Speech Genre: tsanangudzo, marudzi. kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi

MuGirisi yekare, kukwanisa kutaura kunonyatsopupurira vaiona unyanzvi. Zvisinei, kuti kupatsanura dzinowanzotsigi- kuitwa chete pakati krasnosloviem, nhetembo uye kuita zvinhu uye. Zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe ainyanya zvichishandurwa sezvo sayenzi kweshoko uye nhetembo, prose uye achitsetsenura. Iye - nyanduri uye tenzi mashoko. In kare, zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe akadzidzisa. Vatauri zvinonyanya kuita chaizvo wokufananidzira unyanzvi, aine maonero kwokungosimbisa expressiveness pakutaura. Nhasi, kutaura Genre kuona zvichienderana kukurukurirana zvekutepfenyura, ari runoenzanirana eigenfunction: Kutaurirana, kukurukurirana uye chiito.

Tarirai nevafungi siyana pamusoro zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe

In maonero nevafungi yekare vakawanda kufananidza isina mhinduro unyanzvi unyanzvi kupenda uye chivezwa, uye mapurani nesayenzi. Asi mashoko akadaro kakawanda vanotarisa zvinogutsa. Most kazhinji vaiona kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi sezvo yake hanzvadzi Arts Chiitiko uye nhetembo. Aristotle wake "zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe" uye "Poetics", rinofananidza achitsetsenura uye nhetembo, kuwana chinhu zvakafanana pakati pavo. Uye Cicero, munzvimbo dzinowanikwa mashoko uchishandisa kuita unyanzvi. Kwapera kutaura Genre sezvo kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi vakaumba kubatana pakati nhetembo, kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi uye kuita zvinhu uye. Chete Lomonosov M. V. mubasa rake pamusoro zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe ( "Quick Start Guide vabatsirwe mafeni krasnosloviya") anotaura pamusoro chikuru kukosha mifananidzo zvinoumba paruzhinji. Maererano nerondedzero yacho, kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi zvinoreva euphony, i.e. "Taura zvakanaka." Kubwinya nesimba neshoko, zvakajeka akarondedzerwa yokumiririra, anokwanisa fadza uye kugutsa dzevanhu kuchiva. Ndiko, maererano musayendisiti, chinangwa chikuru nomukurukuri. Similar pfungwa akaratidza mubhuku Merzlyakov AF "On nezvounhu nyanduri uye mumiririri kwechokwadi" (1824).

zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe uye nhetembo Us

Merzlyakov anofunga mudetembi uye mumiririri sezvo vanhu muzvirongwa chete basa rokusika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti haana kuvhomora unopinza mutsauko pakati Nyanduri uye anoziva. On imwe hama nhetembo uye krasnosloviya ine kutaura Genre, akanyora Belinskiy V. G. Akataura kuti nhetembo - iri zvinonwisa mvura maatomu akafanana (kwete chinangwa asi nzira). Russian dare mutauriri Koni A. F. akanyora pamusoro art paruzhinji sezvo okugadzira zvinhu wechokwadi, artistry uye zvinosanganisira zvinhu nhetembo, vakaratidza nomuromo. Iye - munhu anofanira kuva okusika fungidziro. Maererano Connie, kusiyana nyanduri uye mumiririri ndechokuti vari mumwe chete chokwadi anouya, kutangira akasiyana pfungwa maonero.

Chii matauriro Genre? Kutsanangura pfungwa kutaura

The vakawanda yokuti kutukana zvichishandurwa mitauro maduramazwi uye mabhuku sezvo chiitwa mutauri achishandisa mutauro zvainanga kudyidzana nedzimwe nhengo dzeboka iri mutauro, nokushandiswa nzira dzakasiyana kutaura, chinangwa iyo - kuchinjwa zvakaoma kugutsikana, kusanganisira mashoko zvainanga muteereri uye kumukurudzira kuita kana kupindura. Zvinotora nguva akaisa kurira (kusanganisira mukati) kana kunyora. Mugumisiro zvinhu zvakadai wakasimba kuyeukwa kana tsamba. Mazuva tsika kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi anoenda mhiri wokufananidzira achitsetsenura, sezvazvaiva kare. Genre kutaura pakutsvaga chinangwa uye nzira. Nokuti mumwe mhando hwekutaura muchimucherechedza Genres zvavo, izvo pamusoro nguva yave Classified sezvakanga zvarairwa uye zvekunyanyisa. Izvi nemagariro chimiro kutaura zvinotaura nemishonga mhando ane dingindira, munhu manyorero hunhu uye sezvamunoita.

Types paruzhinji (izwi) Genre

In sayenzi yemazuva, kutaura Genre dzinoiswa sezvinotevera: socio-enyika, zvedzidzo, zvaakatonga, zvakanaka, chechi uye zvouMwari (Spiritual). Type kutaura Genre kunoratidzwa imwe chinhu kutaura ane unhu ayo ezvinhu kuongorora uye zvakafanana kupima.

Kupatsanura iri ezvinhu uye Category hunhu. It inorangarira mabasa ose ezvinhu, musoro wenyaya uye chinangwa chayo. Socio-political nehanya: zvesimba panguva magariro, enyika, zvoupfumi, zvetsika, chokuita netsika, zvesayenzi uye michina nyaya, pfupiso mishumo, nedzenyu, zvechiuto uye nyika Misangano mikuru, agitatorial reparamende. A nzvimbo inokosha ndowenyika zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe kuchechi uye zvechitendero upenyu hwomudzimu. Zvakakosha kuti mharidzo uye kukurudzira misoro dzechitendero.

Theological uye chepamutemo zvekunyanyisa

By chechi-zvouMwari kwokukurukurirana kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi zvinosanganisira mhando kutaura Genres, kusanganisira kuparidza, kwaziso, zviziviso zvorufu, kubvunzurudza, mharidzo, tsamba, hurukuro muzvikoro yebhaibheri, kutaura vezvenhau (vafundisi vanhu). Genre Izvi inokosha: sezvo vadzidzi kazhinji vatendi. Topics kutaura akatorwa kubva muMagwaro, Zvakanyorwa veChechi uye kumwewo. Kutamba Genre rine zvinhu mukuru, mabhizimisi uye zvedzidzo zvekunyanyisa. Kwakavakirwa nehurongwa zvinoreva kuvapo zvitupa. hurukuro kwakadaro rinotarisa kuongorora mamiriro ezvinhu munyika, zviitiko zvenyika, chinangwa iyo - kusimbisa mashoko akananga. Vanosanganisira enyika, zvoupfumi, uye nezvimwe zvakadaro chokwadi, tinyatsonzwisisa zviitiko, vanorumbidza, mishumo basa rinoitwa. Kazhinji, vane vakazvipira matambudziko chaidzo kana embody panodana, tsanangudzo yacho yokungotaura zvakaita zvirongwa.

Selection uye kushandiswa kwomutauro zviwanikwa

Muchiitiko chino, kutanga wakakosha uye chipfuro akagara zvesimba. Vamwe enyika kutaura dzinoratidzwa manyorero kuti unhu wevakadzidza manyorerwo, izvo zvinoreva impersonality kana simba okuti, bhuku coloring, political mashoko, hwokugadzira mazwi (semuenzaniso, zvoupfumi). Izvi zvinhu munguva zvinhu kutaura Genre uye kuona kushandiswa (kutarisana, mupfungwa) kuti vabudirire zvinozoita. Somuenzaniso, pamusangano nekubatwa mushumo uri hunhu, asi voitakura kunze nokushandiswa kwezuva nezuva mashoko nemarongerwo. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiwo mubvunzo Stolypina P. A. "kurudyi varimi kusiya munharaunda" (akapa Council of State of 03/15/1910)

Academic nezvakatongwa achitsetsenura

Nokuti zvedzidzo kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi kunoratidzwa nemashoko, kubatsira kuumba mhando nemaonero nesayenzi kuti akasiyana yakadzika argumentativeness, kufunga uye tsika. Izvi zvinosanganisira hurukuro mu Africa, tsvakurudzo mishumo uye wongororo (mbiru). Chokwadi, mutauro manyorerwo zvedzidzo kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi riri pedyo zvesainzi, asi rinoshandiswa kuratidza uye ziso zvokushandisa. Somuenzaniso, Academician Nechkin anonyora pamusoro Klyuchevskoi somunhu tenzi vanotaura Russian zvakakwana. Kliuchevskoi Mutauro saka akapfuma kuti zvinokwanisika kuwana mashoko akawanda mutauro chaiko, dzakakurumbira nokumukirana, zvirevo noupenyu mashoko runowanzoitika magwaro akare. Academic achitsetsenura paivhu Russian rakaumbwa pakutanga pamusoro XIX remakore. uye zvikanzi zvainanga Paanomuka paruzhinji uye enyika kuziva. Platform for yepamusoro oratorical zvesimba vakava madhipatimendi yunivhesiti. Izvi imhaka yokuti mumakore 40-60. vakauya kushanda nevaduku masayendisiti, dzakanga dzinoratidzwa pfungwa mberi European. Granovsky, Soloviev, zvikamu, Mendeleev, Stoletov, Timiryazev, Vernadsky Fersman, Vavilov - lecturers, uyo kuroyiwa vateereri nokutaura kwake.

Pakutonga vakurukuri unyanzvi ndiko kupa Vanosarudzwa uye inobudirira kukanganisa vateereri. Govera: muchuchisi (mukutonga) uye gweta (kuzvidzivirira) Kutaura.

The zvakasiyana-siyana

Siyana zvakasikwa uye chimiro kushandiswa mutauro imhaka pamberi siyana mabasa evanhu. Mhando mashoko zvakanyorwa uye kunanzvana. Zvinoratidza rwebasa ezvinhu uye matambudziko nokuda zvirimo, manyorerwo, zvishandiso (Mutauro unokura, mitsara, girama), akafanana. Makuriro Akaita kushandiswa pave Genres ayo uye mhando. Izvi zvinosanganisira nevatengi nhaurirano, nyaya, kunyora, kuti ebhizimisi.

Heterogeneity kunoita dzikatadza Pakusarudza mukuru hunhu zvakataurwa.

Speech Genres akakamurwa yechipiri uye chikuru (nyore uye kunzwisisa). Complex - zvakanyorwa (zvikurukuru mabhuku mabasa, nyaya dzesayenzi, etc.). Simple - kutaurirana kuburikidza kutaura. Kana pfungwa chete pamusoro chikuru, pachava sei "vulgarization" dambudziko. Chete kudzidzwa marudzi maviri kubatana zviri mitauro uye philological ukoshi.

The dambudziko Genres Bakhtin

Nhamba yacho kwakajairika (National) uye munhu zvitaera - nyaya iyi matambudziko mashoko. Kuti jairana manyorerwo, unofanira kutora basa yokusvika kuna mubvunzo kwokudzidza Genre (matauriro). Chokwadi chokuti tinogona zviripo chokwadi chete muchimiro nekongiri kutaura kutaura vanhu nomumwe (vatambi), Bakhtin akati. Speech Genres ndivo hwaro maonero ake pamusoro pfungwa rive chikwata chaicho pakukurukurirana. Maererano Bakhtin, unokandirwa muchimiro mashoko, uye pasina maro hahugoni kuvapo. Shanduko kutaura nyaya - wokutanga zvakakurumbira zvinotaura. Chechipiri - ndiko kukwana (kuvimbika), iro rine chokuita:

• chinhu-pfungwa kuneta;
• kutaura chinangwa (kuda mutauri);
• nezvimiro kupera, zvinowanzoitika nziyo uye kupera Genre.

Genre akaronga mashoko unochinja kusarudza mashoko. MM Bakhtin rinokoshesa zvikuru Genre siyana. Kuburikidza kuziva Genre kubva pakutanga, tinofanira kukurukura pfungwa nokutaura yose. Pasina kukurukurirana uku kwaizova kwakaoma uye kwakaoma zvisingaiti.

nomumukanwa Genre

Oral - ndiyo kutaura kuti munhu anonzwa. Muchiitiko chino, izvozvo anosarudza chete vaya "mifananidzo kurira" kuti vari pedyo naye, vari pachena. Zvose zviri akapembera, sezvo vachiti, "Nzeve dzematsi". Izvi zvinokosha nokuti mashoko ose kutaura yorwizi, kuitika mumwe pashure pomumwe, kukonzera zvifananidzo panheyo metonymy, contiguity, zvisingarambiki. The kutaurirana inoshandisa zvinotevera waiita matauriro Genres:

• kukurukurirana - exchanges kana mamwe mashoko;
• compliments - rumbidzo interlocutor, ane chinangwa - kumufadza;
• nyaya - kupa vamwe mukana wokutaura nomumwe interlocutors, chinangwa iyo - nyaya chiitiko, chiitiko, etc.
• Kukurukurirana - kutaura kunangidzirwa interlocutor, izvo ndehwokuti vazivise, kujekesa kana undotsvaka ukama;
• gakava - kukurukurirana zvainanga kuwana chokwadi.

Zviri nomuromo sezvakunoitwa kunyora, ayo mitemo. Dzimwe vamwe zvinokanganiswa matauriro, yakadai konekwa mashoko, simba mamiriro, kukanganisa, reprises, uye zvinhu zvakafanana - chinhu chinodiwa chimiro kuti abudirire uye inobudirira zvabuda.

Nhaurirano iri pamatauriro Genres

Kurukurirano iri pamwe ne fanira kushandiswa zvakakodzera kududzirwa kutaura Genre "paralinguistic" zvinoreva. Everyday-nevatengi nhaurirano - ndiwo hwaJehoshafati mutauro "vakavhengana", iro zvokurimisa kuti kukurukurirana basa iri pedyo maererano non-kwomutauro nzira. A maitiro chepfungwa kutaurirana kuburikidza kutaura nhaurirano musimboti. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kukurukura mabasa vari rakatumbuka mamiriro (ndiro basa chaisazvitsigira). Pamutemo, zvinoita sokunge ichi: mumwe inoti - wechipiri yokuteerera. Asi ichi ndicho dzakanakira zano, izvo chaizvo hariwaniki yakaisvonaka chimiro. Anonzwa kazhinji anoramba pusa kana kumbomira anozadza chiso chedu, nemasaini (paralinguistic nzira yokukurukurirana). Features kuti zvaizobatsira nevatengi nhaurirano:

• vasina kuzvironga;
• zvakasiyana-siyana panyaya iri kukurukurwa;
• vapenyu change;
• kukurukurirana ;
• kushaya kurwisa;
• mupfungwa uye kuratidza.

Dzidza unyanzvi kwakarungwa kwounyanzvi. Izvi zvikuru muupenyu hwedu!