The Grand Duchy pamusoro Warsaw (makore 1807-1815): History

Warsaw Duchy yaivapo 1807-1815 biennium. It akasikwa Napoleon, uye kunyange pamutemo vaiona akazvimirira, chokwadi, iri Satellite weFrance. Kana munhu akunde Russian Bonaparte aienda kuichinja kuti umambo, asi urongwa ivavo vakaenda neparutivi. Pashure France yevaivamanikidza kubudikidza chingashamwaridzana Warsaw Duchy yakakamurwa pakati vavakidzani: Austria, Prussia uye Russia.

prehistory

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore mushure partition pakati Rzeczpospolita chikamu kwePoland yakaitwa yakatora ne Prussia. Maonero vemo vakuru German zvikuru kunaka. Panguva ino, tiri Eastern Europe vokuPoland mutambo airidza ari kumadokero Old World akamedura French Revolution. Nokukurumidza simba, Napoleon akasvika Paris. Akatungamirira French vakatarisana monarchies European, uyo akaona ari kuwa Bourbons kutyisidzira kwavo kuvapo. Napoleon akava danidziro mushandirapamwe. European ari yakakunda nyika, akaronga kuti itsva uye yakasimbiswa dzokunamata takasununguka zvakafanana vaya vachangotanga akaonekwa France.

Saka, nokuti Poles, vaigara pasi pejoko vatorwa utongi, Bonaparte rava chiratidzo netariro nokukurumidza kuchinja. rubatsiro French akasangana nevamiririri venyika Bourgeois mukirasi. Kudavira uku aiva chawo, nekuti Napoleon akanga hondo pamwe Prussia, izvo zvaireva kuti nyika mbiri dzine muvengi zvakafanana. With ose kukundwa monarchist yomubatanidzwa nationalist pfungwa muPoland akava achisimba. Muna 1806, mauto Napoleon memurume Prussia.

French ndakabatikana nyika Polish akapa Napoleon pasi auspices ane pfupi Government Commission chaiwo. musoro wake akava Marshal Stanisław Małachowski. The simba itsva vaita midziyo uye zvokudya pamusoro Polish uye French mauto. Uyewo, Commission akadzima mitemo Prussian uye kudzorera kumashure mitemo nenguva Commonwealth.

kusika Duchy

Muna 1807, pakati France ayo vavengi akanga asaina Chibvumirano Tilsit. Maererano gwaro iri, paiva pasina Prussia Duchy pamusoro Warsaw. Ichi chitsva Polish Hurumende yakanga nyika basa vokuGermany, maererano zvikamu II uye III of Commonwealth. Zvisinei, Duchy akasiyiwa asina nzira yokubudisa kuGungwa reBaltic. Gakava Bialystok nharaunda, Napoleon akapa Russian Emperor Alexander I.

Nzvimbo rekuUnited mamiriro akanga 101.000 mativi mamita. ? km. It akararama vanhu mamiriyoni 2,5. Special chinzvimbo vakagamuchira Flughafen. Akava guta akasununguka (rakafanana yaitonga Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma) pasi pokudzora gavhuna French.

Napoleon purojekiti

Artificially akasika Duchy pamusoro Warsaw yakatora makore 8 chete okuberekwa. Nguva iyi yakaitika munguva mukuru kubudirira Napoleon ari dzakawanda munhandare. Chokwadi, pasinei zvekufungidzira rusununguko, ivo Duchy pamusoro Warsaw kwagara Satellite wokuFrance, kufanana nezvimwe zvakawanda dzichangobva akazvimirira anoti Western Europe. Poland aiva kumabvazuva nhare ari Napoleonic Empire. Its ukoshi yakanga yakakwirira chaizvo nokuda vanotozvikuvadza pedyo anopesana Russia. Hazvishamisi kuti muna 1812 ari Duchy pamusoro Warsaw vakatambura hombe varasikirwa. hondo yake, akatumira Russia, paiva nevanhu vanenge zvuru 100. munyika mamiriro somusasa uto hwakasimbiswa chokuti Napoleon akapa chikamu vokuPoland ehurumende-vaiva pfuma nenzira kwayo French vemauto uye achaunganidza.

Muna July 1807 Mukuru Duchy pamusoro Warsaw akagamuchira yayo remitemo. The kusaina mhemberero kwakaitika kuDresden. The itsva mutemo inokosha aiziva kukosha zvataidya uye ringareva nzvimbo wePolish kwamachinda. Nokudaro, Grand Duchy pamusoro Warsaw akagamuchira anoverengeka vakasununguka bumbiro, sezvo zvichienzaniswa vakagamuchirwa mune dzimwe inoti European akasikwa Napoleon.

mambo French kubviswa simba wokuPoland, ari Jacobins. Mhedzisiro kupindira wake rakanga kuti Diet paiva preponderance nyika vachida kwamachinda uye vakakwirira. enyika Polish vava anokosha Stanislav Potocki (Sachigaro State Council), Feliks Lyubensky (Minister of Justice), Tadeusz Matushevich (Minister of Finance) uye Yuzef Ponyatovsky (mauto murongi uye gurukota hondo).

simba

Pamutemo, iri Duchy pamusoro Warsaw aiva umambo. It akapinda pamwe Saxony. Nokudaro, Duke akava mubati German mamiriro Frederick Augustus I. The mambo aiva nekodzero chinatsai uye kutsivira Constitution, kuchinja kuti Sejm. Ndiye rakaenzana Hurumende.

Diet akaita maviri makamuri - neDare uye Ambassadorial dumba. simba iri riri kukonzerwa nhoroondo tsika razova imwe nhare pokudzora kwamachinda (kwamachinda). Zvinofadza kuti Warsaw bumbiro anopesana mumwe emitemo Napoleonic (eg iri Westphalian uye Naples) mupfungwa kuti asimbisa nheyo pasina kushandiswa, vasanangurwa muparamende.

Vazhinji ruzhinji zviri Duchy pakati Warsaw vakagamuchirwa echimurenga France. The Seneti vatongi, mabhishopi uye Castellan. Vose vakanga anomirirwa zvienzane zvikuru. The Seneti, kusafanana Posolskaya kari kukasawedzerwa maererano zvinangwa mambo. The Tauriranai (Township) Misangano, vakawanda rinonyanya akaomerera kuti maindasitiri uye Varidzi, haisi avakuru.

A yakatofanana French wemuTesitamende Duchy pakati Warsaw aiva Council of State. Rakanga inotungamirirwa namambo. Inosanganisirawo Council of Vashumiri. muviri ichi vakakwidza mabhiri kugadzirisa kukakavadzana pakati yaiona nezvakatongwa masimba. The Council of State uyewo akaita Advisory mabasa pa Duke.

Sejm

The Diet akanga kukonzera nemitero, mhosva uye mutemo yevagari. Uyewo pane zvaaipomera rakanga coinage of Duchy pakati Warsaw. Zvakawanda hwakafara Masimba mambo akawedzera kuti mitemo kuti administrative uye zvematongerwo enyika. Duke uyewo mitemo bhajeti. Mitemo gwaro akanga akanyorwa State Council. Sejm aigona chete kuramba kana kuzvigamuchira. Mumuviri uyu simba kushanda basa, izvo zvinganaka pachake yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita vayo mitemo, asi muchiitiko chino, shoko rokupedzisira chaiva Council of State.

Munguva kuvapo Diet anenge matatu chete nguva: muna 1809, 1811 uye 1812. chechikamu Last akanga zvinoshamisa. Panguva iyoyo nemhaka Mutongo Sejm akatanga Hondo Yenyika II pamwe Duchy pamusoro Warsaw, vaiva kudivi Napoleon. Bonaparte, achipfuura Poland, iye akatanga convening ane pachirongwa zvinoshamisa. Zvinofadza kuti panguva iyo French Emperor akatanga gadziriro Kwemitambo pamwe Lithuania. Ukama Vilnius uye Warsaw nokunetswa uye Alexander I. The Russian Emperor aiedza kukunda pamusoro Lithuanians kudivi ravo, achivimbisa pavo Kwemitambo Grand Duchy. Imwe nzira kana mumwe, asi ubate itsva pakati Commonwealth haana kutora nzvimbo. Remangwana kwete chibvumirano Poland vakatsunga, uye hondo pakati France uye Russia. Kubatana Duchy pakati Warsaw uye reCongress kare vakasiya pfungwa wePolish-Lithuanian Union Vienna.

hurumende

Duchy hurumende yaiva 6 vashumiri: mukati, kururamisira, chitendero, mari, mapurisa uye zvechiuto. It Anogara Warsaw. Panyaya iyi, iyo Saxon muchinda vaigara kuDresden. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, pakati pake uye hurumende kwagara murevereri. Uyezve, kana kukurukura sarudzo kukosha, zvose mudzimba uye dzimwe mutemo, shoko rokupedzisira akasiyiwa French vagari.

Uyewo, mabasa ehurumende pasi kudzorwa State Council. Mufundisi hakubvi pane Sejm. dhipatimendi rimwe nerimwe raiva monokratnym hurumende. Nemamwe mashoko, bureaucratic akanyatsorongwa dzikashumira anokosha mumunda make. Ake pasi vakatadza kupikisa sarudzo webasa rake. Special kukosha shumiro akasiyana mapurisa uye dzimwe nyaya. Vaifanira kutarisa pamusoro kwerunyararo hurongwa mamiriro. In yenjodzi ezvinhu, gurukota mapurisa aigona kushandisa kwavo murindi pachavo inokosha.

vanhu

Pamwe kuchinja kwezvematongerwe enyika paumbwe Duchy pakati Warsaw akapa Poland mumwe mutemo wevanhu itsva. Maererano wokurera Constitution, zviga wakaenzana vagari vose pamberi mutemo enshrined. Kunyange zvazvo weboka kupinda makirasi isina kupedza, izvozvo chaizvo zvishoma. Nechekare sarudzo rokutanga kusvika Sejm tonyatsokurukurirana misangano akaratidza kuti vagari (vanhuwo) vakakwanisa kutora chete vapiwa kodzero dzokuvhota.

Zvisinei, muna 1808 chirevo zvakapfuudzwa, zvakasimba kurwadzisa nezvenzvimbo vaJudha. Ivo kwenguva (kwemakore 10) kunge chete kodzero dzevanhu. Under mitemo mutsva, vaJudha vaifanira kukumbira pamutemo mvumo kuti muchato. VechiJudha wakadarikwa kubva basa rechiuto, asi pachinzvimbo, doro ake kunonyorwa.

Sezvo dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope, zvakakosha kuti tirambe anoshivirira murimi mudiki mubvunzo. The Duchy pamusoro Warsaw akasikwa muPoland, kana paine huchiripo serfdom. Hurumende itsva chakagumisa feudal kutsamira vomumusha. Zvisinei, varimi akatopiwa kunyimwa nyika vasara kuti vakuru. Reform uye kugona chinozoiswa kusvikira pakuguma. Constant Napoleonic hondo akaita kuparadzwa uye impoverishment anogadza kumapurazi. The daka pakati vanhuwo zvavo uye vanokudzwa kuti chete kuwedzera rimwe gore.

The kukunda pamusoro Austria

Kufambira panogasa Napoleon wokuti, ari Duchy pakati Warsaw akaenda kusingadzivisiki vachinetsana vavengi mambo French. Muna 1809 Hondo of Fifth Coalition akatanga. Panguva ino, France ayo nevatsigiri tatarisana Austria, Britain, Sisiri uye Sardinia. Most vehondo Polish akabatana uto Bonaparte. The Duchy akaramba muviri Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo (vanhu vanenge 14 zviuru). Mauto yeAustria vakarwisa Saxony uye Duchy pamusoro Warsaw, izvo kana dispersal mauto Napoleon kwakaita sokuti yemagora.

In Poland izvozvo nechisimba hondo 36000th. April 19, 1908 kwakaitika hondo yairwirwa - hondo raszyn. Matanda akarayira Yuzef Ponyatovsky, ivo Austrians - Archduke Ferdinand Karl. The kudhumhana kwakaitika pamusoro ine marshland. Matanda vakarwa zvakaoma, asi pakupedzisira ichidzokera. Warsaw paakatumwa nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, mukuru mukuru chijana rechishanu mubatanidzwa hondo chaiva Austrians yakarova shure. Kwangopera vhiki shomanana chete Poles counterattacked, akadzokera yose rabviswa uye, mukuwedzera, akatora Sandomierz, Lublin, Lviv uye Krakow. Pakapera hondo, maererano runyararo chibvumirano, Warsaw Duchy kuti mupanda yokumadokero Galicia, saka nehafu nguva kwakawedzera ndima yayo.

The hondo Russia

At kwehondo pakati France neRussia, Duchy pamusoro Warsaw (1807-1813) akatendeuka kuva buffer pakati zviviri vavengi huru. Muna June 1812 ari Seimas, vasangana Warsaw, vakasarudza kutora kurutivi Napoleon. Emperor rechiFrench rati kuRussia akawira. Kuitika kumabvazuva nehondo hafu-mamiriyoni, akadzokera kunyika yake zviuru zvakati kwakandionza uye nzara vatariri.

Napoleon yevaivamanikidza kwaireva okutanga magumo, yakanga vakamirira Grand Duchy pamusoro Warsaw. Hondo chakapararira vokuPoland nyika. January 1, 1813 mbiru matatu pasi Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov akayambuka muganhu rwizi Neman ndokunanga akananga Polotsk. The Duchy panguva ino vakanga vashomanana Polish uye Saxon mauto, vakanga vasingagoni kupikisa Kutama iyo akawana hondo Russian. In Poland, akatanga akakurumbira vatorwa pamushandirapamwe vapedza kunwa Paris.

January 27 akaiswa Warsaw norugare. Kutaura zvazviri, duchy havasisipo. Zvisinei, chikamu Poles, akaramba akatendeka kuna Napoleon. 15000th Corps pasi murayiro Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo akasiya Austria tariro yokuti French achiri kuhwina Russian uye rusununguko ehurumende ichadzorerwa. In Poland, dzivisa chete French dzakabatana akamira pamusoro Vistula. Zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kumisa muvengi - akati zvematongerwo enyika Austria uye Prussia, uyo akasarudza kurega kurwisana.

abolition

Apo Napoleon akatambura kokupedzisira kukundwa, masimba kukunda vakasangana Vienna kuitira kuona remangwana Old World. The French Emperor redrew pamiganhu yose mukati kondinendi European - zvino mamwe madzimambo aifanira disentangle ichi nyangarara enyika. Pakutanga, zvakanga vaipinda mumwe mupanda kwePoland. It hwakagara masimba matatu simba (Austria, Prussia uye Russia) havasi kufarira ivepo.

May 3, 1815, maererano Mutongo ari Congress of kuVienna kuEastern Europe akasimbisa miganhu itsva. Paiva partition kwePoland - Warsaw Duchy yakaguma. Krakow, aimbova chikamu chayo, rakaparidzirwa rimwe guta akasununguka nevezvematongerwo Republican hurongwa. In nemanyorerwo ichi waivapo kusvikira 1846.

Vazhinji Duchy pakati Warsaw akava chikamu Russia. The Emperor Alexander akaziviswa namambo wePolish. New mundima akapa kuzvionera uye norupo remitemo. Saka, kunyange zvazvo Duchy pamusoro Warsaw aiva chikamu Russia, zvemo ayo kurarama vakasununguka zvikuru chaizvoizvo Russian. dzokuMadokero chakagumisa pakusava yakapiwa Prussia. Ivo akaumba mutsva dunhu wokuGermany - Mukuru Duchy pamusoro Poznan.