Superclass Pisces: maitiro zviri dzomunyika uye zvekunze marongerwo

Hove - ichi ndiko kuri boka iri mhando kusiyana hwemvura chordates, riri kupfuura kare. Hove vagere dzinenge zvose yakachena uye munyu mvura. All kwavo nenhengo dzawo dziri dzakashandisa upenyu hwemvura zvakatipoteredza. Maererano akagamuchira kwesayenzi kupatsanura pakati Pisces ndohwavo umambo eukaryotes, mhuka umambo uye mhando Chordates. Funga superclass kunyatsoongorora.

muviri zvifukidziro

Rokunze muviri pabutiro hove - ndiyo ganda uye chikero. Nyaya hadziwanzowaniki anosiyiwa kana pachikero zvisipo kana dzakachinjwa. The ganda iri kwoita dermis uye Epiderme e. The Epiderme e ndiyo superclass Pisces kwete horny.

In paumbwe pamwero ndicho chikuru basa iri kuridzwa ne dermis. Pachikero yakasiyana zvichienderana mugiredhi hove kuti icho ndohwavo.

• Placoid Makwande ane kirasi hove Cartilaginous. Inoitwa dentin, enamel zvemapuranga. Zviri pachikero mukufamba shanduka mhando iyi dzikava meno Sharks uye mwaranzi. Nokurasikirwa kubatana pamwero hazvizorevi achapora.
• Ganoid anorwisa unonyanyoitwa Sturgeon kukupfura. Zviri pfupa ndiro zvemapuranga ganoinom. zvombo kwakadaro zvakakwana chinodzivirira muviri.
• Kosmoidnaya chikero kuchengetwa Crossopterygii uye lungfish mhuka. Inoitwa Cosmina uye dentin.

Makara mhuka superclass Pisces anogona kuva siyana chaizvo. Fauna vangava noruvara chete, uye muve mavara, anogona kuva madzedzerere, kana, Ukuwo, achinyevera nezvengozi coloring.

zvetsandanyama nemapfupa maitiro

Zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hurongwa anobvumira hove kuti vaite sangano uye kushandura mamiriro ezvinhu zvakatipoteredza. Marangwanda hove rakasiyana pano mhuka marangwanda. Dehenya ane vanopfuura makumi mana zvinhu zvinogona kufamba vakazvimiririra. Izvi zvinoita mhuka kudhonza uye kusunda shaya dzimwe nguva zvikuru kwazvo.

Nomuzongoza ine nomumwe vertebrae, kwete fused pamwe. Zvinonzi akakamurwa hunde uye muswe zvikamu. Kana tichiyambuka nokutyaira simba pave zenze rehove. Vari rakakamurwa vaviri vaviri (thoracal, abdominal) uye unpaired (dorsal, mumagaro caudal). In mhou Vamiririri superclass zenze rinoumbwa mhou mwaranzi, izvo vakabatanidzwa pedyo membrane. Tsandanyama rubatsiro Chokuwedzera, wedzera nedanga sezvawataura Sehove.

Kushambira hwemvura zvinenge zvichiita nemhaka tsandanyama. Ivo ipfupi, uye nehove ichifamba mberi. Tsandanyama akakamurwa "anononoka" uye tsandanyama "kutsanya". Kudiwa wokutanga kuti vakazorora dzinoshambira, kukukurwa. Chechipiri - nokuti kutsanya uye simba jerks.

Tsinga hove

The uropi hove muzvikamu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane chairo basa:

1. Hunoita nhengo nhatu kunosanganisira zvenguva uye yokupedzisira. Muchikamu chino isu vanoda olfactory girobhu racho. Kwavanoitwa anonongedzera kubva kwokunze zvomukati zvinonhuwirira. Hove vachishingaira kushandisa munhuhwi apo kuvhima, nzvimbo yakafarikana girobhu racho.
2. Midbrain ayo goko ane Manyiminya akafukidza.
3. The hindbrain yakakamurwa kupinda cerebellum uye medulla.

The musana ndiyo vamiririri superclass Pisces kunosvika pamusoro yose kureba nomuzongoza.

kweropa maitiro

Vazhinji vamiririri vane imwe superclass kuparadzirwa uye vaviri-chambered mwoyo. up hurongwa ropa wedzerai, izvozvo transmits ropa kubva mumwoyo kuburikidza gills uye nyama dzomuviri. Heart hove chose anotsaura okisijeni-vapfumi arterial ropa kubva venous murombo.

Chambers komoyo nehove vari kutevera mumwe uye akazadzwa venous ropa. Icho sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle infundibulum. Ropa anokwanisa kufamba chete rimwe divi - kubva Sine yacho cone. Mukuita kudaro, zvinobatsira anokosha mavharuvhu.

Mitumbi gasi Exchange mune hove

The gills rehove - chikuru nhengo negasi exchange. Vari riri kumativi pamuromo. In hove mhou, ivo kufukidzwa dakashwa butiro, vamwe - vakasununguka kuvhura outwards. Kana kufefetedza gills, mvura zvinoenda muromo uye ari Gill pamaberere. Akabva Re-hunobuda kuburikidza mawindo ari gills hove.

The nemamiriro gills ndeichi: vane Semi-permeable Kamudzira zvapararira nemidziyo ropa, uye dziri pamusoro mhou pamaberere. Gill filaments, azadzwa dukusa samambure capillaries, anobatsira hove vanonzwa zvakawanda pachena pasi mvura mbiru.

Tisingatauri hove dakashwa afemeruke may kushandisa imwe nzira negasi mukutsinhana:

• Fish mazana aite gasi mukutsinhana kubudikidza ganda pamusoro.
• Dzimwe vane kumapapu kuti havadarowo humidified mhepo.
• Vamwe hove anogona kufema mhepo tisingatungamirirwi.

ari zvomudumbu maitiro hove sei?

Fish chikafu tora mubatirire mazino kuti dziri munzvimbo nemumuromo mhango (sapamakore vertebrates dzakawanda). Kuburikidza huro kupinda yegurokuro anopinda mudumbu zvokudya. Ikoko iye ari kubatwa gastric muto uye makemikari zviri mukati. Next, zvokudya kunoita kupinda ura. Its zvisaririra akandwe kunze kuburikidza cloaca (horo).

Chii zvokudya vagere hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza? Sarudzo rakafara chaizvo:

• hove Herbivorous mudye algae uye hwemvura zvirimwa. Vamwe vavo adye uye plankton (akadai kabhu).
• hove dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya anogona kudya plankton, nehonye siyana, molluscs, crustaceans uye, chokwadi, mamwe hove duku.
• Vamwe hove zvinogona kuchinja kuravidza zvaunofarira upenyu Somuenzaniso, pane muduku kudya chete plankton, uyewo mukuru - hove duku. Pane hove dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya kuti zvokudya chete ectoparasites. Vanosarudza kunovhima nzvimbo uko "cleaners" uye kuzvidya vaine miviri hove parasitized.

The excretory Tsika hove

Zvinoitwa superclass Pisces haagoni kuva kwakakwana pasina rondedzero excretory nenhengo dzawo. Life mumvura kunokonzera hove dzakawanda nezvinetso osmoregulation. Uyezve, matambudziko aya zvakajairika zvose Freshwater uye saltwater hove zvakafanana. nehove Cartilaginous vari ISO-osmotic. The munyu wevasungwa mumuviri yavo kudzika kupfuura dzakapoteredza svikiro. The osmotic kumanikidzwa iri equalized nokuda mukuru zviri urea muropa hove uye trimetilaminoksida. Low munyu wevasungwa shwashwa kirasi anotsigira yakafanira kushanda rectal shwanu uye itsvo excretion munyu.

hove mhou kwete isoosmotic. Nokufamba shanduka, vakakwanisa kutanga mashandiro iyo retards kana outputting ions. Biology chordal mhando kunobatsira hove goho dzegungwa munyu panze. Izvi imhaka yokuti hove vanorasikirwa mvura. Chloride ions uye yavaibvisa ions outputted gills, uye magnesium uye sulfates - neitsvo.

Freshwater hove vane pakatarisana mashandiro. The munyu wevasungwa mumuviri pazvisikwa kupfuura mune zvakatipoteredza. Izvi osmotic kumanikidzwa iri equalized nokuda nevamwe yakawanda urea uye andobata akakodzera ions kubva aqueous nzvimbo gills.

Superclass Pisces: sei chokuwanziridza?

Hove vane akawanda maberekero mhando. Ngatikurukurei chimwe nechimwe chazvo zvizere.

1. Zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi kubereka - vakawanda chimiro. Panyaya iyi, pavo maviri vanoparadzaniswa hove zvakajeka. Kazhinji iri kunyange kuonekwa chitarisiko chavo (semuenzaniso, ruvara). Kakawanda, yechipiri zvepabonde maitiro varume. Vanogona kuratidza pachavo vari musiyano pakati vanhurume muviri saizi, musiyano pakati penhindi muviri (semuenzaniso, refu zenze). Vanhurume vane zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi kubereka kunogona kuva nomudzimai mumwe, barika kutungamirira kana kutadza runobva pakukurukurirana (unzenza).
2. Androgyny - mu izvi zvepabonde hove kwoupenyu anokwanisa kuchinja. Protoandrii mangwanani muupenyu varume, ipapo nenhunzvi vari muviri kuchinja. Protogyny - mufananidzo androgyny, kana vanhurume vose vari vakatendeutswa vanhukadzi.
3. Gynogenesis - nzira kubereka nokuda kwemarudzi dzinomiririrwa chete nevakadzi. It kunoitika kashoma zvakasikwa.

Hove anogona bereka achishandisa mhenyu kubereka, uye yaytserozhdeniya ovoviviparity.

Kirasi Bone Fish

Superclass Pisces vari rakakamurwa makirasi maviri: cartilaginous uye mhou hove.

hove mhou - chikuru boka vertebrates. Kune zvinopfuura 19.000 marudzi. mhou marangwanda yavo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, marangwanda angava shwashwa, asi zvino zvatowedzera kunosimbiswa. In hove mhou vane dzinoshambira dundira. Mukirasi iyi, vanopfuura 40 dzakabatana. Ndiudze zvimwe pamusoro kupfuura vazhinji.

• Sturgeon kukupfura zvinosanganisira yekare mhou hove dzakadai Sturgeon, beluga, Sturgeon. Ivo akasiyana iripo yakagadzirwa uye muromo uri ventral divi muviri. The muromo une chimiro transverse mutswe. Hwaro marangwanda - shwashwa. Sturgeons kurarama chete kuchamhembe hemisphere.
• Clupeiformes kukupfura - gungwa dzidzo hove kuti zvokudya pamusoro plankton. Herring, herring, rehove pamunhu, anchovies - hove dzokutengesa. Ivo mazai avo pasi kana algae.
• Salmoniformes kukupfura - Freshwater hove kuti kuita kuti pave pasi. Ivo inowanikwa Northern Hemisphere. Akakosha hove pamwe zvinonaka nyama uye caviar vezvokutengeserana. Vamiririri Key - Sarimoni, there chum Sarimoni, pink Sarimoni, Rainbow, mashava Rainbow.
• Orders carps - iri Freshwater hove pasina mazino shaya. Food ivo yakapwanyika pharyngeal mazino. Yokuzviparadzanisa inosanganisira hove vezvokutengeserana (roach, bream, ling, Ide) uye hove farmed mu reservoirs (kabhu, kabhu, crucian sirivha).
• Yokuzviparadzanisa lungfish - mukuru webato. Anogona kufema gills uye chiedza (pamhango miganhu pamadziro yegurokuro). Vari dzakashandisa kurarama inopisa munyika uye kupwa madziva. Bright vamiririri hurongwa - Australia kweQueensland Lungfish South American lungfish.

nehove cartilaginous

Musiyano mukuru pakati cartilaginous uye mhou nehove nhema nemamiriro marangwanda, pasina kana pamberi dakashwa nemikombe uye dhidha dundira. Kirasi hove cartilaginous akapa vagari yamakungwa, vane hwose cartilaginous marangwanda. Sezvo pasina dzinoshambira dundira, vamiririri mukirasi iyi vanoshingaira kushambira, saka handigoni kunyura. Sei Sturgeon, muromo ane chimiro transverse cheap car insurance, pane yakagadzirwa.

nehove Cartilaginous zvinosanganisira mbiri chete yokuzviparadzanisa. It Sharks uye mwaranzi. Sharks vane Avangard serin'i muviri chimiro - vasimba vanoshambira uye anotyisa nezvikara. pashaya dzavo simba rakazara unopinza meno. Panyaya iyi, chikamu chikuru Sharks inosimbisa pamusoro plankton.

Stingrays vane flattened muviri pamwe gills mudumbu. The zvimbi rehove zvikurusa. Mwaranzi achafura mhuka benthic uye hove.

Kushandisa fishery zvinhu zvavo kudzivirira

Hove kwakakosha munyika yevanhu upenyu, rinova rimwe inokosha zvokudya. Gore negore pasi rose iri kumorwa vanenge mamiriyoni 60 matani ehove. Muchiitiko chino, zvikuru zvose abatwa Clupeiformes, cod uye mackerel pasión.

Mumakore achangopfuura, hove hove iri chaizvo ipfupi. Izvi nokuda kuparara zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza ezvinhu munyika. Mumatanda vari kwezvinoshandiswa nokuda kwazvo hove, kuparadzwa mamwe marudzi hove, kusvibiswa kwezvinhu zviri kukonzera nzvimbo, chepfu, weheavy metal munyu. Zvishoma nezvishoma vanhu kutamira kune unmanaged kunokwira purazi hove dzokutengesa chinhu.

Budiriro yakanaka kurima hove kurima dzomuShoko kure shure munhau. Ivo kudzora zvizere kurima zvigadzirwa kubva dukutu kune marketable zvigadzirwa. Hove akaberekwa muna chakagadzirwa madziva zvakasiyana zvinangwa: kudyisa, kurera, kuhwanda uye zvichingodaro. Panewo anokosha madziva kuti zviri kukonzera. Ivo nguva dzose duku kukura uye tsime achidziya.