The kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa Gaydara Egora Timurovicha

Yegor Gaidar akava nhengo Hurumende 6 November 1991. Musi uyu zvinogona aionekwa pokutangira zvoupfumi zvinhu mu Russia. Power akaisa pachayo basa sezvo nokukurumidza sezvinobvira nguva kubvisa kunyika rechiKomonisiti kare. Kuita kudaro pasina achinje ari upfumi, makore akawanda aivapo muchimiro vakaronga upfumi, zvakanga zvisingaiti.

Gaidar kuti pave nokunamata kwakachena aiva mhikuriso kuumba muRussia pamusika akasununguka. Hurumende iyoyo liberalized chitoro mitengo, kurongwazve mutero ezvinhu, akasika itsva wezvokutengeserana hurongwa. kuchinja zvose izvi zvinoshamisa vakanga nokukurumidza pakunzi "kuvhunduka mishonga".

Price mazvake

October 28, 1991, mazuva mashoma asati kugadzwa Egora Gaydara ari Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weNyika kuti Economic Policy of Government, President kweRussia Boris Yeltsin akapa mashoko Hurukuro inokosha panguva Congress of People kuti vevatariri. The musoro wehurumende akazivisa kudiwa liberalize mitengo. Aiva kupfuura chinokosha dzekare musika upfumi. President zvaitwa rakagamuchirwa vapindi of Congress anenge kubvumirana.

Kutanga zvoupfumi kuchinja Gaidar yaifanira akaona mu pfupi zvichibvira nguva. Zvakanga aronga kuti mazvake achapiwa zvakaziviswa musi 1 Zvita. It akashora mubatanidzwa chinoda, wakange achiri chete Russian Ruble wongoramba. Gaidar kuti pave nokunamata kwakachena arangarirwa nevamwe Economist zita haisi. Kunyange zvazvo mitemo rutsva pamberi paramende vakarwira Boris Yeltsin, uyo aifarira masimba ake weNyika, kukura muzvirongwa zvose akarara pamafudzi Egora Timurovicha uye chikwata chake.

Chaiwo pakutanga zvoupfumi kuchinja Gaidar paakasvika January 2, 1992, apo iye rakagamuchirwa nechirevo wenyika "On zviyero nokuda mazvake kuti mitengo." Changes vakazviitira sokuti pakarepo. Hurumende vakarega waidzora Wholesale mitengo 80% uye 90% kuti chitoro. Hurumende yeUnited chakamboti zvabatwa kudzora chete chinokosha munzanga nevatengi nhumbi: mukaka, chingwa, etc. kuchengetedza Izvi chakagamuchirwa nokuda chikonzero ... Economic kuchinja Gaidar akanga kuitwa ezvinhu munzanga mhirizhonga, kana vanhu vakasara chinhu pashure matambudziko kuronga maitiro uye kuparara Soviet hurongwa.

chirongwa Gaidar raMwari

Mukugadzirira chirongwa chayo, hurumende akabva kubva nemaonero, kuti Russia hazvina "nzira chaiyo", uye zvinokosha kudzidza zvose zvinokosha zviri Western musika upfumi. Kusvikira pakuguma 1991 zvakanzi vachigere kubvisa chii wenyaya vanotarisirwa vasanangurwa hurumende yeRussia. zvirongwa zvavo akapa enyika akasiyana-siyana uye nezvoupfumi: Yavlinsky, SHatalin, Saburov Abalkin nezvimwewo ...

Somugumisiro, mashoko "kukunda" achiri Gaidar chirongwa. Yakanga isingori zvoupfumi. Yekuvandudzwa kuva kuburikidza rokuvaka pamusika ukama munyika yokuumba mutsva National mamiriro, ane nzvimbo yakanga isina pashure pokuwa communism. Yegor Gaidar pfungwa dzavo mubumbiro magwaro "Nearest ezvoupfumi tariro Russia" uye "Strategy Russian Dzinochinja". Maererano mazano aya, ari kuchinja zvaibva pamisimboti privatization, mari mazvake uye Kudzikamiswa.

Chikwata Gaidar vake akazivisa matambudziko matatu huru kuti vaduku rudzi nhaka kubva Soviet Union. Raiva mitengo, uye kubhadharwa systemic dambudziko. Wokupedzisira vavo ndechokuti vakuru vakarasikirwa dzavo nemano pachavo waidzora chekubuda zvinhu.

Aronga zvikurukuru kugadzirisa uye yekudyidzana kuvandudza zvinonyatsorehwa vanochiva sezvo muPoland panguva akaita hurumende Rakovski. Gaidar aidavira kuti Pakadaro munyika pakutanga pamusoro mwedzi mitanhatu, mitengo achaita kuramba. Zvisinei, chirongwa ichi chaifanira kusiyiwa. Masvomhu zvakaratidza pamasimba pamwedzi dambudziko matanhatu nyika nyore haaizorarama. Naizvozvo, kwakasarudzwa kutanga yakakura mazvake pakarepo. Nguva yaratidza kuti kana mumwe kana mumwe nzira haana kuvimbisa chinhu upfumi chakanaka.

Pokuwa upfumi

Price mazvake zvakakonzera dzakasiyana-siyana nemigumisiro vaiva sarambidzika ichi wakakurumidza kufamba Kuchinja upfumi. Kurongeka itsva mumusika waiva asatenderwe mari mutemo - Muzhizha 1992, zvipfuwo emakambani vakarasikirwa guta ravo vachishanda. In yechirimo Central Bank akatanga ape vakawanda zvikwereti maindasitiri, varimi, aichimbova dzeSoviet, uye zvichingodaro. D. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti vafukidze bhajeti dhefisiti. Zvisinei, panguva imwe chete paiva kusvetuka huru mitengo. Muna 1992 yakasvika pachiyero 2500%.

Kuparara kwakaitika nezvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Wokutanga dambudziko rakamuka nokuti kuti mutengo mazvake pamberi hakutsivi mari yakaitwa, izvo zvaizoita kuponesa nyika kubva kare rubles Soviet. Currency itsva aoneka chete muna 1993, apo zvoupfumi kuchinja Gaidar akanga kare yapera, uye iye akasiya kuhurumende.

Hyperinflation akasiyiwa asina chinokosha chikamu kwevanhu reRussia. Pakati pezana 90s inorwara varombo vanhu yaiva 45%. deposits Depreciated Soviet kuti vanogara mu Sberbank varasikirwa rokutenga simba. Hurumende akapomera pechiitiko dambudziko, Dare Council, iyo vakamumanikidza kuti kupedza wokuwedzera nyaya mari.

Nyaya okuwedzera mari wedzerai rakatanga kuitwa kunyange mumakore Soviet, kana mamiriro tichibatsirwa mari mumhuri mari. Kana akaita Gaidar kuti kuchinja, wegadziriro pakupedzisira yakadhirika. Dzaichimbova of USSR akabhadhara pamwe nemakambani Russian zvakafanana rubles, izvo chete mberi kwira dambudziko. Muzhizha 1992 sechinhu countermeasure kumisazve rinokosha non-mari dzomupepanhau nyaya achibatsirwa yaiitwa misha nevamwe Kishi nyika.

Paramende kurwisa hurumende

Gaidar okunyanyisa kuchinja kwoupfumi kubva pakutanga vakanga pasi utsinye kutsoropodzwa vanhu vevatariri. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, musi April 6, vakazarura yavo VI Congress. Panguva ino zviremera vakanga cohesive kupikiswa zvakakwana, iyo yakavakirwa zvokurima uye maindasitiri lobbyists vasingagutsikane rutapudzo wehurumende mari.

Pane mumwe wemisangano yavo guruundano chisarudzo, wakaiswa kunze huru kukokomwa Government itsika. E. T. Gaydara zvokuchinja zvinhu ambonzi mhaka dzinoverengeka nezvinetso zvemari .. Kurarama mitemo kuwira nevanhu, kuparadzwa vaimbova ukama zvoupfumi, maindasitiri kwokushanda, kushaya mari, etc. Kazhinji, pane kutadza kwehurumende kuchengeta zvinhu munyika pasi pesimba. The MP anotenda kuti Gaidar kuti kuchinja rwaiitwa pasina panyaya voruzhinji uye mabhizimisi varidzi. Chirevo Nhume zano purezidhendi kushandura upfumi mutemo, kufungisisa mazano avo ose uye ndishushikane.

Achipindura kurwisa vevatariri Hurumende, pamwe chete Gaidar Borisu Eltsinu amakaiswa kurizaina yake. The Vashumiri dzakabatanidzwa Mushumo akatsoropodza reCongress pfungwa, richitaura kuti kana simba anoenda kosi iyi, hurumende ichawedzera mari kusvika padanho kupfuura tiririyoni rubles, apo mitengo kuchasvika pachikumbaridzo 400% pamwedzi.

The yokurega asina kugamuchirwa, asi Yeltsin achiri akaenda wevatariri nzwisisa. Vaakadzidzisa Hurumende itsva vanhu - vanonzi "matsvuku vatungamiriri", lobbied zvido varidzi emakambani makuru, uyo akagamuchira nomumbiru dzawo mumakore veSoviet. In Boka ichi vaiva Vladimir Shumeyko, George Hizhu Vladimir Chernomyrdin.

Izvi zvakateverwa kuita kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvemari. Kuti izvi zvidaro, hurumende akaderedza hurumende mari, uyewo akasuma mitero itsva. Muna May 1992, mitengo akawira zvishoma. Rakanga akatakurwa rimwe nezvaidiwa Supreme Council - yekudyidzana kwakadzikira usapinde negwaro. The Hurumende rave dzinounzwa mabhiriyoni 600 rubles nokuda kwokuripirwa chikwereti kune miners uye vamwe vashandi unoshamisa makuru akaitwa

Muna July, kwave zvachinja utungamiriri Central Bank. Musoro itsva Viktor Gerashchenko, uyo wakaitwa chinzvimbo ichi muSoviet Union, vaishora kuchinja Yegor Gaidar, iyi yekuti mari maronda. In yechipiri yezana 1992, Central Bank anomukweretesa vhoriyamu yakawedzera 3 nguva kare. By October, kuti bhajeti dhefisiti wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika 4% kubva GDP, zvichienzaniswa August nhamba.

Tanga privatization

Muna June 1992, Yegor Gaidar akava sachigaro Government. Kuti zhizha iroro, privatization rakatanga muna Russia. Vanochinja vangada nokukurumidza sezvinobvira dzika nayo. The Hurumende anodavira kuti Russia inoda kwaita boka varidzi, uyo aizova ikure uye kutsigira upfumi wokuti hurumende. Privatization akaitwa kwakaitika mhoteredzo zvinomera uye mafekitari chaizvoizvo kusauka. Enterprises vakatengeswa kuti rwiyo. Shopping akatora aval. Nemhaka vakawanda mumakomba mitemo yacho kutengeserana vakanga vakaita kutyorwa uye inotambudza.

Apo E. T. Gaydara kuchinja apera nepakati 90s kuRussia vave takaita Auktionen, apo zvikuru uye anokosha mabhizimisi munyika yakapfuura mumaoko varidzi itsva kakawanda kwakaderedza mitengo. Somugumisiro kwema izvi, boka itsva oligarchs, izvo zvakaita kuti kunyange zvikuru munzanga kamura pakati pevapfumi nevarombo.

Vatsigiri kuchinja uye privatization nehurumende Gaidar aidavira kuti zvakakodzera nekukurumidza kurega yekare Soviet hurongwa National upfumi pamwe kunyanyisa monopolization uye centralization. Kudzosera rokutengesa prices zvakakonzera vakawanda kwakanyanyisa uye zvikanganiso. Maererano pfungwa sarudzo, anenge 80% yevanhu reRussia inokurukura migumisiro privatization sezvo mubvandiripo.

vouchers

Nokuti vakawanda privatization wakatangwa vhocha - privatization vhocha, iyo yakanyorerwa kuti kupanana zvavo emakambani ehurumende. It wakapfuurira private maoko. Rakanga akaronga kuti achishandisa chokushandisa ichi, matunhu neminisiparati emakambani achaiswa kune pachake.

In zvachose, vouchers vanenge mamiriyoni 146 akadhindwa. Vagari vanenge agamuchira cheki, aigona kushandisa pepa kuti chipeto kuti migove ane kambani kana kuti ndiitewo okisheni. Uyewo pepa aigona atengeswe. Vagari munyika vasingagoni chinhano zvakananga privatization. Vakanga corporatized mabhizimisi avo kana kuchinjwa vouchers mu vhocha mari mari (ChIF). Pane vakasikwa dzinopfuura 600 nemasangano.

Practice yaratidza kuti vouchers kutova zvinhu zvokufungidzira. Varidzi Vakawanda kuchengetedzeka izvi tengesa kuti vanamuzvinabhizimisi vane vachizeza mukurumbira kana paakapiwa muna Chiefs, vachitarisira kuwana chakazvibata mibayiro. Somugumisiro tsika iyi kukosha chaicho kuchengetedzeka dzakawira nokukurumidza. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vakawanda vakatanga kutsvaka kurasa vouchers. Vari kunyanya vakagara mumaoko unyengeri dealers, nevaya vanofungidzira, machinda utariri akaitwa pachavo uye.

Nokuda kwayo kukurumidza privatization (zita upfumi zvinhu Gaidar) wakaitwa mazvake pamusoro mitengo, kana mutengo vhocha Fund rava kagumi zvishoma pane kukosha chaiko makambani. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nevaya vanofungidzira vaigona kutenga 500 makurusa mafekitari nembesa 7 mabhiriyoni $. Asi chokwadi, vakanga vanofungidzirwa $ 200 billion. Izvi zvakanga vanonzi "mhuka capitalism", izvo akabvumira 10% yevanhu kuti kudzora pamusoro rudzi pfuma. The mari chikuru zvokuparadza aina gasi, mafuta uye vasiri ferrous simbi. Makambani pamwe varidzi matsva kwete chete haina kudzokera purofiti Russian upfumi yacho. Havadi kunyange kuenda kubhadhara kukurumidza kuwedzera chikwereti kwokunze ehurumende.

agrarian negwaro

Muna 1992, kutanga Gaidar kuti kuchinja akacherekedza uyewo kuchinja mumusha. Basa rinokosha rokurima zvoupfumi vakatanga kuridza itsva siyana upfumi. Akazviratidza yakavharwa uye akazaruka vadyi Nehunde makambani, cooperatives uye dzisina kudyidzana. In yose, ivo chakaita kuti anenge 2/3 chokurima zvekutepfenyura. Dambudziko ikarova nesimba zvose mapurazi matsva aya. Not zvakakwana zvekurima michina, motokari, fetiraiza uye zvichingodaro. D.

Hurumende kushandisa chirongwa kubvisa vakasara Soviet nyika - uye mumapurazi ehurumende. Muna March 1992, Russia akanga vanenge zviuru 60 nomumwe mapurazi purazi mhando. Nokuwa kwavo nhamba kwakawedzera kashanu. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokushayiwa zvigadzirwa, vachiri vakanga vasingagoni kupa nyika ine zvakakwana chitsama wokukohwa. Regression kwakatungamirira kuti kubudikidza pemwedzi 90 haisi ikaurawa 70% zvichienzaniswa rokupedzisira mwaka yeSoviet. Murimi haana kugona kufudza Russian, uye zvose nokuda kuwedzera mutengo reagents, midziyo, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Military-Industrial kunzwisisa

Muna 1992, hurumende rinooneka akaderedza zvombo zvehondo zvokuvakisa. In yaitonga Soviet Union nemauto-maindasitiri kunzwisisa haisisina futa. Rakanga aipedza mugove bhajeti weshumba. With upfumi dambudziko, hurumende Aisagona kupa mabasa akawanda makambani, izvo zvakazoita kuti kusauka kwavo uye kutengeswa kupati rechitatu.

Zvikurukuru chenjera ndiro dambudziko pakutsvakurudza uye kukura (R & D). Murayiro mari kunzwisisa iri rakaparadzwa, ndokusaka zvikuru vanokwanisa zvikwata akaputsa uye kubva basa. Panguva iyoyo yakatanga vanonzi "uropi Drain" - .. The kuenda kumwe remasayendisiti, mainjiniya, vagadziri, etc. Vari massively dzichitama kune Western kunyika vachitsvaka upenyu huri nani, apo mabhizimusi avo simbe pasina basa.

Hurumende, nekushandura mupomerwi indasitiri, akaita zvikanganiso zvakawanda zvakakomba: aisafanira mberi pamwe kugadzirisa kana kutapurirana mafekitari mu chengetedza. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti hurumende chakaipa kana akabvisa rairambidzwa chairehwa mutengi nenhumbi, izvo akasiya boka pasina niche mumusika.

Gaidar kuti kurizaina

Muna December 1992, Yegor Gaidar akasiya pambiru sachigaro Government. kuenda ake aiva nzwisisa ukama pakati Supreme Council uye President kweRussia. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti chibvumirano achabvumira kuti zvakachengeteka abate referendum remitemo idzva. Zvisinei, muna 1993, vevatariri vakaramba mitoro yavo, zvichitungamirira kuti mukakavadzane of Government uye President. Akagumisa October zviitiko, kana Moscow akatambura kwemazuva wandei kurwa mumigwagwa.

Mumatsutso dambudziko Gaidar vakadzokera zvakare Hurumende, uye pakanga wekutanga Mutevedzeri sachigaro, uyewo Minister of Economy. Pakupedzisira, mukuru utariri, akabva January 20, 1994. Panguva ino yose kuchinja kukuru mune zvoupfumi Gaidar kare ichiitwa, uye nyika vaigara itsva zvoupfumi chokwadi.

The yakanaka Zvakabuda kuchinja

Ndadzokera December 1992, musi avaida pamudyandigere, iye akataura mubasa ravo. The Prime Minister panguva VII Congress of People kuti vevatariri akasimbisa mikuru budiriro simba. Kurongwazve mutero hurongwa, kuti privatization uye agrarian kuchinja (nokubatanidzwazve seboka uye ehurumende mapurazi), restructured Energy, makasimbiswa makambani mafuta kwakaderedza mari kuti kutenga zvombo uye uto michina.

Gurukota Economy uye bhururu Gaidar Andrey Nechayev akadana Hurumende uye mamwe matanho anokosha ari mudambudziko nguva. Kunze kare pamusoro mutengo mazvake, hurumende akabvumira vakasununguka zvokutengeserana, vatorwa zvikwereti vakagara nokuvhura mitsetse chikwereti kuMadokero. Gaidar nadzurudzo muna 1992 akaita kuti zvibvire kuti kuderedza bhajeti dhefisiti. Hunokosha mutero zvakagadzirwa ndiyo chidzoke yomutero iri oiri. Chinhu chekare vakaronga upfumi hurongwa. Hurumende yakanga kushandisa hurumende zvibvumirano. In munda mari simbi dzinokosha ukama zviremera uye private Entrepreneurs. Patsva zvakanzi yakavakwa kutengeserana dzaimbova nyika dzeSoviet - akaenda nyika mitengo uye musika kunyatsogona.

E. T. Gaydar, ari kuchinja kwoupfumi kaienda kugadzirisa zvemari ukama, kunoda pakagadzwa ezvokutengeserana nenheyo aina maoko kuti mauto. An utsanzi kwaikosha kuitwa mutemo pamusoro kusauka. With veMubatanidzwa mumusika upfumi zvakatangwa uye wokutanga mubhizimisi makambani Nehunde exchanges, vakakoniwa kunge muSoviet Union.

"Shock kurapa"

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union Russia ari panguva yokuchinja, yakanga isati munhoroondo yevanhu. Huge mamiriro aine upenyu makore 70 pasi chiKomonisiti uye vakaronga upfumi shure zvakanga zvakakodzera kutamira yakabudirira kumusika womuenzaniso. In 1991-1992. hapana nyika munyika iri kupedzerwa vakadaro involuntary chiedzwa imwe. Makore maviri asati Russian kuchinja kwakafanana akatanga kuPoland neCzechoslovakia asi havana kwakaguma nemigumisiro inooneka, uye yavapo chete pepa fomu.

Musimboti Gaidar kwakaita zvinhu chaiva nechokwadi chokuti hurumende aifanira chaizvoizvo bofu, avo hatiripe, anoshanda anorwara upfumi munyika yake. Zvisinei, chinhu achiri rakatorwa pamusoro vokutanga mamwe masoja ari mugovanisi mumusasa. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia yakanga akasikwa pfupi mabasa, nomuenzaniso pamwe Chirevo pamusoro vakasununguka vagotengeseranamo muPoland. Matanho aya akabatsira kuzadza mumugwagwa nezvirugu zvamakwai. Zvisinei, kuchinja aya akanga zvavo mari. kutengeserana kwakadaro awana vatorwa zvitarisiko - matumba itsva yakaonekwa runobva uye pasina kuzvidzora.

upfumi kuchinja wehurumende Gaidar (kuchinja kubva mugovanisi pamusika upfumi) akatanga kunonoka. Kutaura zvazviri, nguva yakarasika mukunopera '80s, apo wokutanga zvakakomba zviratidzo dambudziko. Soviet mbishi zvinhu upfumi vatambure marwadzo kudonha mitengo mafuta, izvo zvakaita kuti pamwe nekurutsa muzvitoro uye kadhi gadziriro pamberi kuchinja Gaidar akatanga. Zita "kuvhunduka mishonga" Akapiwa chinja chakakodzera - wegadziriro aifanira kutsiviwa panjodzi ezvinhu.