Sulfuric acid. Yemaitiro, zvivako, kugadzirira uye kushandisa

Sulfuric asidhi ndiro nhoroondo zita: mafuta vitriol. Kudzidza asidhi rakatanga munguva dzekare, mune zvaakanyora, anorondedzerwa: rechiGiriki chiremba Dioscorides, weRoma zvakasikwa Pliniy Starshy, vechiIslam masayendisiti Gebheri, Rāzī uye Ibn Sina nevamwe. In Sumer paiva pakarongwa vitriol, izvo dzinoiswa kubudikidza Ruvara fuma. Munguva yedu, shoko "vitriol" anobatanidza crystalline hydrates sulfates ose divalent simbi.

Muzana remakore rechi17, Dutch, German kemisiti Johann Glauber sulfuric asidhi yaunganidzwa rinopfuta nesafuri pamwe potassium nitrate (KNO3) pamberi mvura mhute. Muna 1736, Dzhoshua Uord (mishonga kubva kuLondon), nzira iyi rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa. Nguva ino inogona anoonekwa somunhu pfungwa reference, kana kare pamwero rakatanga kubudiswa sulfuric acid. It Formula (H2SO4), kazhinji vaifungidzira kuti iiswe Swedish kemisiti Berzelius (1779-1848) akanyarara gare gare.

Berzelius vachishandisa nearufabheti vatambi (kureva zvine maatomu akafanana) uchingodzikira kusanganiswa indekisi (zvinoratidzwa nhamba iri Morekuru maatomu kwakadai) akawana kuti mumwe morekuru rine 1 nesarufa atomu (the S), 2 rehydrogen maatomu (H) uye 4 maatomu okisijeni (O ). Kubvira panguva iyoyo, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa Qualitative uye quantitative Kuronga Morekuru, ndiko kuti, mumutauro kemisitiri anorondedzerwa sulfuric acid.

The STRUCTURAL nzira, achiratidza yakanyatsotsanangura yakawiriranwa urongwa kwemaatomu ari Morekuru uye makemikari zvisungo pakati pavo (vari kazhinji runotaurwa mitsetse) anoudza kuti nechepakati morekuru rimwe sarufa atomu riri kaviri waakaita maviri okisijeni maatomu. Nevamwe vaviri okisijeni maatomu kune chimwe nechimwe wanamatira rehydrogen atomu, nesarufa atomu hwaibatanidzawo nezvisungo kuroorwa.

ehupfumi

Sulfuric asidhi - Hauoneki kana zvishoma tsvuku, viscous mvura, soluble mumvura panguva kuwanda zvose. Iri simba chicherwa acid. Acid ari zvikuru kungatikanganisa kune simbi (akaisa interacts nesimbi pasina kudziyisa, uye passivates) matombo, nyama mhuka kana zvimwe zvinhu. It ane mukuru hygroscopicity uye akazivisa oxidant ehupfumi simba. Pamusangano tembiricha kuti 10.4 ° C asidhi solidifies. Kana neshungu kuti 300 ° C anenge 99% asidhi anorasikirwa sarufa trioxide (SO3).

ehupfumi Its ichichinja zvichienderana wevasungwa ane aqueous mhinduro. Pane mazita zvakafanana vari asidhi mhinduro. Sanganisa asidhi anoonekwa kuti 10%. Rechargeable - kubva 29 kusvika 32%. At kuwanda asingasviki 75% (sezvo rinorondedzerwa ISO 2184) inonzi neshongwe. Kana wevasungwa pamusoro 98%, ipapo zvichava sulfuric asidhi dzichiitika. fomura (Chemical kana STRUCTURAL) dzose nyaya anoramba kuzochinja.

Kana zvazvichanyungudutswa kuramba sulfuric acid, sarufa trioxide kana oleum aumbwa fuming sulfuric acid, ayo payakavakirwa anogona kunyorwa se: H2S2O7. Net asidhi (H2S2O7) ndiyo yakasimba tine utsotso tembiricha 36 ° C. sulfuric iine acid hydration maitiro dzinoratidzwa nokubudiswa kupisa zvizhinji.

Rakasanganiswa asidhi iri vakaita aine simbi kuita izvo rinoratidza simba oxidant ehupfumi. Izvi anodzoreredza sulfuric acid, kuumbwa payakavakirwa zvinhu zvine akaderedzwa (kusvika 4, 0 kana -2) munhu sarufa atomu, kungava: SO2, S kana H2S.

It zvaanoita nevasiri nesimbi, semuenzaniso, carbon kana nesurferi:

2 H2SO4 + C → 2 SO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O

2 H2SO4 + S → 3 SO2 + 2 H2O

Zvaanoita pamwe yavaibvisa chloride:

H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl

Zvinonzi ichazivikanwa noku electrophilic kuzvitsinhanisa zvinoita rehydrogen atomu vasiyana benzene chindori ari anonhuhwirira mukomboni kuti -SO3H boka.

mutambo

Muna 1831, mbambo yakanga patented nzira yokuwana H2SO4, riri pari huru. Nhasi vazhinji sulfuric asidhi anogadzirwa pachishandiswa nzira iyi. Yakatsvuka zvakashandiswa sulphide mhangura (kazhinji simbi pyrite FeS2), icho vakapiswa chaiyo yamavira, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe calcined gasi. Sezvo gasi tembiricha akaenzana 900 ° C, iyo yakanga dzaserera sulfuric asidhi pamwe wevasungwa 70%. The gasi nedutu uye electrostatic precipitator iri vakachenesa kubva muguruva kusuka shongwe ine zvinovava yevasungwa 40 uye 10% kuti tiwedzere chepfu (As2O5 uye fluorine), akanyorova electrostatic precipitators ose asidhi aerosol. Zvadaro, calcined gasi rine 9% sarufa yakasviba (SO2), akaomeswa uye zvokudya kuti kuonana midziyo. Achipfuura 3 akaturikidzana pamusoro vanadium anowedzera, SO2 ari oxidized kuna SO3. Wokuparadza kuumbwa sarufa trioxide, kuramba sulfuric asidhi inoshandiswa. Formula mhinduro rwesarufa trioxide (SO3) mu anhydrous sulfuric asidhi ndiye H2S2O7. In chimiro ichi oleum mune simbi Matangi zvinoratidzwa kune mutengi apo rakasanganiswa kune achida wevasungwa.

kunyoresa

Nokuda siyana namakemikari ehupfumi, H2SO4 ane zvakasiyana-siyana mafomu. In kweShanduro zvinovava pacharo, somunhu electrolyte ari kutungamirira-asidhi mabhatiri kugadzira ari cleaners siyana, zviri wavawo reactant inokosha makemikari indasitiri. It rinoshandiswawo pakuburitswa: alcohols, mapurasitiki, madhayi, rabha, Ester, adhesives, zvinoputika, Sipo uye detergents, Pharmaceuticals, pulp uye pepa, mafuta.