The French Revolution (1848-1849 biennium)

Hapana chiitiko haagoni kunzi pasina mashoko akapoteredza rinoratidza paraiitwa. Kuti French Revolution pakati 1848-1849 iri zvakabatana chaizvo kuti zviitiko kuti akasarudza ari kufara kuti XIX remakore.

Chakapidiguka XIX remakore

Kusvikira pakuguma remakore XVIIII nyika zvakaramba neMhedziso umambo, kunofananidzirwa Bourbon hwedzinza. Zvisinei, French Revolution pakati 1789 kwaiva chikonzero kuwa enyika dzose maitiro uye aurayiwe King Louis XVI. Muna 1792 nyika akanzi zvokuvhoterwa.

Asi chokutanga democratic chiitiko kwakanga kwakundikana. Kuwa poumambo kumanikidzwa dzimwe nyika dzokuEurope vabatane kuzorwa Republic First. The Company yave yabatanidza kumativi rerunziro mufananidzo Napoleon Bonaparte akazviti mambo muna 1804 Kuwedzera kwayo muEurope yakaguma kukundikana. Kukundwa mu Russia, uyewo muLeipzig Waterloo hwogumisa ushingi ichi. Bonaparte vakatapwa kuna St. Helena, uye nyika yake atanga Kudzorerwa Bourbon (1814 -. 1830 gg).

Reactionary wokuti hurumende uye kuedza kwayo kudzoka yekare vakasundira Bourgeois chikamu muvanhu kupanduka. The July Revolution muFrance muna 1830 akapidigura vasingadzikurudzire Charles X uye vakauya kuna choumambo hama yake kure Louis-Philippe. Nemhirizhonga muParis mapfumo kuti mutinhimira muEurope uye kwakaita kuti mhirizhonga muGermany uye Poland.

Vose zviitiko izvi zviri tsamba cheni mumwe uye akaratidza yakaoma Kushanduka munzanga yacho. Mupfungwa iyi, hurumende iri France muna 1848 - hapana anosara. Iye chete akaramba ari kusingarapiki muitiro kuti kwakaitika XIX remakore.

kudzvinyirirwa bourgeoisie

kukundikana Vose Louis Philippe pachigaro choushe akanga akafanana zvakasikwa. "Mambo-Bourgeois", uyo akauya simba pamusoro sefungu worupo mafungiro munharaunda, pamusoro nguva, vakawanda nokubva mutemo kuti zvaitarisirwa kwaari. Ichi ndicho chikonzero yechimurenga France.

Akaramba zvinorwadza mamiriro ezvinhu ane kodzero kuvhota, iyo akatamburira kubvira kuwa Bastille. Pasinei nokuti nhamba yevanhu vane ropafadzo iyi akakura, nhamba yavo hakuiti kupfuudza 1% of zvachose kwevanhu. Uyezve, mutemo yave vakasuma, maererano izvo yokuenzana kwezvinhu mavhoti akadzima. Zvino, kukosha voter akafunga panyaya zveminda ayo uye kubhadhara mitero muchivigiro. nzira iyi zvikuru vakashaisa nzvimbo zviduku bourgeoisie akarasikirwa mukana wokudzivirira zvavanoda mune paramende uye kubiridzira vanhu tariro, zvakauyiswa July Revolution muFrance.

Mumwe maitiro unhu namambo aiva accession kune dzimwe wokuti Mutsvene Alliance, izvo zvinosanganisira Russia, Prussia uye Austria-Hungary. inoti zvose izvi vaiva neMhedziso monarchies, uye mubatanidzwa wavo lobbied zvido kwamachinda, anobuda kupinda simba.

Corruption July umambo

Legislative muviri ehurumende pachayo inofanira kuramba yakazvimirira korona. Zvisinei, muna tsika, musimboti uyu chibharo nguva dzose. Key akasimudzira kuna nemutevedzeri vashumiri nevatsigiri vavo. Mumwe chakajeka mabhii ari teura raiva Fransua kuGizo. Akava Minister of Interior, uye gare gare musoro wehurumende uye aishingaira akadzivirira zvinodiwa namambo chikuru muviri simba.

KuGizo kurambidzwa Republicans, vaionekwa huru kutyisidzira arayire. Uyezve, imwe protege pamusoro Louis-Philippe akaramba akavimbika mabhizimisi hurumende, kuvimba navo guru mirairo mamiriro (eg pakuvaka njanji). Fidha simba "yavo" uye zvaiva pachena uori - zvinokonzeresawo of Revolution muFrance.

policies kwakadaro vane inokanganisa upenyu proletariat Chokwadi kunyimwa mukana kufadza musoro wehurumende. Populism woumambo makore okutanga rakagomadzwa kupokana pamwe yepazasi strata chavagari, asi pakazopera rokutonga kwake kare kusafarira. Kunyanya, nhau akamupa unflattering remadunhu- "Mambo-peya" (aiva pamusoro pamakore kuwedzera tuchnel).

mabiko vanochinja

kutanga kwake pakarepo vechimurenga kuFrance vanosungirwa chirevo, Fransua kuGizo, kurambidzwa pamusangano unotevera kushorwa. Date chitendero hachina basa muupenyu nguva akatora chimiro mabiko, rwakazokura mumwe zviratidzo yaitonga. Sezvo munyika maiva kurambidzwa rusununguko rwokuungana, nesarudzo zvinhu vatsigiri vakaungana yomutambo pamatafura. Kwakadaro mabiko vanochinja akatora vakawanda hunhu, uye kurambidzwa wavo vakamutsa ose mumaguta muvanhu. The chikanganiso yaiva hurumende uye ngozi kushandisa simba kana kusateerera.

Pazuva remutambo wakarambidzwa (February 22, 1848) Zviuru vokuParis vakamira pamusoro kwezvinovharidzira mumigwagwa. KuGizo kuedza yokubudisa vanhu demonstrators uchishandisa National Guard akatadza: hondo akaramba moto pamusoro pavanhu, uye dzimwe vakuru vose vakatsigira vairatidzira.

Kurizaina uye renunciation

dzoro ichi zvinhu akamanikidza Louis Philippe kubvuma kusiya basa iri hurumende rakatevera zuva, 23 February. Kwakasarudzwa kuti vashumiri itsva vachaungana kuGizo vatsigiri zvinhu. Zvaiita kuti kubvuma vakazobvumirana pakati hurumende uye nzanga. Asi kuti usiku pakanga tsaona chiitiko. A murindi aichengetedza pakuvaka bazi Affairs Internal, vanhu vazhinji akapfura.

Kuuraya akachinja masirogani. Zvino, kubva Louis Philippe aida renunciation. Kwete achida kuedza mugumo, February rechi24 mambo abdicated. Kwokupedzisira chirevo iye akazivisa somutsivi wake muzukuru wake. Vapanduki havana kuda kuona pachigaro choushe Mambo rakatevera uye zuva rakatevera akaputsa mukamuri wevatariri, apo chisarudzo pamusoro kutsivana simba. Zvadaro kwakasarudzwa kuti kuzivisa nyika ine utongi hwegutsaruzhinji. French Revolution akakunda.

nadzurudzo

Pamazuva ake okutanga hurumende dikidiki zvakanga kugadzirisa kurwisana ne vanhu. The chikuru kudiwa vapanduki kwaiva kutanga nokudenga suffrage. Vevatariri vakasarudza kupa kodzero kuvhota yose mukono Vagari nyika yasvika makore 21 ekuberekwa. nadzurudzo iyi yaiva danho chaiwo mberi. rusununguko rwakadaro vasingagoni kuzvirumbidza chero nyika munyika.

Panguva iyo proletariat akabvunza anowanika uye zvakanaka akabhadhara mabasa. Kuti izvi zvidaro, pakatangwa okudhindira National apo munhu wose aigona kuwana basa. Initial Charge 2 mafranc pazuva wakanyatsokodzera vashandi, asi mari okudhindira kubatsira Hurumende havakwanisi kuzvitenga. Pakazosvika zhizha dzinopiwa vava uye pave paya kuchinja yabviswa zvachose. Asi, okudhindira vakauya kuna havashande kupinda muchiuto, kana kuti kusimudza upfumi enyika.

Pakarepo, mhirizhonga yatanga. Paris rakanga akafukidzwa kwezvinovharidzira zvakare. Hurumende haachatyi kudzora mamiriro uye vakasarudza kutuma mauto guru. Zvakava pachena kuti French Revolution haasi pamusoro asi, asi ayo dzokororo kunorwadza chaizvo. The kudzvinyirira vashandi 'yemuna, yakanga ichitungamirirwa General Cavaignac, kwakaguma nezviuru vanotambura. Ropa mumigwagwa Paris akamanikidza utungamiriri nyika panguva kumisa kuchinja.

Elections 1848

Pasinei nezviitiko yezhizha, musarudzo vachiri kunzi. Kuvhota kwakaitika musi 10 December, uye maererano migumisiro ake chisingatarisirwi kukunda pamwe 75% yokutsigira akunda Lui Napoleon.

Mufananidzo wacho muzukuru ari kunozivikanwa Emperor ainakidzwa tsitsi munzanga. Kunyange paitonga Louis Philippe, aichimbova emigre akaedza kubvuta simba munyika. Muna 1840, iye tikamhara muBoulogne; kurutivi rwake vaitarira zhinji veboka ravarwi. Zvisinei, mumwe akatadza akabvuta chigaro akasungwa dzomunzvimbo hondo uye kupfeka kutongwa.

Kusiyana kuzviomesera kuremekedzwa kune ose kuipandukira Louis Napoleon akagamuchira chete upenyu mutongo mujeri. Zvisinei, akanga asina dzakamanikidzwa mune kodzero dzavo: kuti vakasununguka kunyora uye zvibereko nyaya, ndakagamuchira vashanyi.

Nzvimbo musungwa hurumende akamutendera kuti kuhwina rutsigiro mushure pakuputsa poumambo. Vazhinji mavhoti Akaiumbira vaiva vanhuwo zvavo uye vashandi, ramakagadzwa zita Napoleon akanakidzwa ruremekedzo kwakapararira uye ndangariro nguva hwacho.

Mugumisiro Europe

Europe haagoni kuramba kure nemiitiro avo, zvakauyiswa mumwe yechimurenga France. First yokusagutsikana zvose yakapararira kuna hweAustria-Hungary, vakatora nzvimbo kwete chete enyika dambudziko wegadziriro, asi kwakanga makakatanwa pakati pendudzi zhinji, vakabatana guru ezvinhu.

Kusanzwisisana akanzwika National enyika dzakawanda Hungary, Lombardy, Venice. Zvinotarisirwa akafanana: rusununguko, pakagadzwa dzokunamata takasununguka, kuparadzwa vakasara feudalism.

Sezvo munhu Bourgeois chimurenga muFrance akapa chivimbo nevari zvikamu nevanhu vari German States. The kuzivikanwa zviitiko vokuGermany aiva nezvinodiwa vairatidzira rokubatanidza zvakasiyana nyika. Zvenguva kubudirira aiva convening muparamende rwevanhu - Frankfurt Parliament uyewo abolition pakati kusenza.

Kunyange zvakadaro, okutsutsumwa European dzisabudiswe uye akasvika pasina, asi pasina pakubudiririsa zvaioneka zvabuda. The Bourgeois chimurenga muFrance kamwe zvakare kuva zvikuru kubudirira pane kwakundikana kuedza vavakidzani. Mune dzimwe nyika (eg muUK uye Russia) hapana kupikiswa chakakomba kuti simba haripo, kunyange chinangwa zvikonzero kusagutsikana vanoshupika vanhu chinoshayikwa kwose kwose.

Kunobva muFrance

Revolution muFrance, tafura anofukidza emakore anoverengeka ari XIX remakore, akatadza asike zvinhu nokuda enyika yakagadzikana gadziriro. Kuuya simba Lui Bonapart kwemakore ose utungamiriri hwake, iye akakwanisa kubata nevapanduki uye akazviti mambo. State akaita mumwe loop waro kukura uye akadzokera mashomanana emakore apfuura. Zvisinei, zera maumambo apera. Zvakaitika 1848 akabvumira rudzi pashure pokukundwa muhondo pamwe Prussia kudzoka Republican hurongwa.