Pontasi: kare, mari, mutongi kuhondo. Pontasi wayo basa munhoroondo kweGungwa Dema

Umambo wekare chePondasi, riri mu kumabvazuva Asia Minor, zvakanga chimwe chezvinhu akakurumbira Hellenistic inoti nguva yake. Yaiva simba zvikuru nyika pedyo uye pakuzadzisa kweGungwa Dema. Vose inoti yekare kumaodzanyemba vemazuva Russia sezvineiwo vakakwereta chinhu kubva simba iri. Pontasi nesayenzi yemazuva kunopfuura dzimwe nyika dzakafanana. Izvi imhaka yokuti vatongi vayo kwenguva refu nguva mutsimba Rome. Hapana mubvunzo kuti ngozi, inova umambo chePondasi, kwakaratidzwa enyika womukati ezvinhu munyika.

nzvimbo

Kubvira ivepo, muna III - I remakore. BC Pontasi kakawanda zvakachinja muganhu, kunyanya nokuda yayo kuwedzera. State centre aiva North Kapadhokiya iri kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo kweGungwa Dema. Kare zvazikamwa sezvo Pont Euxine, uye kuti Ndokusaka umambo akanzi Pontasi kana kungoti rakapfupikiswa sePontasi.

Character weHurumende kunonyanya akatsunga nokuda kwayo zvakanaka nzvimbo. Iyo mundima yakava chikamu umambo chePondasi? Yaiva nyika pakati Central uye Western Asia, muBalkans neGungwa Black nharaunda. Somugumisiro, Pont aiva kutengeserana akarara zvose kumatunhu akaita kuti iye akapfuma uye simba vatongi. Vatengesi ava vaibva kuchamhembe Mesopotamia, kuti Iranian Plateau uye Caucasus. Rare Oriental zvinhu vakauya mari yakawanda. Mari Pontasi yakagadzirwa kubva goridhe uye vane akasiyana chitarisiko. Vanochera matongo vachiwana navo Turkey neRussia, Ukraine, uye Caucasus.

vanhu

In Pondiyo mamiriro hwakakanyiwa tsika marudzi mazhinji. In umambo iyi Asia Minor akagara, Anatolian, Iranian uye tsika ndero. Vagari kunyanya aidaro zvokurima, izvo aifarira munyoro ekunze. Cities muna Ponte akanga zviduku. Vaiva kunyanya muGungwa Dema nemhenderekedzo. Ndivo policies kuti nheyo dzakadzidzvinyirira Greek.

Ethnic vagari runobva kuna vokuKapadhokiya, Macron, Ghalib, Colchis, kataontsam. Akararama pano ose vatorwa, akadai marudzi wokuFrijiya. Muumambo chePondasi zvakanga nguva dzose yakawanda wevechitendero kutaura navaPeresia. All kaleidoscope ichi chaiva nengozi upfu keg. marudzi akasiyana vave vakabatana kuburikidza guru Hellenistic (chiGiriki) tsika. Kumabvazuva worudzi vakararama, zvakamubaya simba. Most akaramba vaGiriki Vagari kweGungwa Dema yokumadokero mitemo.

Ponta garo

Pontasi mamiriro rakavakwa King Mithridates I muna 302 BC By mavambo, aiva Persian vaibatira mambo Macedonian Antigonus. For kujeka zvikonzero wamambo wakawira kunyadziswa pamwe mambo wake akamhanya kuti Kapadhokiya kure, apo akavaka itsva mamiriro. Pachinzvimbo zvose haizopereri hwedzinza madzimambo chePondasi pakuzivikanwa Mitridatidami.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa zvinhu pamusoro iyo yakaonekwa mamiriro. Pontasi, ane nhoroondo akatanga pakuguma IV remakore BC. e., yakabuda ngwanda ane simba guru, akasika Aleksandrom Makedonskim. mukuru ichi pakutanga yakakunda Greece uye kuparadzira wetsika dzechiGiriki mune dzakawanda kuMiddle East. simba rake rakanga pfupi. Akaputsa akakwidzwa zhinji zvemisoro pakarepo pashure Alexander afa muna 323 BC

maruva

Zvizvarwa Mithridates I mberi kusimbisa uye kukudziridza mamiriro chePondasi. Vakabatsirwa enyika kusabatana vavakidzani uye zvinogona vorongerwa kutamburira pesvedzero mudunhu. ichatonga zvine mbiri yayo, ichi mamiriro yekare akatambanudza Mithridates VI Eupator, aitonga 117 - 63 makore. BC

At muduku aifanira kutiza nyika yake yaakaberekerwa. Pashure pokufa kwababa vake namai vake Mithridates VI vaipikisa kuti mwanakomana akatora wayo akakodzera choushe. Kushayiwa nhapwa, hapana mubvunzo kudzikamiswa mambo yemberi. Paakazosvika vakakwanisa kudzokera simba, namambo akaita hondo nevavakidzani vayo.

Small ukuru nokukurumidza namachinda achiteerera Mithridates. Vomunguva zvakarurama kumudana Guru. Akabatana Colchis (Georgia ano), uyewo Tauris (Crimea). Zvisinei, mberi mambo rinokosha bvunzo - akawanda mishandirapamwe Roma. Republic panguva ino yakatowedzera kuwedzera zvayo East. Iye kare akabatana Greece uye zvino aizviti Asia Minor, apo umambo nePontasi aiva. Pakati masimba maviri akatanga hondo kusingaperi.

Relations pamwe neyenyika

Kutanga huru mamiriro, izvo kare sokuti soumambo, Mithridates aifanira dzinongoitika dambudziko - sei kuchengeta acquisitions yayo yose. Akaedza kuwana chiyereso ukama mapurovhinzi matsva, achivapa yakasiyana hweHIV. Somuenzaniso, mamwe madzinza duku rwezasi pamutemo vakava nevatsigiri vake, apo Colchis uye Tauris ikava zvokunyama uye kuwana umbowo yenyika upfumi hwenyika.

Vazhinji mari vakaenda mari uye zvokudya hondo. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti umambo chePondasi Mithridates vakanganwa pamusoro apo kuti ndiyo nyika. The Emperor akaita rwokumusoro-kumadokero munharaunda Sea Black nharaunda, chikuru nokutengesa zviyo. An zvisingaperi Uto chingwa raidiwa kuti kure vachirwisa kupinda mapurovhinzi Roman.

External nemagariro kuzvipokanidza

Mithridates VI chePondasi akaedza kuwedzera hurumende nokubatsirwa Hellenization itsika. Akazivisa pachake ari mudziviriri uye vaichengetedza tsika Greek yekare. Asi kosi iyi kugona kutungamirira kunetsana nomumwe simba yekare chiso Rome. Republic dziri nemiganhu yayo wokumabvazuva havana kuva umambo simba chePondasi.

Mithridates akaedzawo kusimbisa nyika yake nokuwedzera zvakanakira mitemo. By iyi mwoyo wake kudivi dzomumaguta kirasi. Asi pamusoro kwakadaro mumhuri mutemo waiva vakakwirira simba. Nhengo dzayo havadi kugovana upfumi uye simba pamwe mitemo.

Domestic negwaro Mithridates VI

Pakupedzisira kwamachinda akapa mutongi kokupedzisira. Aifanira atsigire zvayaida kana tunodzivisa kwokumukira chikuru, anotsigirwa tichiregeredza mafuta muzvikwama vapfumi. Mambo, uyo anoramba ari hondo neRoma, asingagoni kuisa pachayo pasi uchibaya kumashure. Aifanira kuita tobvuma kuti vakakwirira. Vakaita zvakaguma kuberekwa noudzvinyiriri kirasi vakatoita vakawanda vanogara.

Nokuda kupokana ichi, umambo chePondasi, ane hondo yakavakwa pamusoro yekare muenzaniso Greek chaizvoizvo asina kukwanisa kubvisa dhiyabhorosi yokumabvazuva despotism racho polity. Zvinokoshawo kuti simba iri guru aivapo chete nemhaka anokwezva uye simba mufananidzo wamambo mukuru. Pakafa Mithridates VI, akanga akasungwa kuti isaparara.

umambo rokutongawo

Nhasi ushe vokuPontasi wayo basa munhoroondo kweGungwa Dema vari kudzidza nevanhu vatsvakurudzi kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana. Asi zvisinei ndivanaani, mumwe mazvikokota vakandoteka pfungwa Mithridates VI nenguva, kubva pawaiva zvasvika Parainge.

Asi kunyange mambo ichi chikuru vaiva zvikanganiso zvake uye matambudziko kuti akanga asina kukwanisa kukunda. Kuwedzera matambudziko zvemukati pamusoro apa, mambo aifanira kukurira asipo chero mikuru vatsigiri mukurwisa Roma. Shure seri zvokuvhoterwa kunge vakawanda Mediterranean dunhu - Greece, Italy, Gaul, Spain, muCarthage, etc. Chero kunge chinobudirira mutongi Mithridates, akanga ari chinangwa mikana vasingagoni refu kuramba kuwedzera Roman.

rufu Mithridates

In kuwa '64 BC mambo kuPontasi akakwanisa kuunganidza uto guru nguva 36 zviuru vanhu uye kukunda Bosporus. Zvisinei, hondo yacho nemakambani aisada kuramba mushandirapamwe uye uende Italy, apo aida kuenda Mithridates kurova kurudyi mumoyo Rome. namambo wacho nzvimbo yakanga shaky, uye iye ndadududza.

Zvichakadaro, mune hondo vakura zano. Varwi vakanga vasingagutsikane hondo, uye kuwedzera, paiva munhu anozopinda simba Portiyskom umambo. Izvi zvakazoitika kuti chinzvimbo scion pamusoro Mithridates VI Pharnaces. Ndamukirwa kufukidzwa, uye mwanakomana wake ukabatwa. Mambo akada kumuuraya kuti hurumende, asi pedyo kumudzivisa naye uye vamurayira kuti kurega pamba. Baba akabvuma.

Asi chiito ichi havana kubatsira kudzivisa kupandukira muchiuto. Apo Mithridates kuziva rakombwa nevavengi, akatora muchetura. Izvozvo hazvina kushanda. Ipapo mambo vakanyengetedza wavarindi vake kuti vamuuraye nomunondo, uye kuti akanga aita. Dambudziko kwakaitika muna 63 BC The VaRoma vakaziva rufu Mithridates, vaipemberera mazuva mashomanana. Zvino ivo zvakarurama vaifunga kuti ushe chePondasi nokukurumidza pasi zvokuvhoterwa.

Kusviba uye Fall

Pakafa chePondasi Mithridates VI takawira yakapararawo. The Roman Republic, kuhwina hondo muvakidzani, akaita kumadokero chikamu umambo mupurovhinzi yake. In kumabvazuva, aizviti simba Pontic madzimambo vakaramba, asi chaizvoizvo vava hunotsigirwa Rome. Mithridates mwanakomana Pharnaces II akaedza kusimbisa simba rake yababa. Akatora mukana yatanga nehondo yevagari vemo muRoma akakunda zvokuvhoterwa. Pharnaces adzoka Kapadhokiya uye Zvikanganiso Armenia.

Zvisinei, kubudirira kwake kwakanga pfupi. Apo Kesari akasunungurwa kubva munyika nenyonganyonga, akaenda kumabvazuva, kuranga Pharnaces. Muhondo yairwirwa pana Zely VaRoma akahwina kuondomoka kukunda. Pakarepo pakava Latin hove mutsara «Veni vidi vici» - «akauya, ndakaona, Ini ndakunda".

Zvisinei, Yuliy Tsezar, akasiya wevakadzidza youmambo musoro mumaoko Mithridates venhaka. Asi, ivo vaiona pachavo vatongi vari pasi Roma. Pakupedzisira rokuremekedza yakaguma ne naMambo Nero muna 62 AD The mutongi wekupedzisira umambo chePondasi Polemon II abdicated asina nemishonga, sezvo akanga asina mari nadzo kuRoma.