Primer: marudzi nevhu. zvinoitwa nevhu

Vakawanda vakajaira kunzwisisa nzira zviri muchimiro umo ngachipiwe zvakanaka zvino. Zvisinei, hunhu mamiriyoni emakore paaivatambudza kwayo inotungamirwa. Pakutanga, pose aiva dombo. Nokufamba kwenguva, akanga pasi kwevhu, simba mvura uye zvicherwa. Zvakasaririra wokutanga uye nekutambira miti zviende ivhu manyowa. Kuburikidza metamorphosis ichi topsheet yakawedzera, achiva akafanana uye mamiriro nani. Maererano Geological zvikonzero, zvemaziso uye makemikari zvatariswa siyana pamusoro pepasi. Ivhu - ivhu, kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu pamatombo, zvivako nevanhu. Izvi zvose kwenguva refu akanga oboktom engineering mabasa evanhu.

kupatsanura

Kune mhando dzakawanda inokosha ivhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, zvinosanganisira:

• dombo Monolithic uye Semi vanachandagwinyira pamwe STRUCTURAL Links.
• Vakapararira yoga-grained pasina simba STRUCTURAL kubatana. Zvakabatana - ivhu, incoherent - zvinonyadzisa.

Zvinoshanda lähikuva pakuvaka nezvigadziko zvezvivako, injiniya zvivako, uyewo vari unhani migwagwa, embankments uye madhamu. Unonyatsokodzera pakusika pachivande migero tunnels, dzokuchengetera nevamwe. Soil nesayenzi - munda sayenzi yokudzidza riri ivhu.

Mhando nevhu uye dzavo zvivako

Kuvaka yakavimbika hwaro unofanira kufungawo kunaka ivhu, iri nechepasi chaiko. Mashoko anokosha inosanganisira tafura ivhu. Asati atanga basa chinozoiswa pasi kuramba kukarukureta. Kuongorora kwayo hwokugadzira suitability unofanira kufungwa zvinhu zvakadai:

1. The homogeneity of sezvamunoita.
2. In nehanya inofanira kutorwa uye kuti coefficient kuti kukweshera zvikamu ivhu makore pamwe chete.
3. The kunonyanyisa Kuwanda Absorção de Água, uyewo kutanga kwake pamberi.
4. Mano ivhu kuramba takabatikana mvura ivo, pasinei kwakaitwa ayo rokubvisa.
5. Erodibility uye mvura solubility, compressibility, razryhlyaemost, ductility uye zvakadai unhu.
6. Panaakabatanidzwa pamwechete, uye chimiro uye PARTICIPLE saizi. Panyaya iyi zvinoreva simba zvisungo, ine pasi.

Ivhu mhando vari huviri yakafara mhando, izvo zvakasiyana yakarongeka, panyama zvivako uye kukura kwendangariro. Rinotaurawo zvenguva mapoka matombo wakaputsika matombo. Zvinosanganisira unconnected kana zvakabatana matombo kushatiswa. The ekupedzisira inonzi conglomerates.

Loose mamiriro

boka iri rinoumbwa jecha ivhu mifananidzo, iyo Dries asina kurasikirwa nezvadzo. In yakaisvonaka chimiro, ivo vanenge kunyora nezvavo chisungo pakati inoramba. Also zvaisanganisira pano uye ivhu. It anokwanisa kuwedzera inzwi rayo apo nyoro uye zvichienderana mwando vanogona kubatana zvakanaka. Sands haana plasticity. Mushure kushandisa simba, ivo compressed pakarepo, asi haana kuchengetedza zvavakagadzirirwa tigovane chimiro. Asi ivhu nyore amenable kuti nadzurudzo. Ari pasi pokudzora ane zvokunze simba asi zvishoma nezvishoma, asi zvakasimba compressed.

dombo mamiriro

It atadze uye welded pakati nedombo. Externally, zvivako izvi vanomirira chinoramba siyana kana fissured rukoko. Zvakazara nemvura, vanoratidza yakakwirira chikamu chezvinhu compressive simba. zvivako izvi nyore soluble mumvura razmyagchimy. Ivo yakanyatsokodzera sepokutangira hwaro nokuda mukurumari yayo, kuramba compression uye chando. The undoubted kushandisa zvivako izvi ndechokuti hapana humwe achizarura nokudzamisa navo.

Conglomerates uye neskalnye mamiriro

Vazhinji ndivo neskreplonnye crystalline uye zvinonyadzisa sedimentary matombo. zvivako ava kupikisa kuvakwa pamapuriro anoverengeka. On chikonzero izvi akatakurwa Tab ubvise hwaro, kudzama iri kanenge hafu mita. On mundima Russian Federation zvakawanda akasiyana padombo zvivako kuti ane zvakasiyana-siyana zvatinoona zvivako.

Loose mamiriro

Zvinofanira akati kuti ivhu jecha anoonekwa kuva zvakajairika marongerwo. Chii chikamu ichi? The Kuronga particulate musanganiswa unosanganisira zvakawanda Goldstone zviyo, uye nezvimwe zvinhu kuti akazviratidza nokuda weathering pamusoro pamabwe tudonhwe kwazvo duku saizi. zvivako izvi dzinoiswa kupinda subgroups akawanda. Izvi, zvikurukuru, gravelly, svikiro uye yakakura, huruva matombo. Zvivako zvose izvi zviri nyore pasi kukura, vari zvikuru vodopropuskaemostyu pasi kumanikidzwa vari zvakanaka chisimbiso. Kana kuisa jecha zvakaenzana pamusoro arambe achirema uye inzwi kunogona kuisa nheyo yakanaka pakuzadzisa. Achishandisa kufadza hwounhu ayo richaitika chiitiko kuti sandara iri pamusoro kuoma nechando pasi. izvi zvose zvinobva zvinoitwa mudunhu, umo pakuvaka. Compression jecha kunoitika munguva pfupi, uye nokudaro precipitate chivakwa kwakadaro hakurevi nguva yakawanda. PARTICIPLE saizi yayo Proportional kuti kukwanisa kukurira mutoro zvakananga. The PARTICIPLE Ukuru jecha guruva zvichisiyana 0,005 kusvika 0,05 mm. Hakuzovi chikonzero chakanaka kuvaka kuzvigona zvakaipa vaine zvinorema. Sandy ivhu inokwanisa kunyura zvaoma. Uyewo, akapotsa haana -oma uye nyore kupfuura mvura. Kana hwaro hwakavakirwa pahwaro akadaro, rinofanira akaiswa kudzika isingadariki 70 cm asi hapana asingasviki mana masendimita.

The epurasitiki mamiriro. subcategory

Plastic zvechadenga nevhu kubvumira kuti zviparadzanise vave mapoka akawanda. Funga zvihombe. Loose mamiriro, zviri chiri 5-10% ivhu, inonzi loam. Vamwe vavo pamusoro dilution nemvura vave flowable rakafanana mvura. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, murume lähikuva anonziwo floaters. Zvivako kwakadaro akakodzera zvigadziko rakaipa. Loam ayo sezvamunoita anobva 10 kusvika 30% ivhu. Vanouya muchiedza, nomutoo uye rinorema. zviratidzi izvi zvinopa kudaro zvenguva nzvimbo pakati ivhu ivhu uye jecha.

Natural zvinhu nokuti hwaro

The zvechadenga ivhu mumuviri zvikuru pakuvaka zvivako. Kwete dombo ose unogona kuvaka chivako. Kusiyana granular mamiriro, ivhu rine yakakwirira compressibility. Muchiitiko chino, izvozvo Akagutsa kuti compaction muitiro iwayo kunonoka. Nokudaro, sludge zvivako panyika achatora nguva yakawanda. Combined ivhu akaturikidzana - dombo uye granular marongerwo - havana kuramba liquefaction. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vane pasi mutoro rinobereka chinzvimbo. Bhuku racho rakapiwa sezvamunoita zvinosanganisira nezvimedu miniti, vane saizi hakuiti kupfuudza 0.005 mm. In mamiriro ichi rinewo shoma nzenza inoramba. Clay iri nyore amenable kuti compression uye akamhanya. Nekuumbanidzwa mumakore, mamiriro ichi richava chakanakisisa umbowo nheyo dzeimba. Zvisinei, pane vakawanda Reservations, nokuti mamiriro zvakasikwa zvinenge zvisingaiti kuwana ivhu rakaoma.

Small erudzi mamiriro inosimudzira paumbwe rirambe richibvira maturo. It zvinotisvitsa dzose nyoro ivhu. Asi kushaya mamiriro uku hakusi kwayo hunyoro kugutsikana, uye heterogeneity. Iye asingadi kupfuura mvura. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, nemvura iri vakaparadzira Via siyana pasi tsvina. Yakaderera tembiricha ivhu anotanga -oma chivako, iyo inotungamira wayo kuzvimba. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti kukwidza hwaro. Humidity ivhu gogonera. Uyewo, izvi zvinoreva kuti uchamukazve nomumwe panzvimbo zvakasiyana. izvi zvose zvinotungamirira kuparadzwa meimba. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, simba nevamwe zvishoma, asi pamusoro pepasi iri nechepasi kunokanganisa ivhu. Mhando ivhu, zvichienderana ehupfumi chokuita nheyo nenzira dzakasiyana.

macroporous mamiriro

Uyu ari oga chikamu, izvo chakaumbwa nevhu nevhu. Zita macroporous vakagamuchira kunokwana guru nemaburi inoramba. Pores vari zvinoonekwa kunyange vasina kupfeka ziso. Pamunenge muchikurukura unogona kuona kuti vari dzakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura ivhu marangwanda. mamiriro Izvi zvinosanganisira loess zvinhu. sezvamunoita wavo aripo kupfuura 50% guruva inoramba. zvivako izvi zvakapararira kumaodzanyemba kweRussia uye kuFar East. Achifuridzirwa mwando erudzi kwakadaro soka uye anorasikirwa isimbe. Kana kutanga kwekupwanyiwa clayey nevhu rakaumbwa nokuda STRUCTURAL kunayisa mvura, iyo yakanga wakapindwa microbiological urongwa, kunonzi sludge. Vari kazhinji kuwanikwa marshy uye machakwi munzvimbo uye peat nharaunda. Kana mujinga inovakwa pamusoro ndima iyo ndingangokuvara pamberi loess uye silty nevhu, zvinokosha kutora matanho anodiwa kuti kusimbisa kuvakwa.

Kutsunga kusachinja-chinja munharaunda

Sechivako ivhu nevhu vagara vandifungira kukura nefoshoro nemaziso. Somuenzaniso, huchashandiswa achanamatira epurasitiki nezvakasanganiswa. Zvakasiyana pachake achatungamirira zvakaoma pasi. Mhando nevhu takatsunga nokukanda kuvapinza tambo kana vachidzipukuta nemaoko ake. Saka zvinoita kuongorora plasticity yavo. Clay nevhu vokudzokera zvakanaka, Blurred uye kuzvimba panguva kuoma nechando. zvivako izvi ndezvimwe zvezvisarudzo yakawandirwa uye vanoshorwa kuvaka nheyo. Pahwaro nzvimbo dzakadaro dzinofanira achitaurwa nevanopinda zvizere kudzama chando kupinda. Tinyatsonzwisisa ivhu iri nzvimbo murwiyo rinoitwa nevanhu kudiridza. Kugadzira uptake mvura pachiso. Kana Absorção de Água kunoitika mukati mumasekonzi, sechivako matombo kana jecha. Quite anokurumidza mvura uye nyoro peaty erudzi. Asi pamusoro pemvura ivhu ivhu mvura iri zvabatwa.

Zvadaro kutaipa mashomanana vamwe yakaoma rukoko uye kumanikidzira muruoko rwako. Kana mamiriro dzinokaroparuka kupinda zviyo kana leaked kuburikidza zvigunwe ake, ndiko dombo matombo kana jecha. Clay nyore amenable kuti compression uye anoita bundu fomu. Ndinofunga zviri zvikuru tsvedza. Kana ivhu sokuti kuva sipo, silky uye kwete compressed zvikuru, zvino Ungangove, ndiko silt kana loam. Peaty mamiriro akafanana chipanje.

How kuona chimiro kumba?

Full spoon ivhu anoiswa mukati girazi remvura yakachena. Zvakakodzera kusanganisa uye kusiya. Pashure pemaawa mashomanana unogona kuona mugumisiro. Kana pasi layered emadhaka, uye mvura pachayo yakati akachena, ipapo iwe kuwedzera loamy ivhu. Sand, matombo ari pasi uye yakajeka chinowanika - nderimwe chivako. Ungangove, zviri dombo. Zvikurukuru, izvi zvingave jecha kana pamaware ivhu. Grayish mvura uye whitish specks vatambi kuti reraimu mamiriro. Peaty ivhu achaita kuti mvura Cloudy. Pamusoro pemvura, panguva iyoyo zvichaita kuti kuyangarara dzakaonda uye chiedza zvezvinyorwa emadhaka duku rinowanikwa pasi. Kana mvura nevhu silt, zvinova ramakore. Saka, nhete precipitate nechepasi.

ph pamwero

Ivhu inogona kupatsanurwa zvichienderana mwero acidity. Saka, maererano ph mamiriro vari zvakaneta acid, kwazvakarerekera kana Midzanga. Pakupedzisira nenhanho ivhu acidity kubvira 6,5 kusvika 7.0. Zviri kukuru mubindu zvinomera, kusanganisira miriwo, kunoita kuti uwane nokukurumidza kukura. Acid lähikuva ane indices kubva 4.0 kusvika 6,5, asi kubva 7.0 kusvika 9.0 - zviri alkaline marongerwo. Kuwedzera kune izvi, pane zvikuru pfungwa pakafunuka - kubva 1 kusvika 14, asi havana akapotsa kumbobvira dzinoitika muitiro European horticulture. Ruzivo date izvi kunodikanwa kuti zvakarurama vakasarudzwa zvinomera panyika. The acidity ivhu zvingaderedzwa nokuda nokusanganisa nesuko mamiriro. Simudzai ph rubatsiro Organic conditioners. Zvisinei, zvapedzisira muitiro ane nani kudhura. Panyaya iyi, alkaline ivhu acidophiles nzvimbo zvinogona akura mumidziyo uye tubs azara ane acidic marongerwo.

kukura miti

Pakusarudza ivhu kuti pakudyara anofanira kukurukura zvinhu zvakadai:

• Kukura kwayo. Pane ivhu kuti maruva, mizambiringa yakabva kumwe, uyewo munda uye ichiita mabasa akawanda. Zvinokwanisika kutenga peat. Zvose zvinoenderana chinangwa ivhu zvakakodzera, chii netsika kana zvishongo zvirimwa chichange akura pairi.
• Species. Kana muri kukura vamiririri umwechete, ipapo yakanakisisa sarudzo richava rinokosha pasi naye. Asi kana vashoma, tichaswedera nokudenga.
• Kunwa vhoriyamu.

To musanganiswa ivhu rakanga zvikuru friable, kushandisa vermiculite. To midzi regai kuora kubva mira mvura pazasi chakasimwa abudise rukoko akaparara. Nokuti cacti uye zvimwe zvinomera, ivhu hwakakanyiwa granular marongerwo. Kana kumhara kunoitika shoma munzvimbo, ipapo kuchabatsira kuvandudza turf. Hydrogel kunonatsiridza unyoro uye nzvimbo mhepo pezvakaitwa. Kuderedza ph uchishandisa nemarasha. Zvinonzi akawedzera kuti ivhu kuti maruva (semuenzaniso orkideat) uye dzimwe zvirimwa.

Useful marara

Vegetable ivhu mamiriro, kunyanya kushandiswa mapindu. Asi yezvinoreva hurongwa pamwe nouipi siyana "anobatsira" ndizvo zvikuru upamhi hwazvo nokuda kwebasa rinofanira ibwe, ivhu, uye dzimwe zvinoriumba. Chii chikamu anodiwa kunobatsira pakugadzira? Kazhinji, ivhu rakaorera kunosanganisira 50% peat, 30% dema pasi uye 20% jecha. Saka, unosanganisira yakakwirira zviri Organic yeimwe uye chicherwa zvinhu. Primer yakaorera mukuru waterproofness yakasiyana. mamiriro Izvi zvinopa kwakakwana kunovaka muviri zvirimwa, zvisinei padariro kukura kwavo.

Kurima mabhizimisi, mapurazi uye paunenge kwokurangana rakaorera rinoshandiswa kushingaira. Kwaanoita zvakanaka zvinangwa zviri kuiswa nedanho kurimwa nemagariro zvirimwa. Zvikuru kukosha ndechokuti zvinobatsira kuvandudza ivhu mamiriro, anowedzera yauinayo. Kuwedzera kuti, zvakadai musanganiswa hakudi okuwedzera mupfudze kushandiswa.

How kuvandudza ivhu mamiriro?

Nokuti murombo matombo uye jecha nevhu vaishandisa overrotten ndove yakasanganiswa uswa. Ipa kupfuura equina nani pane mhou. Iye hunoita kuti kunonoka kuti unyoro uye chicherwa zvinoumba iri chirimwa midzi. Asi mupfudze haagoni kuwedzerwa manyoro. Nokuti zvakafanana zvinangwa muchivanze mufudze anogona kushandiswa. A musanganiswa yaora bhiza mupfudze, madota uye peat inonzi howa mufudze. Kana uchida kuumba Midzanga nezvinoita kwazvakarerekera nevhu, zvakadai musanganiswa akakwana. Shizha pevhu zvinomera kuti vanoda iine acid ivhu, kureva, nokuti mvura-rudo acidophiles. Hazvina mhepo-vakaumbwa, mulches uye acidify pasi. Zvinangwa izvi, unogona kushandisa matanda chips sawdust. Ivhu Peat rinoshandiswa nokuda oxidation. It uchiora nokukurumidza, asi rine anenge asina muviri. In yechando unogona kushandisa minhenga, izvo akapfuma phosphorus. Uyewo, ivo vakanyanyisa munzvimbo uchida kudyara matapiri. Kuti uvandudze mvura permeability uye maumbirwo ivhu nevhu, kushandiswa wakatemerwa huni. The kuhukura rinoshandiswawo nokuda pevhu, nokuda chitarisiko uye unhu. Zviri chinodiwa kushandisa mhepo conditioner panguva imwechete kana pane makemikari fetiraiza. Plots zveminda zviri chete akaronga yekudyara, vakachera uye hwakakanyiwa kwemwedzi inoverengeka pamberi kudyara navo. Nokuti fetiraiza kare wakasimwa miti rokuvandudza ivhu paiva pevhu kubva kutonhodza pakati Organic zvinhu pamwe fetiraiza pakutanga uye kuguma mwaka.