The echimurenga mamiriro: pfungwa uye chikuru zviri

Sezvo akasimbisa mune zvaakanyora, theorists vazhinji echimurenga kufamba, uye kupfuura V. zvose I. Lenin, Revolutionary mamiriro - zvinhu munyika, zvikuru inosimudzira pakutanga chimurenga. Rine yayo maitiro features, zvikuru unoshamisa iyo ndiyo mukanyiwa echimurenga mwoyo uye kwebasa rinofanira widest akaturikidzana yavanomanikidzwa makirasi iri kutamburira kuti vachipidigura aivapo kurongeka. The chaizvo kuvapo echimurenga ezvinhu anogona ave chidzoke zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu zvinhu nokuda anokunda kirasi yemhando simba.

The chikuru prerequisites munhu echimurenga ezvinhu

Revolutionary mamiriro ezvinhu, maererano Lenin, anogona kuva nokuda zvakasiyana-siyana. Mumwe wavo anonzi "repamusoro dambudziko." Pasi zvinofanira kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo zvidzidzo kutonga vari kunyimwa mukana kuramba chikuru nzvimbo wayo wepakutanga chimiro.

Somugumisiro, policies dzavo anova asingakwanisi kudzora kukura zvose kutsamwa uye kusagutsikana yavanomanikidzwa zvavo. The mamiriro nzanga umo "okumusoro makirasi" haagoni kurarama sakare, V. I. Lenin muzvinyorwa ake rinorondedzerwa precondition kuti chidzoke munhu echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu munyika.

Asi vamwe pane kuti, iye anoti, uye kudiwa kugadzirira kuti chimurenga uye ayo kutyaira simba huru - yepazasi strata munzanga, vanoumba ruzhinji chavagari uye rakagara richidudzirwa kwave chinangwa udzvanyiriri. chido ichi, sezvo mutemo, kunobva dzinoverengeka zvakaipa zvinokonzerwa unopinza ichidonhedzera mitemo achirarama.

Kuwedzera kwezvikonzero zvemari, kusikwa ezvinhu umo "makirasi maduku" havadi kuramba kushivirira kugadzikana, zvinobatsira kwokungosimbisa kusaruramisira munzanga, zvachose yezve zvavo uye kusembura pamusoro daka (magariro kuzvipokanidza), ndiwo mugumisiro zvematongerwo enyika. Kururama kwemashoko aya anoratidza zvose munhoroondo ruzivo. Pahwaro ake akanga akanyorwa mubhuku Lenin kuti, rine zvinhu, ipapo akashumira kutungamirirwa mune zvematongerwo enyika kutamburira yacho proletariat.

An rinokosha iri reDare zvinhu zvakadai Pazvinotanga nemapinduriro ehondo, kana njodzi mavambo ayo kusagadzikana zvezvipfuwo upenyu hwayo siyana, uye zvichingodaro .. Somugumisiro enyika basa vakawanda zvinowanzooneka chakawedzera zvokuti kuti kutanga basa echimurenga zviito chete kunodiwa simba detonator zvakakwana.

Rimwe danho vakananga chimurenga

Sei anosimbisa echimurenga dzidziso yakataurwa rose renyeredzi rimwe yepamusoro nevafungi of XIX uye XX emakore, mumwe dambudziko nheyo chidzoke ane echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu iri kurwisana pakati rwakasvika mauto uye ukama okuwana. Akapiwa kukosha chokwadi ichi zvinokosha kurega pairi zvizere.

Under inobereka mauto unonyanyozivikanwa kunzwisiswa sezvo raora nzira inoshandiswa: midziyo, maturusi kugadzirwa zvivako kana nyika kwokurangana uye basa simba, nokuda mano, unyanzvi uye ruzivo kuti kwokupedzisira chigadzirwa anogadzirwa. In kufanana mukuru weboka nhoroondo mberi inobereka mauto dzinokudziridzwa, achifamba nzira kubva kupfuura chinyakare siyana kuti ano akasiyana yepamusorosoro kugadzirwa.

Sezvo mumatanho ose Kugadzirwa muvanhu kugadzirwa kwaiwanzoitwa pamwe pakati vanhu aidaro kunotozongoita kumhuka vamwe ukama richinzi, pakutanga kwezvose, varidzi yose achishandisa kugadzirwa. Zviri pachena kuti ukama okuwana uye inobereka masimba havasi chete pedyo vachionana mumwe, asi tiri dzitsigirane.

Sezvo nzanga anovandudza kare yakasimbiswa noukama okuwana kuva usashanda uye chiito somunhu akaputsa pamusoro zvibereko mauto. Kana mukufamba nhoroondo iri yavo yepanyama wokutsiva mutsva, gakava riri kugadziriswa murunyararo. Zvikasadaro, dambudziko anogona kumutsa kusembura evanhu kusawirirana. Uye somugumisiro pane echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu.

Chii chinogona kushumira somukuru zvakasimbisa kukura munhu echimurenga ezvinhu?

Vakawanda mabasa Lenin nemamwe vakakurumbira theorists ari echimurenga sangano ane zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti panowanikwa ezvinhu umo vanhu vagadzirira nokuchinja kukuru mune huripo mugadziriro, kunoenderana zvakawanda munzanga uye enyika ezvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kupfuura zvose, mukuru mamiriro ezvinhu hurumende midziyo, nzvimbo simba dzaidzidziswa kirasi mutongo, uye, chaizvo pazvese, padanho pakukura rwekuita mukirasi, ukuru batanidzo wayo nevamwe sectors munzanga uye kuvapo (kana kusavapo) yake zvakaitika echimurenga hondo. Kana kusembura zvematongerwo enyika nemagariro evanhu upenyu munyika rinosvika yakaoma sandara, uye anosika ezvinhu inonzi echimurenga.

Issues yawo pakukura nyaya mabasa akawanda Lenin. Mavari, ikataura, kunyanya, kuti ezvinhu akafanana vangave vari dynamism zvakasiyana uye kuwanda kwenhambwe chaizvo ndiyo kukura. Process kunotanga, sezvinoita mutemo, hombe chinovira, ari kuchengetwa sectors vose munzanga, uye zvishoma nezvishoma kukura, zvichiguma National dambudziko, zvichiteverwa pasocial kuputika, zvichiteverwa kuchinja evanhu hurongwa.

The kukosha kuzviitira chakaita kwegadziriro chimurenga

Sezvo nyika anova rakaramba pachena zviratidzo munhu echimurenga ezvinhu, basa kuzviitira chinhu, kureva kuti unoda echimurenga zvavo kuti zvakakodzera kuchinja kwetsika, zvichiita kuti kuparadzwa yacho hwokushandisa mukirasi. Kunyanya basa rayo riri kukura padanho kana magariro kusawirirana kunosvika pachiyero National dambudziko, nokuti nguva yapera chimurenga.

Muenzaniso uyu mamiriro anogona richikunda muRussia muna 1859-1861, ukuwo, uyewo muGermany muna 1923. In hapana Muzviitiko izvi hazvina kuita kuti chimurenga chete nokuti mberi kirasi haana kugadzirira kuita zvainanga kupambwa simba.

Sezvo ari wokutanga uye kana yechipiri, nomuzvarirwo kuumba echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu, kwete kuwana zvakakwana rutsigiro, kuserera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye nesimba vakawanda vakatanga kupera. Panguva iyoyowo, zvidzidzo kutonga, wana mukana tiine simba mumaoko avo, takaita zvose kusimbisa nzvimbo yaro. Somugumisiro kuwedzera akatsiviwa echimurenga kuita zviuno.

Vanyatsoona uye zvakajeka zviratidzo munhu echimurenga ezvinhu kunokosha zvikuru nokuti zvinokanganisawo rose nzira uye nzira okutambura kupidigura pokutonga hwokushandisa mukirasi. Sezvo nhoroondo ruzivo zvinoratidza, unoedza echimurenga kusanduka munzanga, kubatwa kusavapo chinangwa prerequisites kupedza kukundwa uye kunotoreva nezvibayiro zvisingakoshi.

Dambudziko iri Russia muna okupedzisira kota XIX remakore

Sei zvinoumba uye kuva echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu, zviri nyore kutevedzera muenzaniso rwayo muna Russia mukupera 70s - mangwanani 80s ose XIX remakore. Kuti yenhoroondo Russian kunoratidzwa ibatanidzo mushandi-murimi mudiki kufamba akatamburawo pakati vanhuwo, zvikurukuru vakadzidza, madenderedzwa vakadzidza kunzi populists.

mabasa avo rwaiitwa tikafunga vanoverengeka nemigumisiro yakaipa ari abolition pakati serfdom. Pakati pavo vane yakakurisa mutengo kutenga vanhuwo zvavo munyika yacho landlords ', kuwedzera bhuku mabasa uye nezvimwe kudzvinyirira kutungamirira kuti kuparadzwa mukirasi kupfuura vakawanda munyika - varimi.

Zvinhu zvakanga kuwedzerwa nzara, akasimuka mumatunhu akawanda nokuda zvakaipa kukohwa makore 1879-1880, uyewo migumisiro ichangopera mumwe hondo Russian-wokuTurkey. Pakadaro, kwakapararira akuramba kuti zvinangwa kokutambudza nerunyerekupe raiva nechokuita redistribution nyika nokukurumidza. izvi zvose zvakatungamirira kuti paiva zviratidzo zvakajeka zvichibvira dzinongoitika zvesimba vanhuwo zvavo. Izvi zvaitika zviitiko zviri zvikuru vakatya hurumende, uye panguva imwecheteyo nayo akabvunza echimurenga populists.

Panguva iyoyowo hapana mufananidzo zvishoma kwakakwidibira hunobuda mumaguta akawanda. Zvakazokonzerwa zvoupfumi kuti akaparadza Russia nepakati 70s, kwakaita kuti muhombe urovha uye, sezvo zvakaguma rakapinza kudzikira mune zvokunyama ezvinhu vakawanda vanoenda kumabasa.

The echimurenga hondo sezvo migumisiro nezvinetso zvamagariro

Izvi zvakaguma kusembura kwemarongerwe evanhu hondo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti pakupera 1878 uye mangwanani 1879 89 parinouya uye zvimwe zviitiko 24 kuratidzwa evanhu okutsutsumwa vakanga kushumwa muSt Petersburg, vakawanda vakanga mugumisiro mabasa pevhu sangano iri mugovanisi bapiro, anotaurwa so "Northern Union of Vashandi Russian." Muna 1891, yokutanga May Day of echimurenga proletariat rakaitirwa Moscow. Zvadaro, misangano iyi zvisiri pamutemo, akarongwa munyika musi waMay 1, vakapinda tsika uye kuva rudzi vakawanda enyika basa.

The echimurenga ezvinhu Russia mukupera 1870s vaiva rinokosha poignancy nokuda populists mabasa, izvo kare ataurwa pamusoro. Asi kare, nhengo dzakawanda sangano iri akamira munzvimbo enyika vasingakendengi, zvichireva kuvandudzika ose evanhu chete kuburikidza nedzidzo kuti shure uye akapotsa zvachose kudzidza vokumaruwa, iyi, maonero avo achinja zvikuru.

Zvakaguma kwaiteverwa nokukurumidza akatsemura munyika sangano "Nyika uye Rusununguko" mu mapapiro maviri - sangano "Narodnaya Volya" uye ". Black mupanda" Kubva zvino, Vanhu vakasarudzwa avo enyika hondo panezvinotyisa. Nokukurumidza, Russia akamutsa uye akagamuchira hwayo pachena kutarisirwa dzinoverengeka yezviito kuitwa navo.

Nyaya zvaisanganisira yokuedza Zasulich pamusoro St. Petersburg meya F. F. Trepova, vakazvipira kwaari muna 1878, kuuraya mukuru mumwe Gendarmerie N. V. Mezentsova, uyewo wandei zviitiko kurwisa nezvombo pamasimba kwakatungamirira wacho souya uye Ukuwo. Mugumo zvose zvakanga imwe kuedza musi Alexander II muna April 1879 uye umhondi ake akenda March 1, 1881.

Pokupedza inotevera kwenguva echimurenga hondo

Parallel izvi, sezvo Muchirimo 1878 zvikuru delineated uye dambudziko iri makirasi kutonga, zvikurukuru, mukupindura chikumbiro Alexander II kuruzhinji kubatsirwa mukubata zvose kuwedzera mashoko echimurenga pfungwa, zemstvos vazhinji kwaari netsamba akaratidza kutsoropodzwa mitemo.

Kwete kuwana rutsigiro kubva yevagari, mambo akaedza normalize ezvinhu kuitwa zvashata matanho. Chaaitaura nyaya chokuita enyika ugandanga, pasi wenharaunda yaitongwa matare nemauto uye akapomera utariri nemagavhuna mukuru womunharaunda, izvo pakarepo kwakatungamirira decentralization wehurumende.

Asi vakatevera chigaro Alexander II kusungwa vasanyanya hondo People, uye kushaya rutsigiro kubva dzakafara negurumwandira vemo haabvumiri kuti kushandisa echimurenga ezvinhu nokuda pakuputsa aivapo kurongeka. Muchiitiko chino, chinouraya basa reDare kutadza kwavo kumutsa vanhu kurwa, kushandisa zvose riwanikwe necheseri. Nemamwe mashoko, iye akataura kuzviitira chaizvo chinhu, rakanga inokurukurwa pamusoro.

Russia iri avaida chimurenga

Zvakasiyana kumhuka zviitiko anotangira February Revolution (1917 ) uye haizopereri nepfari nesimba pamwechete Bolsheviks. Kuti tinzwisise mufananidzo zviitiko, vanofanira kufungawo zvakatipoteredza neakatanga, uye kuongorora kururama kwemashoko avo yakananga kuvashanu.

Pausiku zviitiko zvakatungamirira kuti kuparadzwa pakati tsarist echimurenga ezvinhu Russia dzakabudirira somugumisiro zvinoverengeka chinangwa zvinhu. Chokutanga, havana kubvumirwa kupokana kuti akakonzera First Russian Revolution ose 1905-1907. Zvikurukuru, rinoshanda munyika nyaya, dzakasara pakati kudiwa matambudziko, pasinei nehurumende kuedza kugadzirisa nazvo dzika agrarian kuchinja P. A. Stolypina.

Uyezve, mumwe detonators ose zvakazoitika aiva hyperinflation anokonzerwa zvikuru anotambudzika weboka World War First uye kuti ayo zviito muAtlantic pamusoro munharaunda Russia, achitaura zvakawanda yakaorera munzvimbo. Izvi zvakakonzera huru maguta nokushomeka kwezvokudya, uye mumisha kwakakonzera nzara.

Hondo somunhu detonator Revolution

Basa World War Chokutanga simba pamusoro kukura evanhu kusawirirana kuumba echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu chaizvo. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti uwandu akafa munyika yake yairema vanhu, mamiriyoni 3 icho anenge mamiriyoni 1 - vaiva vanhuwo zvavo.

Inokanganisa ari kufara zvavo uye Kazhinji kuunganidza, izvo zvakazoita vanhu mamiriyoni 15, kunyanya mumisha, dzakamanikidzwa kuteura ropa ravo kuti zvido vatorwa kwavari. Vanhuwo kusada kurwa nounyanzvi akashandisa vanoparadzira mashoko vari kutumira muuto dzakabatana akakurwirai vatungamirire mauto enyika: asi Bolsheviks, ivo Cadets, Socialist-Revolutionary Party (SRs), etc ...

Panguva World War First, pakanga zvinokosha kuderera mune maindasitiri kugadzira, mhedzisiro yaiva kudzingwa munhu chinokosha nhamba yevashandi uye haizopereri urovha. Zvose pamusoro ezvinhu zvakakonzera kuti mamiriro ezvinhu kwakasimbiswa munyika umo "makirasi yakaderera", vanoumba chikamu chikuru vagari vemo, haadi kurarama munguva yekare nenzira. Iri raiva rimwe zvinokonzera rimwe echimurenga ezvinhu.

Pakati nokumukirana maviri

Panguva iyoyowo, uye "pamusoro" akabvunza shanduko, kudiwa rakanga kuchikonzerwa nekuneta ari tsarist hurumende nenzira enyika uye zvoupfumi. Vaimbove Hurumende nzira zvakajeka akararama richibatsira yavo uye vasina akapa mukana abate guru bourgeoisie simba. Saka, paiva, uye rokuti wechipiri chidzoke ane echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu munyika - "pamusoro" vaisagona kugara yekare nenzira.

bhuku Lenin, ari zvikuru yakabudiswa mune Soviet nguva, izere nezvinhu zvinoratidza irreversibility nyika kwakatanga echimurenga muitiro. Zvechokwadi, rimwe zuva, iye kwakasimbiswa pamwe kuramba simba, zvakazoita kuwa umambo.

Maererano panguva nhoroondo, zvose muna 1917, Russia aiva "kufashaira mugate enyika." Chikonzero ichi chaiva chokwadi chokuti February chimurenga haana kugadzirisa huru mhando zvayo matambudziko evanhu uye zvematongerwo enyika. Rakasvika kuna simba sezvo dikidiki Hurumende kubva pamazuva okutanga vakaratidza simba ravo uye kutadza zvakazara kufurira kwemasayendisiti kuitika munyika.

Far vasara, uye Socialist-Revolutionary Party - chikuru panguva iyoyo, zvematongerwo sangano Russia, pane nhengo dzinopfuura miriyoni imwe zvayo mapoka. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vamiririri vayo vakabata zvinzvimbo anokosha akawanda zvivako zvehurumende, naicho vakakundikana kupa nzira kubva dambudziko uye somugumisiro akarasikirwa zvematongerwo utungamiri.

Party tikaita rwevanodzvinyirira echimurenga ezvinhu

Mugumisiro anochengeterwa nyika yaingoda munhu echimurenga ezvinhu nenguva nenzira, ivo Bolsheviks. Dzavo Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, wakati vakatadza kuhwina pamusoro mugove chinokosha pamusoro Petrograd ravarwi uye vanofambisa zvikepe Kronstadt, muna October vakabata simba kwemakore akawanda, akamira pamusoro mamiriro.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kwaizova kukanganisa kutenda kuti mumakore utongi hwavo munyika havaumbi ezvinhu vari pedyo echimurenga. Kana ari 30s hurumende itsva vakakwanisa zvinenge zvakakwana kudzvinyirira kuratidzwa ose evanhu Kusagutsikana, rapfuura gumi kwave kuchiratidzwa vakawanda zvesimba zvose vashandi uye vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vasingagutsikani zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa mudzimba mutemo kudzingirirwa nehurumende.

Kudzosera collectivization, ari impoverishment chavagari, uyewo utongi matanho pamusoro sectors yose munzanga zvave zvikonzero kuwedzera evanhu makakatanwa, hwakazara kuputika. Zvisinei, kushandisa zvakawanda zviyero rinoenderera Pfungwa simba nokushandisa rehondo, vaKomonisiti nguva mumwe akakwanisa kutora zvinhu pasi pesimba.