Kypchak Khanate: mavambo uye nhoroondo

Kypchak Ages khanate - conglomerate madzinza Polovtsian muridzi yakakura inowanzorimwa nzvimbo Eurasia. Nyika yavo akatambanudza kubva pamuromo Danube kumadokero kusvika Irtysh River kusvika uye kubva Kama River kuchamhembe kusvika kumaodzanyemba kweGungwa Aral kumabvazuva. Panguva kuvapo Kypchak Khanate - XI - XIII emakore.

prehistory

Polovtsi (mamwe mazita: Kipchak polovchane, Cumans) vaiva Turkic vanhu vane dzekare inowanzorimwa anongofamba mararamiro. Muzana VIII remakore, vaitanga pachavo munharaunda Kazakhstan ano. Vavakidzani vavo vaiva Khazars uye Oghuz. Polovtsian sires madzitateguru vaiona kuti Vaidzungaira ari steppes okumabvazuva Tiến Shan uye Mongolia. Ndokusaka rokutanga rakanyorwa uchapupu pamusoro vanhu - the Chinese.

Muna 744, pasi Cumans akauya pasi pokutonga Kimaks uye kwenguva refu aigara Kimek Khanate nguva. Muzana IX remakore zvinhu yakava vasazvibvumira. Polovtsi yakawana hegemony pamusoro Kimaks. Saka ipapo Kypchak Khanate. Pakutanga XI remakore, zviri vasiyiwa dzapasi inosvika pakati rwizi Ishe DARYA dzakavakidzana yorudzi Oghuz. Riri pamuganhu Khorezm muna Polovtsian raiva Sygnak guta, apo vakapedza yechando mumusasa. Zvino panzvimbo yacho ndiwo matongo eguta rekare, aendesa rakakomba matongo ukoshi.

kuva mamiriro

By 1050 Kypchak Khanate woga nharaunda yose Kazakhstan ano (kunze Semirechye). Kumabvazuva, kumuganhu State kusvika Irtysh River uye ayo dzokumadokero miganhu vakagara pamusoro Volga. In kumaodzanyemba Kipchak yakasvika Talas, kuchamhembe - Siberian masango.

The dzinza Zvinoumba muArabhu izvi yakaumbwa muna kwemapazi mamwe marudzi mazhinji. Historians kuona mbiri inokosha Kipchak rudzi: yanto tarirai. Uyezve, Cumans avhenganisa vakakunda vavakidzani vavo (vokuTurkey uye Oguz). Vanotsvakurudza All Nhoroondo kusvika 16 Kipchak madzinza. It borili, toksoba, durut, karaborikly, bizhanak uye t. D.

Pakati XI remakore Kypchak Khanate asvika nhamba iri kuwedzera kwayo. Vafambi kugara paGungwa Black uye steppes Russian, kusvika kumuganhu Byzantine Empire. Somugumisiro ichi vakawanda vaitamira paiva disintegration munharaunda Kypchaks zviviri zvimiso zvikamu: okumabvazuva uye vokumadokero. Muganhu pakati pavo riri Volga (Cumans akaiti "Itil").

Public mamiriro

Kipchak vanhu yaiva vanhu vakaderera uye dzisakarurama munzanga. Huru pfuma, pave zvakanaka, akanga mombe uye mabhiza. Zviri nokuwanda mumhuri kwainzi nechiidzo nzvimbo yomunhu mumagakava manera. Part nezvipfuwo rakanga zvaiita uridzi. mhuka dzakadaro segwapa tamgas (chaizvo nyora). Mafuro uyewo dzinozivikanwa vaiva vakakwirira.

Vazhinji Kipchak kwaisanganisira zvavo pevafudzi uye vemunharaunda. Ivo vanoonekwa akasununguka, asi kazhinji vakapfuura mutaviridziro vavakidzani kupfuura simba. Nokurasikirwa mombe dzavo murume kunyimwa mukana tama uye kuva yatukom - akagadzirisa vagari. Kupfuura simba munzanga Polovtsian varanda. Kypchak Khanate, ane upfumi dzinongoita kwakavakirwa rokumanikidzirwa, vakawedzera uwandu varanda vachikanganisa hondo.

Relations pamwe Russia

In yokutanga yezana XI remakore vakatanga hondo Russian-Polovtsian. MuArabhu havana kuedza kukunda East necheSalvic hugota, asi akasvika kunyika nevamwe nokuda zvokupamba uye varanda itsva. Inowanzorimwa akasarudza pfuma uye zvipfuwo uye yakaparadzwa nyika zvokurima. Kurwisa yavo vatsamwirana uye anomhanya. Sezvo ushe, muArabhu nguva kunyangarika refu nechisimba kunzvimbo yavo vasati wakasvika navaranda muchinda wacho.

Most vanowanzotambura dyo Kiev, Ryazan Pereyaslavl uye piglets uye Siverschyna. Yakanga iri yavo vapfumi nyika uye maguta kunanga kurwisa avo tsitsi Kypchak Khanate. 11 - pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi13 - nguva dzose apesane yeRussia inowanzorimwa squads. Nokuda ngozi kumaodzanyemba, vanhu vakaedza kuenda pedyo masango, izvo yekudyidzana kwakamutsa yokutama Eastern necheSalvic nevanhu muna Vladimir hugota.

Chronicle kuti vachirwisa

Apo Kypchak Khanate, ane ndima kwakawedzera zvikuru, wakasvika kuonana Russia, necheSalvic mamiriro, Ukuwo, yava kwakambova dambudziko anokonzerwa feudal kusabatana uye munyika internecine hondo. Tikafunga zviitiko izvi zvakawedzera ngozi muArabhu nguva.

Yokutanga chakakomba kukundwa Polovtsy inotungamirwa Khan Iskaliev akaita Pereyaslavl Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich muna 1061. Makore manomwe gare gare, mauto yakakunda Russian inowanzorimwa yomubatanidzwa matatu Rurik kurwizi Alta. Muna 1078 paGungano Hondo Nezhatina Field akafira Kiev Izyaslav Yaroslavich. All izvi matambudziko yakawira Russia kunonyanya kukonzerwa nekusagona nezvevamwe madzimambo kuti pachavo nokuda vanhuwo zvakanaka.

Rurik kukunda

Kypchak Ages khanate, zvematongerwo enyika uye vatorwa ukama izvo akafanana chaiwo muenzaniso mhirizhonga, kwenguva refu nguva vakabudirira ukamuvhundutsa Russian munyika. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukundwa of Eastern Slavs kugona nokusingaperi. The muenzaniso itsva ose Zvinotambudza Polovtsy aiva Vladimir Monomakh.

Muna 1096 iri Prince akakunda Kipchak musi Trubezh rwizi. Muhondo auraya mutungamiri Tugorkan muArabhu. Sezvineiwo, muvambi Kypchak Khanate nokuda vamwe hatizvizivi dzakaitika. Data vakanga chete vatongi vaya vakazivisa hondo masimba pedyo kana kubatana navo nedzenyu ukama. Tugorkan Khan aiva mumwe wavo.

nharaunda ngozi

Nemhaka kusimba kwakaita necheSalvic squads matsime kuwedzera uya kwemakumi emakore mberi Kypchak Khanate. Muchidimbu, kuti Polovtsian zvinhu hazvisi zvokuti chinhu kuzunungusa uchangamire Russia. Rurik akaedza kubata asingagamuchirwi angambosvika iripo. Machinda vakaronga muganhu masvingo uye akavagarisa murugare akagadzirisa vokuTurkey - black Hoods. Vaigara kumaodzanyemba Kiev nyika, uye rebei vakaita nhovo weRussia.

Vladimir Monomakh kutanga kwete chete akakunda Kipchak, asi hwakaedzawo nokuparura imwe inogumbura ari kusingaperi inowanzorimwa. chirongwa chake muna 1111, iyo zvakabatana mamwe Rurik, rakarongwa pasuo inoonekwa Cross, umo kumadokero Knights vakatorera Jerusarema vaMuslim. Mune remangwana muitiro tsamwisa hondo mugwenga yava tsika. Yakakurumbira Russian ngano aiva chirongwa Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, zviitiko izvo akaumba hwaro "Lay".

Cumans uye Byzantines

Russia haasiye chete nyika yokuEurope nako dzakawanikwa Kypchak Khanate. Pfupiso of inowanzorimwa ukama pakati Byzantine Empire anozivikanwa Ages yaMakoronike Greek. Muna 1091 Cumans akapinda pfupi kubatana yokuRussia muchinda Vasilko Rostislavichem. Chinangwa mubatanidzwa kwaiva kukundwa nemamwe muArabhu - Pechenegs. Muzana XI remakore vakanga yanzwa Polovtsy steppes kweGungwa Dema uye ikozvino pangozi miganhu Byzantine Empire.

Vasingadi kushivirira kuvapo vazhinji pamiganhu yayo, vaGiriki akapinda kubatana cornflowers uye Kipchak. Muna 1091 hondo dzavo zvabatanidzwa, dzinotungamirirwa Kesari Aleksey I Komnin, akakunda hondo Pechenegs panguva Hondo Leburne. Zvisinei, ushamwari Polovtsy haana yakatanga nevaGiriki. Nechekare muna 1092 ari khanate vaitsigira munyengeri uye anoedzesera kuita nesimba muna Constantinople Lzhediogena. Cumans nechisimba umambo. Byzantines akakunda kukokwa vaeni 1095, achiteverwa nevaya kwenguva refu nguva haana kuedza kuenda mhiri wadzo inowanzorimwa.

The vatsigiri of vokuBulgaria

Kana vaGiriki vaiva hondo Kipchak, ivo vokuBulgaria sezvo muBalkans tinongogara anenge zvakabatana mubatanidzwa. Kokutanga marudzi maviri vakarwa kudivi rimwe muna 1186. Kunyange vokuBulgaria akayambuka Danube uye chaitadzisa mambo Isaac II Angelos akaisa pasi pokupanduka vomunyika dzavo muBalkans. Pamushandirapamwe Slavs nokushingaira akabatsira Polovtsian mapoka. Yakanga kurwisa zvinomhanyisa vakavhunduka vaGiriki vasiri vakajaira anorwisa anokumhan'arira yakadaro.

Muna 1187 - 1280 makore. kutonga imba muBulgaria vaiva pavo. Hazvina ukama hwavo Kipchak vaiva muenzaniso mubatanidzwa simba. Somuenzaniso, pakutanga pamusoro XIII remakore chevaux Kaloyan pamwe inowanzorimwa vanogara pane kamwe vachanetseka yavo wokwake mambo Hungarian Imre. Zvino paiva chiitiko ichikosha rokuita - Western Knights akakunda Constantinople uye akaparadza Byzantine Empire, uye akavaka dzavo pamusoro pamatongo - Latin. nokukurumidza vokuBulgaria vakava vavengi zvinovava pamusoro Franks. Muna 1205, pakava hondo yakakurumbira panguva Adrianople, uko necheSalvic-Polovtsian hondo akakunda Latins. Dzorudzidziso akatambura kupwanya kukundwa, uye Emperor wavo Baldwin kunyange akabatwa. A inokosha basa kukunda vakaridza maneuverable vamabhiza Kipchak.

Kukunda eMongolia

Chero vabudirira Polovtsian chinopenya kumavirira, yakasvava pamusoro colour pamusoro anotyisa nengozi kuti akanga achiuya Europe kubva kumabvazuva. Pakutanga mashoko XIII remakore wake umambo akatanga kuvaka eMongolia. First akakunda China, uye akabva atamira kumavirira. Nyore yakakunda Central Asia, vakunda itsva yakatanga kuita Polovtsy uye nendudzi dzavo yakavakidzana.

MuEurope, wokutanga kuwira pasi kurwiswa Alans. Kypchaki akaramba kuvabatsira. Zvino rakanga rava jana ravo. Pazvakava pachena kuti Mongol nechisimba hazvingadziviswi, kuti Polovtsian khans nyaya machinda Russian. Vazhinji Rurik chaizvo vakateerera. Muna 1223 joini Russian-Polovtsian nehondo vakasangana eMongolia panguva Hondo yacho Kalka River. It akatambura unorema kukundwa. Pashure pemakore 15, ari eMongolia akadzokera kumisa joko rake pamusoro Eastern Europe. Muna 1240-ies. Kypchanskoe Khanate akanga pakupedzisira kuparadzwa. Cumans sezvinoita vanhu vane nguva yaenda, yakanyangarika pakati mamwe madzinza ose inowanzorimwa Great.