The flowchart: zvirongwa, zvinhu, zvinoriumba, kuvakwa

Munyika yanhasi ine digitaalinen michina ndiyo hwaro kuti zvirongwa-siyana makombiyuta, midziyo uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa michina. Uye kukwanisa nokukurumidza uye zvakarurama kuumba kuerera chati kushumira nheyo, hwaro nesayenzi. zano uyu graphical muenzaniso kwacho inofanira kutevedzerwa michina. Inoitwa munhu dzichipfekeka dzakabatana kuti aite chinangwa chakasiyana (kutanga / magumo chiyamuro / goho, mumwe mashandiro runhare, uye zvichingodaro. D.).

Algorithm uye algorithmization

Kutaura zvazviri, algorithm ndiwo mirayiridzo nevakawanda pamusoro kutevedzana zvamunofanira kuita mamwe matanho kubudiswa mbishi mashoko kune achida mugumisiro. Uyezve, shoko inowanzoshandiswa pfungwa algorithmic. Zvinonzwisiswa somunhu yakatarwa nzira uye unyanzvi kuti vaigadzirira kutevedzana nokuda dzakananga mabasa.

Kazhinji, algorithm harishandiswi senhungamiro nokuda kombiyuta, uyewo vanoronga kuita chero chinhu. Izvi zvinoita kuti tikwanise kucherechedza kunyatsoshanda uye kubudirira iyi zvinogadzirisa, kururamisa chero zvikanganiso, uye kuti kuzvifananidza nevamwe zvakafanana kugadzirisa asati pakatanga pakombiyuta. Mukuwedzera, algorithm ndiyo hwaro kuti idzidziso chirongwa kuti unoda kunyora mutauro zvirongwa, kuti zvimwe pave chirongwa Uropi pamusoro PC. Nhasi akauya mukurumbira mbiri dzinobatsira nzira rokuvaka sequences dzakadaro. Chokutanga ndechokuti tsananguro incremental kutukana, uye wechipiri - dambudziko flowchart. Wokutanga wavo yekudyidzana ishoma. Izvi nokuda kujeka uye verbosity. nzira wechipiri, nekusiyana, ndiyo iri nyore chaizvo achishandisa mufananidzo kutevedzana. Zvinonzi rinoparadzirwa zvose mukurovedza uye mabhuku sayenzi.

Elements flowcharts

A chinogumbura dhayagiramu purogiramu algorithm ari kutevedzana kwezviitiko yakajeka kutaurwa varwere kuita zvakananga kushandiswa, uyewo kubatana pakati pavo. Mukati nomumwe zvifananidzo izvi rine mashoko pamusoro ibasa kuitwa. Kukura uye configuration pamusoro hwakajeka hunhu, uye murayiro kunyoresa sequences yaidzorwa GOST 19003-80 uye GOST 19002-80.

Funga zvinokosha zviri kuerera chati (ari mufananidzo akapa mienzaniso mark).

1. Process - kadambari matanho kana kutevedzana kwezviitiko zviito.

2. Solution - Check the wainyatsotaura ezvinhu.

3. Modification - kutenderera Header.

4. predefined muitiro - pekuhwa- nda nzira.

5. Document - kudhinda uye date goho.

6. punch makadhi - kupinda ruzivo.

7. I / O - chiyamuro / goho.

8. Connector - pakakoromoka nekubudisa mitsetse.

9. Start / Stop - kutanga, magumo, kumisa, kutanga, kwezvavakaisa goho zvinoshandiswa upiyona algorithms.

10. Comment - rinoshandiswa kuti vakagovera aive.

11. The mira uye zvido zvevanhu Rwako - mirayiridzo kutevedzana, kubatana pakati zvidhinha.

12. kubatanidzwa nomumwe - akakura Rwako.

13. interstitial connector - chiratidzo uchimirira yezwi mumwe jira.

mitemo chinyorwa

Kuvakwa kuerera chati rinoitwa pasi chaizvo zvinodiwa nesipereti GOST. Somuenzaniso, chete mitsetse chinjikira kana kutwasuka zvinoshandiswa pavanoparidza kwakajeka zviratidzo. Rwako kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe uye kubva pasi kusvikira kumusoro, nguva dzose kwakaratidzwa miseve. Other mitsetse arege mavara. Daro pakati inofambirana hova vanofanira kuva zvishoma pane millimeters matatu, uye pakati vamwe zvinhu - kwete millimeters asingasviki shanu. Block saizi kunge vakawanda vashanu. Nhamba chinjikira kune wehunyambiri chiratidzo hwakajeka iri 1.5. Dzimwe nguva zvingava akaenzana maviri. Zvivanakire description, Graphics zvinofanira kuverengwa. By hunhu linkages kusiyanisa mhando flowchart Linear, cyclic uye branching marongerwo.

Variables, constants uye ndangariro masero

Nokuti kunzwisisa uchishandisa nheyo algorithm nani kunogona kunzi nyore muchina. It rinoumbwa ndangariro, rine masero; kutsikisa / kuverenga musoro; processor. Chii kushanda nhungamiro mudziyo uyu? Musoro, agamuchira murayiro kubva processor, anonyora mashoko kune sero kana anoverenga constants. In nyore zvakadaro, izvi zvichava kuwanda svomhu. Uyezve, constants angava ari umboo maumbirwo nezvounhu tambo nevamwe. Under ainzwisisa shanduka ndangariro sero umo mashoko inochengeterwa. Munguva kuurayiwa zviri algorithm akasiyana Data anogona kunyorwa muchitokisi yakadaro. On musimboti ichi, makombiyuta nezvimwe Electronics. The algorithm kuita chero basa iri seti mirayiro kuti kuverenga kana kunyora mashoko ari muyeuko muchitokisi.

arrays

Arrays vari rumwe rudzi Indexed variables. Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe muunganidzwa masero kuti vane izita. Arrays kusiyanisa maviri ndeiya yakaita,-dimensional matatu, uye zvichingodaro. D. The nyore izvi ndiyo nhamba masero akatevedzana. Yakadaro kuko ane zita wayo. Nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana ine nhamba yacho - indekisi. Constant, akachengetwa muchitokisi inonzi inofa maatomu akafanana.

Vaviri-dimensional mhando waro nzvimbo zvinhu nowenyika imwe chizvaro. Masero vakarongedza kwakadaro vanoonekwa ne indices zviviri (afanane munhu wechesi bhodhi rine masero kuverengwa). The ichocho iri rakatangwa uye zvakawanda-dimensional matatu chivako.

Linear algorithms

Izvi mhando kutevedzana flowcharts (mienzaniso anopiwa munyaya ino) inozivikanwa nokuita kubvira pakutanga kusvikira pakuguma pasi. Panyaya iyi, muchina anoita ramakanzi kushanda nayo danho nedanho. Ose zvinoitwa chakagadziriswa processor. Kunze kadambari, anorayira nyora / verenga musoro, apo uye chii kunyora uye sei kufunga, kana zvichidikanwa. Kwokupedzisira mugumisiro zvakanyorwa mu ndangariro masero, chimwe nechimwe chine indekisi ayo uye rinochengeta ayo rusingaperi.

branching algorithms

In tsika, munhu Linear mhando iri apo neapo. Kazhinji zvakakosha kuronga kutevedzana izvo, zvichienderana vakapiwa zvinhu anopfuuura maererano imwe hofisi. The flowchart unotora kuti mapazi chinhu mhando "mhinduro", kuburikidza icho mumwe mamiriro ezvinhu zvazvakaipira, uye zvikuru yakawanda mapazi kutevedzana.

Flowcharts: Mienzaniso

Funga kuti algorithm unoshanda mapazi. Somuenzaniso, tora mashandiro: z = y / x. It kunooneka ezvinhu kuti mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ane kukamurwa - hazvigoni kupatsanurwa razero. Saka zvakafanira kubvisa chisarudzo uye kuzivisa anoishandisa pamusoro kukanganisa. First yakavhomorwa flowchart. Zvichaita panofanira zvinogumbura nomwe. chiratidzo chokutanga hwakajeka - "The Mavambo", wechipiri - "Pindai" pano vanofanira kuisa zvinokosheswa X uye Y. ichi chinotevererwa nechinoteverwa chidhina "mhinduro", zviri kuitwa ongororo ezvinhu X = 0. Panyaya iyi, muchina anoita pamwe sero chenguva kuyananiswa kana mazano mutengo zvichange zvakafanana nayo, ipapo algorithm anoenda chisarudzo bazi "Hongu". Muchiitiko chino, kuzvidzora iri hwakatamisirwa chikwata rechina uye muchina outputs ane "kukanganisa", basa kunoguma mu "Ichapedza" chiratidzo wechinomwe. Kana mugumisiro akaipa, ipapo wechishanu hwakajeka chiratidzo kugovera muitiro rinoitwa uye vakatsunga ukoshi Z. In rechitanhatu chinogumbura goho mugumisiro pamadziro.

kumativi Robin

Kazhinji, kugadzirisa matambudziko zvakafanira kudzokorora kuurayiwa upi kushanda pazuva iroro nedoro kuti siyana tsika yacho variables uye kubereka vakawanda ndima iri chete chidimbu kubva nzira. dzakadaro dzinonzi zvinogara uye algorithm - cyclical. Tichishandisa nzira iyi yekudyidzana kunoderedza kutevedzana pachayo. Cyclic algorithms inogona rakakamurwa mhando mbiri: a kare asingazivikanwe uye anozivikanwa yakawanda mberi kwakadaro dzapera.

Example zvingaitwa branching algorithm

Funga muenzaniso umo akapiwa flowchart kare pamwe risingazivikanwi uwandu pemipata. Kuti aite izvi, kuti vagadzirise dambudziko - kutaridzwa shoma nhamba nhengo dzinotevedzana dzinongoitika nhamba, kuwanda rinopfuura uwandu K. uyu chinogumbura dhayagiramu ine vatambi masere. Pakutanga, kupinda kukosha K (№2). Zvadaro, muna nechigumbuso 3 shanduka R yakaiswa kuti "mumwe", zvinoreva kuti zvichaita kutanga kuverenga zvepanyama nhamba. A tinofanira kugara huwandu C pakutanga yakaiswa kuti "razero". Next, kuzvidzora iri zvaitambidzwa wechishanu chinogumbura, sezvamakaropafadzwa kuurayiwa murayiro kunoitika: C = C + P. Kureva summation anokoshesa C uye P masero, uye mugumisiro wacho overwritten muna C. Mushure kuwedzera rokutanga rokuti ari kutevedzana iri achiongorora №6 chikwata mamiriro - kana Verengai kwazvo akafanorongerwa nhamba K? Kana mamiriro hariguti, ipapo kuzvidzora inopfuura kuti rechina mufurati, uko shanduka N rwuchiwanzwa nomumwe, uye kubudiswa anoramba zvakare kuvhara №5. nzira Izvi zvichaitika chero zvinotevera ezvinhu sezvo zvinogutswa: C> K, kureva, akazviunganidzira chitsama kwazvo akafanorongerwa ukoshi. The shanduka N iri yemabhuku kutenderera. Next mberi chaivharidzira №7, sezvamakaropafadzwa rabva results.

Algorithms ane nested loop mamiriro

Kazhinji vaifanira kuumba loop pamwe algorithmic mhinduro dambudziko, ine mumuviri wayo yakasiyana kutenderera. Zvinonzi vaiona vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. Kwakadaro zvinhu zvinonzi nested loop zvivako. hurongwa hwavo vanogona kuva dzakakura chaizvo. Zvinonzi pakutsvaga nzira iyo inowana zvinodiwa kugadzirisa dambudziko. Somuenzaniso, mune kubudiswa mumwe-dimensional wakazvigadzira, somunhu ushe, akavaka flowchart zvinogara pasina zvakabatanidzwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mune zvimwe zviitiko, kugadzirisa matambudziko akadai zvakafanira yokusarudzira shanduro chete chisarudzo chakadaro. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vose nested muzvishwe, kusanganisira rokutanga (yokunze) vanofanira ane counter nemazita akasiyana. Kunze dzinogona kushandiswa sezvo zvavo variables kunze kwayo kutenderera.

ebetsero algorithms

Izvi mhando kutevedzana chiri analogue mutauro purogiramu. The hwebetsero algorithm ane zita uye parameter inonzi yakarongwa. Doma yakapiwa kusiyanisa pakati vamwe, uye parameters basa racho goho uye mazano kwemasvomhu mabasa. Vari vakasarudzwa nenzira chapera zvizere iine zvaida kwazvo. Kazhinji mumwe chete pamutemo parameter zvose kwezvavakaisa goho. Somuenzaniso, mune zvakadaro algorithm zvinogona kushandiswa mazano mumitsetse kuti kugadzira. Pamusana chikamu, anogona kupiwa ari dzakachinjwa muchimiro ive goho parameter. Pakati Mhando ebetsero algorithms kusiyanisa mabasa uye maitirwe ezvinhu.

manyowa algorithm

Inonzi pakuwedzera mukuru zano iri algorithm nokutsigirwa (mashandiro uye pachishandiswa) uye musoro. Nzira iyi ndiyo nyore chaizvo, kana algorithm anopiwa chidhina dhayagiramu - kutanga patsanura zvikamu zvaro, vane basa zhinji basa. The yakaomesesa matanho dzinoitwa ave kushanda uye pamusoro-pamwero maitirwe ezvinhu. Uyezve, vari rakakamurwa zvokutanga nzvimbo yakaderera chechetere. It anoshandisa nheyo "kubva zvakaoma vasina mano." Zvinonzi inoitwa sokuvapo algorithm haringapiwi disassembled kupinda kwayo nyore zvinhu. Kazhinji chisarudzo kutevedzana manyowa chinosanganisira huru muzvikamu zvitatu: date kupinda, kufambira inofa, kuti goho ari Dzakarongwa siyana. Okutanga nookupedzisira nzendo, nokuda kwavo chete havadi kukura, saka ivo kuita huru algorithm. Asi rechipiri riri chaizvo kunzwisisa nokuzviremekedza chomudziyo Masvomhu, saka kakawanda akaratidza ari oga nechigumbuso. kufambira matanho, akavapindurawo, muzvikamu zviviri: kudiwa pakagadzwa nzira (N-1) -fold kuti ndima akafanorongerwa vakarongedza uye kuwana duku chinhu ari chinyorwa mumitsetse, zvichiteverwa rearrangement kuti kutanga mugove waro maatomu akafanana. Sezvo rokupedzisira nhano inodzokororwa kakawanda, kwakanyorwa rinonyoreswa somunhu yoga muitiro.