Periodization Roma yekare. Misi Key uye Events

Rome iri mu nechepakati mharadzano dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kumativi nemisha pedyo ari Tiber River. Vanyori venhau vanoti kuti Roma akamuka IX remakore BC. e. sezvo muduku musha akamisa marudzi maviri nechepakati Latins uye Sabines. Periodization Roma yekare inosanganisira huru muzvikamu zvitatu: zvamambo, Republican uye Imperial.

The nhaka pakati Etruscans

The Etruscans - ane rudzi yekare kuti dzatora yakakura Peninsula (Tuscany ano). Ivo wakasika Budiriro hombe uye zvakanaka kunyatsobudirira pakugadzwa pakati penzizi Tiber uye Arno. Etruscan tsika aiva zvikuru kwakabatsira vaRoma, uyo nhaka guru rutivi tsika dzavo uye tsika. Budiriro iyi pakurukurwa Roman uye akanga akasimba zvikuru kudarika kwake. Asi yakanga vaRoma kutombozivikanwa muchiKristu uye vakaparadza Etruscans. Periodization Roma yekare vangadai zvisingabviri pasina Etruscans, sezvo vaRoma vakashandisa zvose zvinokonzerwa vamutangira kuti pave simba mamiriro.

Kuvambwa Rome

Kuvambwa Rome kunotanga ngano pamusoro Romulus uye Remus - mapatya vaviri, uyo akadzokera munzvimbo yaro yakakodzera, akatsiva sekuru vake Numitor.

In pemwedzi II zviuru. BC. e. Tiber akatanga kugara nechepasi emadzinza Latin Siculo. Latina akaratidza nharaunda yavo zvikomo zviviri - the Palatine uye Veliey. The yasara zvikomo Sabines nezvokuita. Munguva pfupi marudzi maviri, sezvo munhu kutarisira, vakabatsirana somugumisiro wevanotungamirira uye udyire zvinangwa. In VIII. BC. e. remakore kubatana marudzi maviri, izvo chakaratidza kutanga umambo kukuru. Vagari Kuedza wakakombwa yakavakwa neRoma, riri pamusoro Capitol Hill. Hazvina kubva pano zvinobva periodization Roma yekare.

Kana zvimwe kupinda ngano, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti Vestal Rhea akararama pakati Etruscans. Fate kwakanga kwakadaro kuti abereka vana vaviri mwari Mars - Romulus uye Remus. Maererano nengano, Ray akarayira kuti kukanda vana mudengu murwizi. Ivo nechikepe pasi rwizi, uye nokukurumidza akaswedera Palatine Hill, apo vakanhonga Bere. Musi kuvambwa Rome - 753 BC. e. Gore rino, Romulus yakavakwa pachikomo Rome, uye mhumhi rava mhuka dzvene uye airemekedzwa.

youmambo kumwedzi

Date garo Rome akatanga tsarist nguva panguva iyo hurumende mutemo madzimambo 7. Madzimambo aitonga sezvinotevera: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius naRukio Tarquinius Superbus. Periodization Roma yekare pasina madzimambo 7 Handingambofungi zvakadaro, nokuti vakaisa zvinokosha nheyo yeramangwana umambo.

Pakutanga, Romulus anotonga pamwe Tatsiem - mambo Sabines, asi pashure porufu rwake, Romulus akaramba kutonga oga (753-715 BC ..). ushe hwake zvinokosha pakuti akasika munhu Seneti, akakwanisa kusimbisa Palatine uye chimiro hweRoma vomunharaunda.

Mambo wechipiri, Numa Pompilius, vaisiyana guru vatsvene uye kururamisira. Tullus Hostilius akanga zvehondo mambo akarwa Fidenami, Sabina uye Veyyami. Ankh Marcius akawedzera miganhu Rome kugungwa, kusimbisa ukama Etruscans. Haana kupedza hondo chete.

Tarquinius Priscus aiva Etruscans. Roma yakanga muchifumiswa pamwe zvakagadzirwa mumutauro, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvechitendero. Tarquin Seneti yakawedzera vanhu 100. Iyewo akarwa vavakidzani, uye vakatanga refu basa zvikasabudiswa ari marshy nzvimbo guta. Servius Tullius agara inoshamisa munhu, kubva kunyange kwayakatangira anoramba ari chakavanzika. Tarquinius Superbus, mwanakomana Tarquinius Priska, vakabata simba nokuuraya. Akatonga noutsinye uye haana vaitirei Seneti pfungwa.

Ushe Tarquinius Superbus uye madiro Sextus Tarquinius (mwanakomana wamambo) zvakakonzera kuti Imperial simba akaramba. Kazhinji ichi sehofisi Latin-Sabine patricians.

Pakuvamba zvokuvhoterwa

Republic nguva zvakanga yakareba, saka kare kuiganhura vachiita migove vaviri Early Roman Republic uye mukupera Roman Republic. Early Roman Republic kunoratidzwa nesimba vakakwirira uye patricians, uyo anotaura kuti plebs - vazukuru akakurira vanhu. The plebeians akanga asina kodzero: vakarambidzwa kutakura zvombo, uye michato yavo zvisina kuzivikanwa sezvo pamutemo. izvi zvose akaitirwa zvakavatorera kudzivirirwa kumativi ose. The dambudziko yeRoma Republic kwakakonzerwa chaiyo iri pavanotaurirana patricians uye plebeians.

Republican hurongwa haina zvikuru kuchinja zvematongerwo maumbirwo Rome. Asi, upenyu-refu mambo simba kuwana chero vaviri vanosarudzwa consuls, aitonga gore rose. Panopera kwavo rokuti, kuti consuls vakaudza Seneti.

Panguva yokutanga zvokuvhoterwa vaRoma vakaita dzakatevedzana hondo zvakazoita kuti kubatwa kweItaly. Nechekare ne 264 BC. e. Roma yakanga rudzi rwose kweMediterranean simba zvikuru. Late Republic aizivikanwa wandei Punic Wars, vaRoma zvakazoita kuti kukunda muCarthage. Zvisinei, matambudziko yeRoma Republic rakaramba.

Roman Samnite Wars (343-290 BC. E.)

Roman Samnite Wars inoumbwa matatu nguva, uye ndiyo nhevedzano yokurwisana nezvombo. Mhaka kurwa muhondo mbiri dzokutanga semupi chirongwa - yakanaka uye yakaorera nedunhu Italy. Chechitatu Chiitiko hondo yakanga anokonzerwa zvibviswe nokutyisidzirwa pakati Samnites muCentral Italy.

Third ravaranda War (74-71 BC. E.)

MuRoma, izvozvo yave ichiwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uwandu varanda, uye nzvimbo dzavo munyika zvakaenzanirana kudzikira. zvinhu izvi uye noutsinye ushe Musandu - zvinokonzera maviri chikuru kwokumukira Spartacus. Zvakatanga pashure mutongi afa uye kwakasvika husingagumi zvikuru. Nekuti hondo Spartacus akaramba kusvika varanda akanga atiza, vakanga vakadzidziswa mitambo yokurwisana kurwa. With ake evapanduki mauto akagura Italy uye aida kuyambukira kuchitsuwa kweSisiri, asi akanga kunyengedzwa Pirates. Yakanga rapanzvimbo nhamba uye pamwero yokupanduka, iyo akaratidza ushingi uye nenyota rusununguko nevaranda.

Somugumisiro, kumukira adzipwa. Akavira muhondo Spartacus pachake, uye vose vateveri pamuchinjikwa nemugwagwa unonzi Appian Way inyevero vamwe.

Gaius Yuliy Tsezar

Gaius Yuliy Tsezar aiva mudzvanyiriri, kuti nhumwa, kusvikira ava Pontifex Maximus hweRoma. Great simba pamusoro umambo akanga ari makore ake okupedzisira. Caesar akanga aburukira kubva patrician, saka kubvira pakuberekwa yave rusununguko imwe simba.

Aiva manomano enyika uye bribed vanhu nenzira yose. Izvi zvinoshanda zvikuru, uye aitsigirwa simba pakati vanhuwo zvavo. ZvaKesari udzvinyiriri akanga achida uye kuimba zvose. Iye akaratidza matarenda ake guru mukuru uye strategist muna Gallic War, kunokunda vokuGermany.

Akaita nzendo zhinji, akawedzera umambo. Caesar akanga nemanomano, asi ngwarira. Vanyori venhau vanoti chipo chake mutauri, nekuti nguva zhinji akamutsa morale nemauto hurukuro pfupi. Caesar akasiya mabasa akawanda kuti vanoonekwa Classics of Latin prose ( "Notes on Gallic War" uye "Notes on Civil War"). basa rake rave yaiva simba pamusoro pokumuka Western Europe.

Fall of the zvokuvhoterwa

Kuwa zvokuvhoterwa rakanga chisingadzivisiki, sezvo yekare Kusagutsikana rakakura zvishoma nezvishoma. Seneti simba haachisiri munhu akanaka, yakanga kusimbiswa mumaoko mashoma vanokudzwa mhuri. Zvaiva pachena kuti Republican hurongwa hakusi akakodzera rudzi rukuru. Pakunetswa nezviremera akatambura vanhuwo kwete chete. Somugumisiro, anoda kusvika zana remakore okuberekwa zvichemo Republic akawira. Mukuru pakuita izvi reDare muchiuto.

muzinda

The gavhuna weRoma, kwave kuzivikanwa mambo yokuti hurumende yekare rinoputswa mauto (yaimbonzi vakuru veuto vatongi). The nhatu remakore rokutanga Roma akaramba Republican murayiro. Mambo waiva mukuru weSeneti uye akanzi "Princeps". Pakutanga, Umambo hweRoma chaiva gutsaruzhinji, uye simba rose akanga achiri Seneti. mambo wokutanga Roma raiva Octavian Augustus. Akapedza paumbwe uto nyanzvi reRoma, urwo rwakatora anenge zana remakore. Varwi vakanga kushumira 20-25 makore, pasina kodzero kutanga mhuri uye chipenyu kugara wezvokudya.

Julio-Claudian chigaro vakatanga Tibheriyo Klavdiy Neron - mambo wechipiri kuRoma, iyo yakawedzera chaizvo miganhu zvavo. Yoga zvakafanira kuti govera chetatu naMambo - Caligula, akarayira kudana pachake "Mwari" uye akasima Kunamata Kesari. Akararama pamwero mukuru uye mari yakawanda kubva papfuma yakawandisa Representation yepazasi strata munzanga. Kutonga kwake kwakaita ruzhinji kuchema, uye akaurayiwa somugumisiro imwe kumukira.

Next nesimba Roma rakasvika Flavian youmambo, izvo zvakafanira kudzivirira nharaunda yayo uye kuwedzera miganhu yayo. Uyewo, zvinozivikanwa kuti akavaka yayo theatre - yeColosseum. Zvadaro rworudyi uye kuchamhembe Antonine dzinza.

Flavian chigaro uye yeColosseum (69-96 BC. E.)

chigaro ichi akavaka nyika yakakurumbira ine dzimba - yemitambo of yeColosseum, riri pakati pezvikomo matatu. Kuvakwa chivako akabvunza makore 8 basa rakaoma. The Kuzarurwa yeColosseum muRoma kwakaratidzwa pamwero mukuru zvoupengo yechisimba. Vazhinji venhoroondo dzekare anorondedzera somunhu guru-pamwero panze dzemitambo uye zvikuru maonero.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zita "yeColosseum" akazviratidza chete VIII remakore. Pane shanduro mbiri zita. Chokutanga pakukura uye ukuru zvivako, uye wechipiri shanduro ndechokuti zita rinobva Tichitarisa chidhori Nero, yaakanga yakavakwa rukudzo rwake.

In muNhandare akatakura mitambo yokurwisana, zvomumvura igrishcha uye baiting nemhuka. izvi zvose chakanga akaronga dzemazororo, kana ari kukudzwa anokudzwa vakokwa. Muna 217 imba yakarohwa nemoto zvikuru, asi nokuda zvarayirwa Alexander Severus izvozvo rukaporeswa.

Antonine hwedzinza

Ekutonga Antonine youmambo anonzi zvakawanda kana zvishoma kugadzikana kuRoma. Munhoroondo Antonina inozivikanwa se "madzimambo mashanu zvakanaka". The Roman Empire paitonga ari Antonine youmambo zvasvika Parainge. rugare kwave kubudirira mune ukama weSeneti, yakanga pakupedzisira kuzivikanwa autocracy. Panyaya yokumwe mutemo, Rome maximize pamiganhu yavo.

The yokutonga Antonina Piya (96-192 BC. E.)

Ushe Kesari Antonina Piya kunoratidzwa isati yamboitwa maruva misha diki uye neyenyika. Akanga akazaruka uye kuwanikwa nomumwe pasi maoko ake, uye zvakasimba anokwezvwa kwaari vanhu. mabasa ayo mumunda yepamutemo ukama ndechokuti pakutanga ari III remakore mutemo weRoma akatanga kuva pedyo kusvetuka uye miganhu. Emperor akabatsira 5 kuzivikanwa magweta, vakakwanisa kumutsa mutemo weRoma kuvandudza. Iyewo akatanga chinokosha, iyo verenga kuti pre-nomuedzo vanhu havagoni kuva mhosva.

Pius makamutswawo mamiriro varanda munharaunda, equating kupondwa muranda vanhuwo mhosva. Uyezve, varanda vaitsvaka yokupotera mukati mamasvingo temberi yaisagona vakadzokera pavanatenzi vavo. Emperor kwakadzora kurwadziswa varanda uye kunorambidzwa varanda kutora vana makore 14. Naiyewo akatanga mutemo waitaura kuti vanasikana zvaunofarira zvinofanira kufungwa kana achipinda kuroorana kondirakiti. Pius Board nezvomunda kuda chaizvo, izvo zvakaita kuti simba hwechiGiriki uye stoicism.

Mark Avrely

The Mambo Marcus Aurelius kubva Antonine hwedzinza zvikuru akavimba postulates Antonina Piya. Mark Avrely agara akasimbisa kuremekedza weSeneti, zvikuru pfungwa inobhadharwa kurudyi. Aitsigira mhuri murombo, akava uzivi. By hunhu kwayo akanga anyarare, asi upenyu vakamumanikidza kuita utsinye.

The Fall of the Empire

Akoromoke hweRoma kwakaitika pamusoro colour pamusoro pokuwa Western hweRoma. Chikonzero kuti vaiva yokurwiswa venyika pamusoro nharaunda yose Rome. 476 Kukundwa hweRoma akanga musi yenhau, izvo chakaratidza zvizere kuvakwa nhoroondo Rome. On munharaunda vachishingaira huchipinda vaVisigoth uye Ostrogoths, asi Burgundians uye Vandals. Kwemakore, kumanikidzwa namarudzi eGermany ari Empire chete kwakawedzera, uye 476 kuwa hweRoma aiva apogee. Nokukurumidza Roman choushe rakava anoedza plaything kuti fuza kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo.

Chronology nhoroondo reRoma rekare uzere kutyisa, noshamisa uye ropa zviitiko. Asi pashure kuenda kuburikidza matanho ose aya, Rome angadai asina kuva simba umambo, iro akakwanisa kuva guru kukanganisa yose. Iye akasiya vazhinji nemagariro pazvivako, uyewo rinokosha basa rayo zvakanaka madzimambo, vazivi.