murau.