Sayenzi mhuka maitiro inonzi ethology. The chikuru mirayiridzo yokutsvakurudza nhoroondo

Relations pakati vanhu nemhuka vakatanga kutora kuoneka kare prehistoric nguva. Kuziva tsika uye maitiro zvevagari siyana yedu zvaikosha kuti vanhu vari kurarama munguva iyoyo kure. Dzimwe mhuka yave ngozi zvokuti musangano navo dzakatarisa kufa nokukurumidza kuti vasina hanya muvhimi. Chete kuziva nzira kuti adzinge zvisikwa izvi kunotyisa, aigona kuponesa upenyu mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana.

chinyakare nguva

Kare, mabatiro mhuka yakanga yakasiyana zvachose pane nhasi. Izvi runoratidzwa zvakawanda bako mifananidzo uye chinyakare art nguva. Kana murume ano achifungidzira pachake muridzi wenyika akati soulless mhuka zvekuvaka kuti inofanira kushandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo, namadzibaba edu aiona nyaya chaizvo zvakasiyana.

Ipapo mhuka airemekedzwa, vakadzidza kwavari, vamwe kunyange kunamatwa. Kwete chete vanhu kuchinja nyika, achichinja kuita nokusingaperi-kuchinja mamiriro dzezvakatipoteredza. Evolution pahunenge hwachinja zvakakwana zvose zvipenyu kuti dzinogarisana. Somuenzaniso, masvosve kudzidzisa zvakakodzera sangano seboka basa, uye kunyange zviga kuvaka zvivako siyana. Beavers vanoratidza muenzaniso sei pfungwa uye nokutsungirira anogona kuchinja nyika. Tiger - muvhimi mukuru yakanaka hunenge.

Mumazuva iwayo vakanga sainzi yavo, kudzidza maitiro emhuka. Sezvingatarisirwa, vaiva nyore zvikuru, asi, pasinei ichi, zvakakonzera pamwe vashanduri kunobatsira. Somuenzaniso, imbwa vanogona kuyambira kutaura vatorwa, pane kuwana zvimwe zvokudya, zvinoberekwa vanhu. Observation dzomusango aigona kupa ruzivo pamusoro kuuya dambudziko. Hazvishamisi, zvinoshamisa vanoshingaira pfungwa mhuka evoked ruremekedzo uye chido kuvatevedzera.

History of mhuka maitiro uye mafungiro zvidzidzo

Kana akatanga kukudziridza ano tsika ruzivo kuti vanodzidza mhuka psyche? Tinogona kutaura kuti kutsvakurudza ichi wamuka muzana XIX remakore, akavonga Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Nhasi, sayenzi mhuka maitiro inonzi ethology uye ane vateveri vakawanda munyika yose, asi mumazuva iwayo zivo yakadaro zvimwe zvaiva uzivi pane sayenzi yepanyama. Lamarck kutanga vakatsanangura dzidziso kuti zvinenge kushandura pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza.

The matarenda wokuFrance vaidavira kuti kwokushanduka kuitika physiology kurarama zvisikwa, kunokonzerwa zvakaitwa tsinga kungoramba kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhuka yokutanga mafungiro kuchinja, zvino rakabudisa zvaida yepamusoro kugadziridzwa izvo chakasvitswa zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi.

munhu echimurenga kusvika

Lamarck akaita rinotsanangurwa huru mirayiridzo kudzidza mhuka maitiro kwemakore akawanda kuuya. Akataura kuti pfungwa inoenderana tsinga uye rinozivisa zvitatu chikuru mupfungwa chiito - kushatirwa, nehanya uye kuziva. Uyezve, aidavira kuti zvaisazogona nenzvimbo nzvimbo kiyi muupenyu mhuka, sezvo anobvumirwa kuita zvakarurama, pasina kutambisa nguva kufungisisa uye kusazvivimba. Zvinofadza kuti Lamarck haana kuisa munhu kunze mhuka, sezvavanoda kuita vaaishanda navo.

Chokwadi, haugoni kutaura ethology, pasina nezvokuvaka Charles Darwin. Mupiro wemunhu anoshamisa uyu zvesayenzi hunokosha. basa rake, yaiti "kuratidza manzwiro munhu nemhuka," vaiona maitiro zvipenyu, kubva nemaonero yemhindumupindu, waimira sehwaro mberi kwesayenzi vadzidzi vake uye vateveri.

Darwin

Ethology - sayenzi mhuka unhu, uye dzimwe chokuita maindasitiri, chikwereti zvakawanda Charles Darwin. Murume uyu kujairika akazvarwa UK, apo akagamuchira dzidzo yake yakanakisisa mumayunivhesiti munyika. Asi itsva mari ake akanga akaita kwete mumarabhoritari uye mumaraibhurari. Ndiye makore matanhatu aifamba nyika, akataririra mhuka, kudzidza maitiro avo uye dzinogarisana denderedzwa rechiedza. Dai pasina Darwin, uyo anoziva kuva nesayenzi yemazuva ano.

Yakanga zvinyorwa Charles Darwin vakadzidza vanhu nemhuka kubva shanduka pfungwa maonero. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti unhu vaaishanda navo dzakabatanidza chete munhu (kuziva, kunyatsoteerera, rudo, unotevedzera), pane dzimwe hama dzedu chevechiduku. Kazhinji, vane simba, asi dzimwe nguva hazvisi muduku munhu. Uyewo, vazhinji nezveuchenjeri siyana, zvakadai mazino bvudzi kana vzdyblivanie fukura vari kuri mumashoko zvose mhuka uye vanhu. Yakanga mabasa Darwin vakava hwaro, iro kudzidzwa havaoni kuti ethology - Lorenz uye Tinbergen.

Darwin zvakawanikwa

The mhedziso kuuya ichi muongorori aishanda nesimba, zviri unopfuura akasiyana kwakajairika nevanhu nguva. Ndiye akatanga ane chinangwa pane kuzviitira kudzidza psyche. The chikuru mirayiridzo sayenzi mhuka maitiro kunge wakashanduka-shanduka akavonga kusvika ichi. Kare, masayendisiti akatenda munhu chinhu takaparadzana hunhu, funga kuti mitemo yayo hadzingoshandi vanhu uye hazvina chokuita nazvo. Chokwadi, musoro mhedziso zvakadaro chete varambe vachifara kudada tsvakurudzo kwakadaro, asi haana kuva sayenzi.

Darwin akapa neunyengedzi izvi. Uyezve, akagumisa kuti vanhu netsoko tateguru, nekuti zvaisazogona dzavo akafanana nomumwe. Naiyewo kuzivikanwa Mapato matatu chikuru nemaitiro - zvaisazogona, kudzidza kugona uye kukwanisa kufunga. Maererano naye, musiyano yevanhu psyche uye mhuka dzakanga kwete quality, asi ari mwero pakukura.

ethology

Sayenzi mhuka maitiro inonzi ethology. Its muvambi anoonekwa kuti Konrada Lorentsa uye Niko Tinbergen. Ndizvo zoologists izvi vakasarudza chokubatanidza shanduka uye causal yokusvika kuna kudzidza mhuka maitiro. Vaifarira zvikonzero iyo mhuka anoita chiito, zvinokosha kuti apone mhando yayo shanduka kukura.

Ethology - sayenzi zvaisazogona. Unhu mhuka panguva imwe chete kunzi maturo pasina kufunga dzinogarisana. Lorenz, Tinbergen nemamwe masayendisiti kushanda mumunda ichi kunzwisisa kuti zvaisazogona dzakaumbwa sezvo yokuedza kuti nhengo kujairana dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Saka nzvimbo siyana sezvo vasiri zviri zvirimwa, uye ayo maitiro mhinduro.

Misimboti ethology

Most vanhuwo havambozivi zita sayenzi mhuka maitiro. A ethology, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ndiko kurangwa chakakomba. Masayendisiti ari indasitiri vanotora zvavanotaura pamusoro zvinhu vakawana nokucherechedza zvipfuwo zvavo dzinongoitika dzinogarisana. Technology kukura kwakaita yekudyidzana muitiro nyore. Zvino ethologists kunombata maitiro mhuka vhidhiyo, itai chinyorwa. Izvi kwete chete kunoita tikanyatsoongorora neimwe nguva muupenyu ane rudzi, asi kuti udzawo navo. Uyewo, iyo camcorder anogona kuchengeta upenyu dzomusango pasina kukanganisa kwavo.

Izvi akabvumira masayendisiti ano kudzidza dzinokosha zviri paumbwe zvaisazogona, tinyatsoziva basa incentives, izvo Vanomhanya. Ethologists edza kuziva basa tinozvarwa uye vawana unhu nani. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti dzimwe zvaisazogona kuva, kunyange kana mhuka asingadi kushamwaridzana chete vakurukurirane zvinoita. Handizive chii chaizvo zvaisazogona nechokwadi rinopindirana coexistence nevanhu rimwe rudzi uye kuparadzira yavo zvimwe ndima.

Zvinorehwa ethology

Sezvo imi munoziva, sayenzi mhuka maitiro inonzi ethology. Shoko iri riri Kazhinji, asi kukosha kurayirirwa guru chaizvo. Observation dzomusango zvavo zvakasikwa dzinogarisana kunobatsira kunzwisisa nyika kumativi nani uye, naizvozvo, nani zvinoenderana nayo. Nokuti zvinhu zvose zviri munyika iri interconnected, mumwe ezvinhu zvipenyu, imwe nzira kana imwe, zvazvinoita yose mararamiro. Uyezve, kudzidza maitiro remhuka, imi munogona mhedziso inonakidza pamusoro pachedu, kunzwisisa nei vanhu chetezvo uye kwete mumwe.

Haasi munhu wose anoziva zita sayenzi mhuka maitiro, asi vakawanda vedu michero yawo. Research munzvimbo ino vachakwanisa optimize kwemauto chinokosha se mombe. Nhasi, indasitiri iyi zvakazara zvoga, ikava shingirira conveyor uchishandisa chinyakare pfungwa yokurarama venyama. The zvichiguma zvigadzirwa vane kunotyisa quality, tisingatauri kukuvadza zvine kune vatengi. Sezvineiwo, hazvibviri kuita chinangwa tsvakurudzo pamusoro penyaya iyi sezvo makambani aidaro mhuka minda, akafuma zvikuru. Kana tikashandisa ruzivo yaunganidzwa ethologists mune zvokurima, ari risanyatsobuda yakabereka hazvo kuwedzera.

tarisiro

Sayenzi mhuka maitiro inonzi ethology uye ndiyo imwe zvinhu zvinokosha zvikuru zvevakomana. Man yakarebesa kushandisa zvisikwa pasina achifunga zvaakanga achiita. Zvisinei, zivo yaunganidzwa ethologists, anogona kugumisa nayo. Kushandiswa kutsvakurudza izvi kuchabatsira kudzorera nemasikirwo ezvinhu panyika. Kunzwisisa kuti mhuka vakaumba zvaisazogona, ichatitendera kuti atarire kare kwedu mhando, kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo namadzibaba edu aigara uye, pakupedzisira, kuburitsa zvakavanzika kwakabva murume.