Robert Hook: biography uye hupenyu hwehupenyu. Bhuku shomanana raRobert Hooke uye kuwanikwa kwake

Shanduro yemutauro Robert Hooke aiva mumwe wepfungwa dzakakurumbira dzezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe. Akashanda pamafungiro akasiyana-siyana uye zvigadzirwa, akavandudza chimiro che microscope uye akatanga kusimbisa maitiro emagadzirirwo emasikisi.

Urwere hwemasayendisiti mukuru

Mutevedzeri wenyanzvi, physanist, muumbi uye nyanzvi yezvinyorwa akazvarwa musi waJuly 18, 1635 muguta re Freshwater, iro riri paIsle of Wight. Baba vake vaiva mutariri muChechi yeVatsvene Vese. Vachivhara vanhu kwenguva refu vachitya hutano hwemucheche, sezvo akanga asina simba uye asina simba, asi Robert akapona. Muna 1648, mushure mekufa kwababa vake, Robert Hooke vakatamira kuLondon ndokuva mudzidzi weanomhanzi ainzi Peter Lelly. Akatova musayendisiti akakurumbira, akayeuka pahucheche hwake, asi unyanzvi hwemienzaniso iyo fisikiti inofambisa nayo mabasa ake inotitendera kuti titi nguva iri mumusangano wemifananidzo yakanga isina kurasikirwa pasina. Pazera remakore gumi nemana mukomana akava mudzidzi weWestminster School of Bashbi, kubva kwaakapedza kudzidza muna 1653. Kufanana nemasayendisiti, Robert Hooke akadzidza chiLatini, iyo yaiva mutauro mukuru wekukurukurirana kwesayenzi yenguva iyo. Mukuwedzera, iye aiva nechiHebheru nechiGiriki, aikwanisa kutamba pachirongwa uye pakarepo akaverenga mabhuku akaoma.

Kutanga kwezvinoitwa nesayenzi

Mushure mechikoro, Robert Hook akatamira kuOxford kuti ave mudzidzi paKristu Church College. Mukuwedzera, akanga ari muchechi muchechi, pamwe chete nemubatsiri uye shamwari yepedyo yaBoyle. Mumakore mamwechete, kuzivikanwa nevatori vechikamu che "Invisible College" yeOxford, vatsigiri vesangano rezvesayenzi uye sangano, iro rakaita basa rinokosha muupenyu hweHooke. Munguva iyi, physicist yakagadzira pombi yemhepo, yakagadzira kushandiswa kwekufamba kwemvura mumapilisare. Mukuwedzera, Robert Hooke, uyo akawanikwa achiita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira chitubu chemagetsi chechikwata chechikwata, chaiva nemakakatanwa mashoma naHuengens, uyo akabatawo nezvakadaro. Muna 1662, musayendisiti akapiwa mukana we Master of Arts paOxford University, iyo Royal Society, panguva iyoyo yakangobva kuumbwa, yakamugadza kuti ave muchengeti wekuedza. Muna 1663, Robert Hooke akagadzira chirongwa chechikoro ichi, akazobvumirwa kune nhengo yake, uye muna 1677 akava munyori waro.

Mudzidzisi weLondon

Kunyangwe bhijitari shomanana raRobert Hooke haigoni kuita kunze kwekutaura nezvekuti muna 1664, apo denda racho rakatanga muEngland, nyanzvi yefizikiri haana kubva muLondon. Nguva pfupi isati yasvika, akagadzwa purofesa weGreshamovsky College uye akagara muimba muimba yake. Mukuwedzera, Guk haana kumisa mabasa edziviriri wezviongorori zveRoyal Society. Yakanga isiri basa rakanaka, risina mubairo raiitirwa. Nokuti haisati yakagadzirirwa zvakagadziriswa masayendisiti ezvidzidzo zvitsva zvakabatanidzwa nemari inokosha. Kunyange zvakadaro, basa iri rakabatsira pakutsvakurudza kwake uye rakagadzira physics simba rekuremekedzwa wekupa mazano. Mukuwedzera, upamhi hwaRobert hwaifarira dzimwe nhengo dzemunharaunda. Nhoroondo pamusoro peRobert Hooke mu "History of the Royal Society" inotaura nezvebasa rake semuchengeti uye inotsanangura zvinoshamisa zvinoshandiswa nekuvhara, zvigadzirisiti zvepfuti, kupisa kwegirasi, pamwe chete nebasa pakusikwa kwemakrosikopu, iris diaphragm nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana emamiriro okunze.

Kusika kwe "Micrography"

Muna 1665 basa rinokosha kupfuura mamwe ose resainzi rakabudiswa. Chiitiko chinonzi "Micrography" chakatsanangurwa zvakadzama nzira iyo microscope inogona kushandiswa pakuongorora kwakasiyana-siyana kwesayenzi. Yakarondedzera makumi matanhatu eongororo dzakasiyana nedzimwe mbeu, zvipembenene nemhuka. Kuwanikwa pamusoro pemagadzirirwo emagetsi ezvisikwa kwakaitwa naRobert Hooke. Biology yakanga isiri huru yake yesayenzi, saka chikonzero chekutsvakurudza ndicho chinoshamisa zvikuru. Mukuwedzera, mashoko acho
Mafuta, anoita Hooke zvakare musungu we paleontology. Zvakanakisisa kunaka mifananidzo nekunyora kwakaita "Micrography" bhuku rinokosha. Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti musayendisiti akakanganwika panguva ino, kufambira mberi kwake pakuongorora masero kunokosha zvikuru. Kuziva pamusoro pekuwanikwa uku kwakakosha chaizvo.

Kuvhura sero

Iyo microscope yakagadziridzwa yaRobert Hooke yaiva nyaya yekugara ichifarira musayendisiti. Akafunga kuishandisa zvinhu zvakawanda. Rimwechete, sechinhu chokudzidza, akabata hovha yegodo. Mucheka wakaoma nebanga wakarova musayendisiti ane sangano rake rakaoma uye rakarurama. Masero akaumba mhando yekork akayeuchidza Hooke yezinga reuchi. Sezvo kuchekwa kwaiva kwekusika kwakatanga, tsvakurudzo yakawedzerwa yakaitwa pamatemu nematavi emimwe michina. Pane chikamu chiduku che elderberry, Robert akaonazve husi hwehusi. Aya masero, akaparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemamwe zvikamu zvakanakisisa, ainzi masero emagetsi nefizikiki. Akadzidza kuenzana kwavo nemigumisiro yekuvapo kwavo pane imwe nzvimbo yezvinhu zvaiitwa. Nokudaro zvakatanga nhoroondo yekudzidza kwemasero masima. Kuwedzera basa pamusoro pavo kwakaendeswa kune imwe nhengo yeRoyal Society, Nehemia Grew, uyo aida zvikuru biology kupfuura Robert Hooke. Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kwemasero yakagadzirwa nekuda kwezvaakaita. Yakabatana uye yakanyatsocherechedza, akazvipira hupenyu hwake hwose mukudzidza kwezvirimwa uye zvakanyanyisa kuwedzera nzira yekuwedzera yesayenzi mundima iyi. Nyaya yake huru pamusoro pehurukuro iyi yaiva "Anatomy yemiti nemushumo wehuzivi hwezvenyika yezvirimwa uye imwe mimwe mienzaniso yakanyorwa pamberi peRoyal Society." Munguva iyi, nyanzvi ye physics Robert Hooke atotanga mamwe maitiro.

Zvimwe mabasa

Robert Hooke, uyo ane nhoroondo yekare yakazadzikiswa nebhuku re "Micrography," haana kumira ipapo. Akanyora mazano pamusoro pechiedza, kuvhenekera uye sarudzo, akagadzira kombiyuta yakaoma maitiro ekuongorora masangano uye akazadzisa chigamba chinobvumira kudzidza magnetic field of the Earth. Mune dzimwe maonero ake, musayendisiti akanga ane utsinye.
Semuenzaniso, muna 1674 akava nemakakatanwa neGevely, akaenzana nezvinokosha zvekushandisa microscopes. Muchikamu chechipiri chema1670, mabasa akanyorwa pamusoro pechikonzero chekusimba, iyo yakava ivhu remutemo unozivikanwa weHooke. Akataura kuti kuwedzerwa kwehurefu maererano nehupakutanga kwakaenzana nekukwirira kwemauto ekudzivirira, zvakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nekukura kwechikamu chechinhu chacho uye chinosanganiswa nemashoko kubva kwaanoitwa.

Kutaurirana naNewton

Muna 1672, Isaac Newton akava nhengo yeRoyal Society, iyo yakareba kwenguva yakareba naRobert Hooke. Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa kwemasero nezvimwe zviitiko zvake zvakasimbisa simba refizikiri mumaziso evamwe, asi neNewton kukurukurirana kwake kwakanyanyisa kwemakore mazhinji. Nharo dzavo dzezvesayenzi dzakabatanidzwa nenyaya dzese, semuenzaniso, chimiro chekavha iyo muviri unowira unotsanangura, uye pfungwa dzinokosha, kusanganisira chimiro chechiedza. Newton aidavira kuti chiedza chinosanganisira ruzivo rwezvinhu zvakakosha, izvo zvaakadana chiedza chechiedza. Robert Hooke, uyo mazita ake panguva iyoyo aisanganisira kushandiswa kwechimiro chechiedza, akafungidzira kuti inoumbwa neshoko rinosvibisa rechimiro chakajeka. Saka pakanga paine hurukuro pakati pegadziriswa uye inodzidza pfungwa. Iyo nharo yakanga yakanyanyisa zvokuti Newton akasarudza kusanyora pamusoro pea optics kusvikira kufa kwaHook.

Kuchengetedza kana kuwanikwa panguva imwe chete?

Muna 1686, imwe nhaurirano yakamuka pakati peNewton naHooke, nguva ino inobatana nemutemo wekudenga. Sezviri pachena, Hooke pachake akasvika pakunzwisisa ukama hwakaenzana pakati pesimba rekukwezva uye nzvimbo yakareba yepakati pemitumbi, iyo yakamurega kuti atonge munyori we "Elements" yekunyengera. Panyaya iyi, imwe nyanzvi ye physics yakanyorera Royal Society tsamba. Kunyange zvakadaro, Newton akatsanangura nyaya iyi zvakanyatsorondedzerwa, akarondedzera zvakajeka mutemo wekubatana uye akaumba mitemo inokosha zvikuru ye mechanic. Pachikonzero chavo, akatsanangura kuenderera kwemapuraneti, ebbs uye marwi, akaita zvimwe zvakawanda zvakakosha kuwana. Hooke akanga akawandisa kwazvo nebasa kuti aite zvakanyatsobatana nemutambo uyu. Zvisinei, munhu haagoni kukundikana kutarisa kufarira kwake kwakadzama mu dambudziko rekutsvaira uye huwandu hwekuedza kwakazvipira kune iyo, iyo yakaitwa kubva muna 1671.

Sunset basa

Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Robert Hooke, uyo ane huwandu hwakazara hwezvinhu zvinokosha zvakagadzirwa mune dzakawanda, zvaive sechishanda sekare. Akadzidza chigadzirwa chemisungo, achiedza kuumba ma mechanical models, akagashira doctorate mumishonga, aifarira nenyuchi, akapa hurukuro, kusanganisira zvinokonzera kudengenyeka kwenyika. Nokudaro, nharaunda yezvaidiwa nesayendisiti yakangowedzera pamusoro pemakore, uye saizvozvo, panguva imwecheteyo, basa rakawedzera. Pashure pemoto unotyisa, zvakawanda zveLondon zvakaparadzwa. Kudzorerwa kweguta kwakatungamirirwa naChristopher Wren, muvakidzani mukuru weChirungu uye shamwari yepedyo yeHooke. Achimubatsira, Guk akashanda zvakaoma kwemakore anenge mana, achinyatsocherechedza uye basa rezesayenzi, uye achisiya maawa mashomanana okurara uye kuzorora.

Mupiro wekudzorerwa kweLondon

Robert Hooke aiva nebasa rinokosha. Pamwe chete naChristopher Wren, akadzokorora nzvimbo yakapoteredza London Stock Exchange. Nekubatsirwa kwaHugh May naRoger Pratt, akaita chikamu chakakura pakuvakwa kweLondon. Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, Guk naRen vakagadzirwa basa rekuyeuchidza kune vakaurayiwa moto unotyisa. Chimwe chirongwa chakanyatsogadziridzwa, uye muna 1677 nyika yakaona doric inoshamisa inowanikwa, iyo yakasikwa yakashandiswa ibwe rePortland. Musoro wacho wakanga uine korona nedhimwe rakagadzirwa nemitauro yemoto. Pakutanga, Christopher Wren aida kuratidzira Charles II ipapo, kwaakaramba kuti haana kubatanidzwa mune zvakaitika kune moto. Kureba kwechikumbaridzo ichi mamita makumi matanhatu uye masendimita 57, kunyanya kubva pakona kusvika panzvimbo iyo moto wakatanga. Hooke akaronga kushandisa chikumbaridzo se laboratori yezvesayenzi yeteresiyopu inopikisa ndege uye inoshanda ne pendulum, asi kudengenyeka kwakagadzirwa nemugwagwa mumigwagwa kwakadzivirira basa rakadaro.

Kusiya hupenyu

Basa rokudzorera London rakagadzirisa mamiriro emari emuasayendisiti, asi hutano hwakakanganisika. Urongwa hwakaoma hwezuva hwakakonzera zvirwere uye kuora kwakanyanya kwemaonero. Ikupedzisira kugadzirwa kwesainzi mukuru yaiva marine barometer. Nezvayo Royal Society yakadzidza munaFebruary 1701 kubva pamiromo yaEdmond Halley, uyo aiva shamwari yepedyo yaHooke. Nyanzvi inyanzvi, nyanzvi yezvinyorwa uye nyanzvi yemasikirwo Robert Hooke vakafa musi waMarch 3, 1703 muimba yake paGreshamovsk College. Mumwe wevanhu vane ruzivo rwemazuva iwayo, akanga asingakanganwiki nemakore emakore.

Zvinokonzera kukanganwa

Hooke zvakanyorwa pamusoro penyaya dzechiedza chekuedza uye mitemo yekutsvaira yakashanda senheyo yemabasa aIsaka Newton, asi kusabvumirana kwakakomba pakati pevasayendisiti vaviri kwakawedzera ukama hwavo. Mhando yekupikisana yatanga. Nokudaro, kubva pa "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" Newton akabvisa zvose zvinotaurwa kumabasa aHooke. Mukuwedzera, akaedza kuderedza chikamu chake kune sayenzi. Kuva mutungamiri weRoyal Society, Newton akamira kushandisa zvishandiso zvakawanda Hooke akasika naye nemaoko, akatumirwa kuti aone basa rake uye akabvisa mufananidzo wake. Kubwinya kwechiremba-tenzi cheseferenti yakawanda. Kunyange zvakadaro, ndezvaiye kuti mashoko aNewton anonyanya kunyorwa akanyorwa. Mune rimwe remavara ake anoti anongowedzera nokuti akamira pamapfudzi emaGiants. Uye zvechokwadi, Robert Hook akakodzera zita iri, nokuti ndiye aiva musayendisiti mukuru, muumbi, nyanzvi yemasayendisiti, nyanzvi yezvidzidzo uye nyanzvi yenguva yake.

Chokwadi chinofadza pamusoro pesainzi

Vanachiremba uye hama dzeHooke vakatya kuti aizofa mucheche. Vamwe vakamuvimbisa kuti haazoraramire kuva nemakore makumi maviri. Kunyange zvakadaro, physicist akararama makore makumi matanhatu nematanhatu, iyo inowanikwa mumitemo yezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe inogona kudanwa nguva refu. Zita rokuti "cell", iro raakagadzirira kuti zvive zvikamu zvepakutanga zvehupenyu huripo, ndeyekuti Huku yakadaro yakafanana nemasero emamonki. Chimwe chezviongorori zvakabatana nekufema, zvakapedzisira zvakaguma kune munhu akadzidza akaora mwoyo. Akazviisa muchigadziko chakasimbiswa, kubva pane iyo mweya yakaputirwa, uye sechikonzero, chikamu chakanga chakarasikirwa nekunzwa kwake. Mukuwedzera kune chikumbaridzo, chakavakwa pamwe nekubatana nemapurogiramu eWren, Hooke yakagadzira zvivako zvakadai sekucherechedza muGreenwich uye St. Paul's Cathedral. Iwe unogona kuona mabasa aya emufizikiri mukuru kunyange ikozvino.