Shuharta-Deming cycle: matanho ekugadzirwa kwemakambani

Kutarisira kunotanga kukudziridza nzira dzinobatsira dzekutarisira kugadzirwa uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Pane nzira dzakawanda dzokugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Isu tinomiririra vanyori vedzidziso yekuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwehutano hwaWalter Schuhart naWilliam Deming, avo vane hutungamiri hunozivikanwa pasi rese. Vanofunga kuti, pasinei nekusiyana kukuru mukugadzirwa, shanduro yezviito zvehurongwa hwose hwakafanana. Ngatitaurire pamusoro pechikonzero cheyiyi mazano uye kuti tingashandisa sei muenzaniso uyu mukuita.

Iko pfungwa yekugadzira michina

Sangano reimwe nzira, zvinokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana zvinonzi kushandiswa. Kutungamira hutano hakusanganisi kwete mukugadzirwa, munhu mumwe nomumwe anofanira kuronga hupenyu hwake, kuita zvisarudzo zvakasiyana-siyana, kuzadzisa zvinangwa. Nokudaro, kutungamira yakadaro yakawanda munda webasa rinoenda kure nekuwanda kwekusika zvinhu kana mabasa. Chirevo cheWed Deming, chine hutungamiri huripo hwatinofunga nezvacho, ndechokuti kutungamira kuripo kune zvikamu zvose zvebasa revanhu, uye vane nzira yakafanana yekuita. Chero hutungamiri hwakabatana nekuunganidza nekugadziriswa kwemashoko, nekugadzirisa zvisarudzo, kushandiswa kwekugadzirisa, kufungidzira, kuongorora nekushanda kwekuongorora. Nhasi maitirwo enyika anotarisa matanho akawanda, kusanganisira kubudisa, semishonga. Uye chimiro chemukati chepi zvese basa ndechehu. Mune izvi, pane nzvimbo yakadaro sehutano hwehutano.

Nheyo huru yehutungamiri hwehutano

Munharaunda ipi neipi yekugadzirwa , hutano hwehutano hwakanaka huri kuiswa nhasi , maererano nemitemo yenyika. Icho chinangwa chekusimbisa hutsika hwakasimba hwezvinhu kana mabasa anopiwa. Utano hwehutano hwakavakirwa pamitemo yakawanda inokosha. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutungamirirwa nevatengi uye zvido, kushanda kwevashandi nekukurudzira, kunyatsogadzirisa zvisarudzo zvichienderana nehuchokwadi, mutungamiri hutungamiri nekuvandudzika kwehuwandu hwehutano. Icho chiri pamusoro pekushandiswa kwechirevo chekupedzisira icho vatsvakurudzi vakagadzira dhemberero yeDeming uye Schuhart inofungidzirwa. Kuvandudza hutano ndicho chinangwa chechigarire chesangano rimwe nerimwe. Inobatanidza maitiro ose ehuwandu hwemabhizimisi, kubva kune mumwe munhu kuenda kumutungamiriri, nzvimbo yekugadzira uye chigadzirwa chekupedzisira. Kuvandudza unhu, imwe yenzira mbiri inogona kushandiswa: kupera uye kupfuurira. Inogadziriswa kuburikidza nekuiswa kwemaitiro, kuongororwa uye kuenzanisa, pamwe nekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa.

Izwi reShuharat

An American consultant management, nyanzvi inozivikanwa zvikuru sainzi Walter Schuhart, pakutanga kwema1930, iri kudzidza zvakanyanya nyaya dzehutano hwakanaka hwezvigadzirwa zvemabhizimisi. Basa rake rokutonga mifananidzo, iyo nzira yekugadzirisa maonero pahutano nekugadzirisa kweimwe nzira, yava danho rakakomba mukukudziridza kwekutungamira. Kwemakore mazhinji, akaunganidza nhamba dze data pahutungamiri hwekugadzira michina. Uye kumusoro kwebasa rake rezvesayenzi raiva yekudzora kukwidza Deming-Shewhart. Mumabhuku ake anoruramisa nzira yekuverengera yekugadzirisa unhu hwakanaka hwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu nekugadzirwa kwekupedzisira. Muhutungamiri, Schuhart inotsanangura matanho matatu makuru: kusimbiswa kwemashoko ekutaura uye tsanangudzo yekugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemangwana, kushandiswa maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko, hutano hwehutano hwechigadzirwa uye kuwirirana kwaro nemitemo yakatarwa. Gare gare, masayendisiti anoshandura iyi chirongwa mumuenzaniso wezvikamu zvina:

1. Product design.
2. Zvigadzirwa zvekugadzira uye kuongororwa mumamiriro ekuraira.
3. Kusunungurwa kwechigadzirwa kumusika.
4. Kuongorora kwezvinhu zviripo, kushandiswa kwevatengi.

W. Schuhart akaisa mberi nzira yekuita seyo inobudirira zvikuru mukutungamirira. Mifungo yake yakakonzera zvikuru kukurudzirwa kwehutungamiri nheyo.

Chirevo cheDheming

Mudzidzisi waWilliam Shuhart William Edwards Deming akaedza kunatsiridza nekuvandudza pfungwa yake. Akava muvambi wemafungiro uye nzira yakarongeka yehurongwa hwehupenyu hwehutano hwehupenyu hwose. Kuda kururamisira pfungwa yekuti hutsananguro hwekambani hunoenderana nekuvandudzika kwenzvimbo nhatu: kubudisa, vashandi uye zvigadzirwa. Uyewo, semugumisi wemakore mazhinji ekutsvakurudza, iyo Total Quality Management system yakaonekwa, iyo inobatanidza kutanga uye zvakakosha nekuvandudzwa kweDheming. Kuchinja kwekuvandudzwa kwehutano, maererano nesayendisiti, hauna mugumo, asi ine chitenderedzwa. Akaratidza matanho maviri ekuvandudza mabhizinesi: hutano hwehutano (kubudirira kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kuvandudzwa kwevashandi , nezvimwe) nekuvandudzika kwehutano. Maererano nemasayendisiti, hazvina kukwana kuti urambe uine huno hwakanaka hwehutano, tinofanira kugara tichiedza kuvandudza huwandu hwayo. Izvo zvakarongedzwa Deming chirongwa chinosanganisira zvikamu zvekusiyana kwakasiyana. Izvi ndezvekuti: kuronga, kushandiswa, kuongorora nekuita. Ngatitangei kugara pamusoro pezviitiko zvegadziro rimwe nerimwe zvakadzama.

Kuronga

Chokutanga pane zvose, shuhart-Deming chirongwa chinosanganisira nzvimbo yakakosha sekugadzirwa kwezvinhu uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, vezvemabhizimisi vanofanira kugara vachironga kugadzirwa kwemiti. Uye nokuda kweizvi, sarudza zvinangwa zvitsva, kuongorora zvigadzirwa, kuumba urongwa hwakanaka hwekuita, rondedzera vatongi uye nguva dzakare. Panguva ino zvakakosha kuwana dambudziko uye nzira dzokugadzirisa nadzo. Kuwana zviwanikwa zvekuvandudza, zvakakosha kunyatsoongorora mamiriro acho ezvinhu, kugadzirwa kwekugadzira, misika. Zviito zvekuongorora zvinobatsira kuziva kuti zvinogona kuvandudzwa. Uyewo pazera iri, zvirongwa zvekuvandudza zvakagadziriswa zvinoitwa, urongwa hwekugadzira hunosimbiswa. Urongwa hwehutano hunobvumira kupa simba majeure mamiriro ezvinhu nekuisa nheyo yakasimba yebhizimisi.

Kuitwa

Kushandiswa kwesarudzo chikamu chinokosha chekutungamira. Chirevo chinonzi Deming chinotora nzvimbo yakasiyana yehutano hwehutano hwegadziriro ye "implementation". Panguva ino Deming anokurudzira kutanga kutanga kuenzaniswa kweiyo pamuviri pamwero muduku, kuitira kuti kudzivirira kurasikirwa kukuru mukana wekukundikana. Pakuzadzisa zvirongwa zvakakosha kutevera mirairo yakagadzirwa uye zvakananga chaizvo. Mutungamiri anofanira kunyatsocherechedza zviito pane imwe nhanho yezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro kuitira kuti aite maererano nezvose zvinodiwa. Mukufungidzira kwaDheming iyi danho iri, pane kudaro, danho rekuedzwa, kubvumirwa, pane kushandiswa kwemaseri. Kumhanyira munyaya dzakatevedzana hazvidi izvo zvakanyanya kufunga nezvemutungamiriri, asi kutanga kunotanga kunokosha zvikuru. Mutungamiri anofanira kunge ane 100% avimbiswa kuti teknolojia yose inoremekedzwa, nokuti ichi ndicho chivimbo chehutano.

Checking

Mushure mokutanga kwekugadzirwa kwemahombe, masayendisiti anokurudzira kuitisa chidzidzo chekuongorora. Dambudziko Rinodiwa rinosanganisira hurukuro huru yekuongorora iyo inofanirwa kuongorora kuti nzira yacho inofamba sei, kuedza kuwana mitsva itsva yekuvandudza unhu. Zvinotarisirwawo kuongorora maitiro ekunzwisisa kwechigadzirwa kana basa nemutengi. Kuti uite izvi, fambisa kuongororwa, mapoka ekutsvaga, kuongororwa kwevatengi vadzo. Uyewo panguva ino, zvakakosha kuti uongorore nzira yezvibvumirano, kubvumirana kwavo nehutsika. Mukuwedzera, basa revashandi rinoongororwa, uye hutano hwebasa revashandi uye zvigadzirwa zvinongororwa nekuda kwekushanda kwezviratidzo zviratidzo (KPIs). Kana kukanganisa kupi zvako kubva pamiganhu yakatarwa kuonekwa, zvino zvikonzero zvei zvino tsvaga.

Zviito

Nhanho yekupedzisira yeDheming cycle ndeyekugumiswa kwekuona kutyora nekukanganisa. Panguva iyi, zviito zvose zvinogoneka zvinotorwa kuitira kuti uwane hupenyu hunorongwa hwezvigadzirwa. Zvinyorwa uye kugadziriswa kwakanyorwa kwezviwanikwa zvinoguma nenzira yezvinotsanangurwa uye mirayiridzo inoitwawo. Dambudziko reDeming, zvikamu zvaro zvinosanganiswa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvekutonga kwehutano, zvinotora kufamba kwechiyero. Saka, mushure mekukanganisa kwose uye pfungwa dzekukwanisa kurasikirwa kwehupenyu zvakabviswa, unofanira kudzokera kune imwe yekutanga uye utange kutsvaga mikana mitsva yekuvandudza. Izvo zvakakonzera ruzivo ruzivo runoshandiswa pakushandura kunotevera, zvinobatsira kuderedza mari uye kuvandudza unhu hwemhizha.

Nheyo dzepamusoro dzeDheming

Achirondedzera dzidziso yake, musayendisiti anogadzira huwandu hwemashure akave akatumidzwa kuti "Kuda Mheyo". Kuvandudzika kwehutano hunoenderana navo uye hunobva kwavari. Mitemo inonyanya kukosha inosanganisira zvinotevera:

- Kubatana kwezvinangwa. Kuvandudzwa kwehutano, sechinangwa chikuru, chinofanira kugara chichigadziriswa zvose mukati megadziriro uye nemaitiro.

- Mutungamiri iye pachake ane mhosva yehutano.

- Kuronga kwepamusoro hakufaniri kuve kwakakura, kunofanira kunge kwakagadzirwa muhurongwa hwekugadzira.

- Maitiro nemabasa zvinofanira kunyatsogadziriswa uye zvakanyatsogadzirwa.

- Zvakakosha kukurudzira chido chevashandi kuchikoro, kukurudzira vashandi kuvandudza unyanzvi hwavo.

- Kuvandudza hutano kunofanira kuva chikamu chekutumwa uye uzivi hwekambani, uye kutanga kune vateveri vayo vanofanira kuva vatungamiriri.

- Vashandi vanofanira kukwanisa kuzvikudza nemigumisiro yebasa ravo.

Nokudaro, pamusana pezvinhu izvi zvinotevera, mazano makuru ehurumende yepasi rose yakagadzirwa.

Kushandiswa kweChirungu-Deming

Muenzaniso weDeming-Schuhart wainzi "PDCA mhirizhonga", inoshandiswa zvakashandiswa muzvino maitiro ekugadzirisa. Purogiramu Inoshuva, muenzaniso wei inogona kuwanika musangano yezvinenge zvose zvikwata zvepasi rose, ndiyo chizivo chakazivikanwa chekunatsiridza unhu huripo. Ichi chirevo chaive chakanyatsogadziridzwa uye chinogara chichigamuchirwa mumutauro weJapan. Munyika ino, Deming ainzwisiswa segamba rehurumende, akagamuchira mibairo yakawanda, kusanganisira kubva mumaoko eumambo. Uyewo muJapan, mubayiro weDeming wakagadzwa. Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, pfungwa iyi yakashandiswa zvakasimba mumutauro weRussia, iyo ndiyo nheyo yekusimudzirwa kwenyika dzakasiyana-siyana uye yehutano hwehutano hwakanaka.