Masero pfungwa uye tsoka vachembera. Vachembera muRussia. Vachembera - nayo ...

Public upenyu - a multi-faceted pfungwa. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi Russian munzanga yacho, sezvatinoona kubva kare, zvinoenderana mhando yakaitwa mairi chaiyo okusika rezvedzidzo muitiro. Chii vachembera? Sangano iri yakatanga veruzhinji kwezvipimo ndima evanhu kwendangariro. Anoshandiswa Society protrude dzakabudirira dzidzo ungwaru - masangano ane yakamisirwa kushanda dhayagiramu dzose yakarongeka, basa rondedzero. Chero zvoupenyu paruzhinji upenyu - enyika, zvoupfumi, zvemitemo, informational, tsika - kuti waitsanangura kufambira mberi kwenzanga uye kuti streamline muitiro.

Mienzaniso vachembera ndiko Somuenzaniso, paramende yakasimbiswa pachishandiswa vagari peungano; School, akapfupikisa kubva basa chinoshamisa yokudhirowa, yokudhirowa, mutambi, muzivi; chitendero kuti Mikoko yakatangira kubva kuparidza revaporofita. Nokudaro, vachembera - Ichokwadi, panguva paro, - arayira.

Yaiitika somunhu yaitsiva vazhinji mumwe nemaitiro mumwe - generalized inodzorwa. Kana isu nezvazvo magadzirirwo zvemamiriro iyi, yakataurwa evanhu, patsika dzemunharaunda, mitemo, statuses uye mabasa - kuita institutionalize munhu mashandiro kugadzirisa kudzvanya pasocial zvinodiwa.

Russian vachembera

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti nheyo yakavimbika zvechokwadi ezvoupfumi akapa vachembera muRussia muzana remakore itsva. Kunopiwa kugadzirwa kukura. Kudzikamisa nevezvematongerwo enyika "kushanda" bumbiro, nhengo kupatsanurwa zvemitemo, Executive, matare, rusununguko aripo raizoita kuti kukura kwakadaro.

Kare, kuti vachembera kuti hurumende yeRussia akatora matanho anotevera:

• The yokutanga (1991-1998 gg.) - kuchinja kubva hurumende yeSoviet.
• Wechipiri (1998-2004 gg.) - shanduko muenzaniso kwenzanga kubva oligarchic kusvika ehurumende capitalist.
• Wechitatu (2005-2007 gg.) - inotungamirwa zvinobudirira masangano munzanga.
• Wechina (kubvira 2008) - pachikuva, dzinoratidzwa chinobudirira kutora chikamu kwe guta kwevanhu.

In Russia pane elitist muenzaniso hweruzhinji, vakaomerwa uwandu vanhu vaishingaira mubasa zvematongerwe, izvo unoenderana Russian mafungiro ari vanonzi kutonga wehurumende zvido pamusoro zvido wacho. The zvinokosha veruzhinji rutsigiro mitemo vepamusoro.

Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti vakaomerwa chinhu nokuda kukura ane tsika, akadzidza mu "kumhanya" Makore 90 ari pamutemo nihilism vemo. Asi muvanhu otaura misimboti itsva hweruzhinji. The vachembera kwesimba muRussia kwakakonzera kuti enyika kumasangano vakakamurwa kwete chete pane simba, asiwo kuti kutora chikamu kwe masangano. Iye zvino, basa yokupedzisira. Vakaita akataura zvazvinoita zvimwe zvaiva mberi munzanga.

Nokure kuchinja zviremera ndiyo yose Vagari venyika. Pakati political huru kumasangano zvinosanganisira State pacharo, veruzhinji. The peculiarity yeRussian vachembera raro Kugadzira pamwe zvido munyika kukura. Hazvina nguva dzose inoshanda pano bofu kupinza Western masangano, saka vachembera muRussia - a okusika kwacho.

Vachembera uye nemagariro nemasangano

Social masangano uye vachembera zvinokosha sezvo zvakasikwa Chishandiso tichibatanidza kuedza vanhu vazhinji vanogara siyana kumatunhu Federation nokuda Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri hurumende ichiisa mari uye kugutsikana wokuRussia munzanga yacho.

Somuenzaniso, hurumende tsika zvokurimisa simba zvinodiwa kufadza nhamba vemunyika. Institute Mutemo anoita ukama pakati vanhu uye mamiriro, uyewo vanhu uye nzanga yose zvayo. Institute wokutenda kunobatsira vanhu kuti vave nokutenda, zvinoreva upenyu, chokwadi.

Masangano ava nheyo veruzhinji. Ivo kunotangira zvinodiwa kwenzanga, izvo tinoberekwa vakawanda nekuratidzwa chokwadi chokuvapo.

Kubva chakarongwa pfungwa nemaonero pasocial sangano rinogona achimiririrwa "basa hurongwa", yakavakirwa mabasa uye mamiriro-siyana munzanga. Panguva iyoyowo, achiita yeUnited ezvinhu, kuti Kudya Russian wokuwana kunonyanyisa Mvumo vachangoramba nokubatanidza kunonyanyisa akagadzirwa tsika, tsika, tsika uye yetsika. Murau masimba ose paruzhinji ukama rinoitwa masangano, kuita pamutemo uye patsika dzemunharaunda inoenderana nezvinofarirwa kutsika idzi uye tsika.

Nokuti Russian pfungwa yakakosha kwazvo kunonyanyisa kunyatsoshanda kusimbisa wevakadzidza sangano mukushanda zvisina sangano.

Nevamwe zviri masangano anobatsira mune zvakasiyana evanhu upenyu munyika kuti vaone Kuwanikwa yavo, ndivo zvechigarire marudzi yakawanda mukukurukurirana, kufanana mitemo mabasa pamutemo, uye hurongwa maitiro avo, kuvapo ari mamiriro unyanzvi "wakamanikana 'vakadzidzira profile.

Chii evanhu masangano anogona kunzi inokosha munzanga yanhasi? The Pamazita anozivikanwa: mhuri, utano, dzidzo, dziviriro zvemagariro, bhizimisi, chechi, vanobudisa nhau. kana Institutsionizirovany? Zvinozivikanwa kuti mune mumwe nomumwe nhungamiro idzi muhurumende pane ushumiri akakodzera, inova "muromo" pakati nhengo yebazi, iyo anofukidza kumatunhu. The zvenharaunda gadziriro Executive simba kuronga chidhiraivho zvakakodzera, inotongwa vatambi, uyewo simba kuMudzidzisi zvemagariro mananara zvakananga.

Mapato ezvematongerwo enyika uye avo vachembera

Vachembera ezvematongerwo enyika ari kuitika kududzirwa vatanga pashure peHondo Yenyika II. About ayo mamiriro anogona kunzi inosanganisira vachembera enyika uye zviri pamutemo. Political anoronga uye optimizes zvinoitwa vagari kumisa mapato. Legal anovamba mashoko pamutemo uye mabasa. dzinokosha dziri zvakaomawo kuitira zvinhu pachena zvemari mune bato mabasa uye mitemo nekuita dzaro mabhizimisi hurumende.

Pamutemo akagadza generalized pamutemo vose mapato (rehurumende uye nemamwe masangano) uye munhu munzanga nechimwe (zvinoratidza zvinhu uye basa revanhukadzi).

The mabasa uye mamiriro kumapati ano vakagara mutemo. MuRussia, dambudziko racho vachembera yavose kunoita mutemo chaiwo yeUnited "On ezvematongerwo enyika". Maererano naye bato achiumbwa nenzira mbiri: kana dzakavamba Congress of sangano kushandurwa (pachena sangano).

Hurumende anoita basa mapato, kureva kodzero uye mabasa, mashandiro, kubatanidzwa musarudzo, mari mabasa, ukama hurumende masangano, dzakawanda uye pfungwa basa.

Zvinhu zvinodiwa: Russian hunhu webato, nhamba nhengo, Non-Pfungwa, non-vezvitendero, non-National hunhu sangano (anopfuura 50 ths.).

Kumiririrwa mapato ari Paramende inopiwa neshamwari ose akasarudzwa vevatariri mavari (zvikamu zviduku).

The mitemo zvakare chinorondedzerwa wepamutemo unhu kumapati: administrative, vehurumende, yepamutemo uye zviri pamutemo.

The vachembera hondo

Ngativhurei nenhoroondo. The vachembera yokurwisana sezvo pasocial chakajairika awana yakatangira mumazuva capitalist ukama vokutanga. Nokunyima Varimi nyika hombe Varidzi, kuchinja zvavo munzanga zviri proletarians, kurwisana zvichiitika Bourgeois kirasi, uye haadi kusiya nzvimbo kwamachinda.

In mashoko murau makakatanwa vachembera - chisarudzo yokurwisana vaviri maindasitiri uye enyika. Panyaya vashandirwi uye vashandi ari nokudzorwa Institute of seboka zvibvumirwano nemibatanidzwa, kufungisisa zvido vanobhadharwa vashandi. The kunetsana kutonga nzanga anobvumirwa mashandiro suffrage.

Nokudaro, vachembera makakatanwa ari vakachengeteka chishandiswa evanhu nokubvumirana uye zviyero hurongwa.

Public mafungiro aro vachembera

Public mafungiro zvakagadzirwa nekuita pakati akasiyana sectors vokuparidzira, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika, magariro masangano, magariro network uye vezvenhau. The simba Gundamusaira yakawedzera yekudyidzana nemhaka Internet, interactivity, nokupenya dzakatsamwa.

The vachembera Gundamusaira akaita chaizvo sangano, kudzidza voruzhinji ratings yenhengo, vachifanotaura mugumisiro musarudzo. Masangano aya unganidza, kudzidza yaivapo uye kuumba voruzhinji itsva. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti yakadaro kudzidza rinowanzoshandiswa nekambani uye yakavakirwa norusaruro ivhu.

Zvinosuruvarisa muronga kurongwa zvoupfumi inokanganisa pfungwa "vachembera Gundamusaira." Muchiitiko chino, kutonga uye zvido vakawanda vanhu havawani Kuzadziswa iri chaiyo enyika ehurumende. Zvakanakisa, pakati kuda vanhu uye zvinenge chinofanira kuva pachena uye yakajeka kutaurirana kuburikidza reParamende. Kusarudzwa machinda vanofanira kushumira voruzhinji kubudikidza akurumidza kutora zvakakodzera pamutemo mabasa.

basa Social uye vachembera

Pakapera XIX - mangwanani XX remakore kuWestern European muvanhu nokuda kwemaindasitiri uye kubatanidzwa evanhu kugadzirwa zvakasiyana siyana nemapoka vakasimuka Institute Basa Social. Rakanga ainyanya pamusoro evanhu kubatsirwa uye ruyamuro vashandi 'mhuri. Mazuvano pasocial basa vawana unhu zvine altruistic rubatsiro vasina dzakashandisa mamiriro ezvinhu oupenyu vanhu.

Social basa, zvichienderana nyaya zvayo Implementation ndiwo mamiriro, paruzhinji uye zvakasiyana. Hurumende masangano anosanganisira Bazi Social Policy wayo emunharaunda mahofisi, mahofisi emo, kushumira pamuromo mumagariro vanhu. Assistance inopiwa kune dzimwe nhengo vanhu. Hazvina dzose, yakazara vashandi evanhu kuitwa uye inobva bhajeti. Public sezvo yokuzvidira munzanga basa rinoitwa nevazvipiri uye kazhinji kutadza. Sezvaungafungidzira, ivo vachembera evanhu basa zvinonyanya kubudirira kana hwakakanyiwa musiyano wezvinyorwa, izvo pamwe nehurumende uye voruzhinji chimiro chayo.

Nzendo vachembera mumvuri upfumi

Process poetapen vachembera. Uye zvose zvokukura ndima yayo - mureza. Mudzi izvi uye panguva imwecheteyo ndiyo kudiwa kupa hwaro pamusoro Implementation izvo zvakafanira aronge zviito zvevanhu. Uya gangaidzo nzira. Funga vachembera rematanho pakugadzirwa zvakaipa akatanga akadai ane "mumvuri upfumi".

• Stage I - chitarisiko zvinodiwa. Zvakasiyana kwema zvemari (akadai aina guru, cashing) nomunhu zvoupfumi yomuchipatara (sezvo 90-ies. Remakore Last) ndakawana yakafarikana uye hurongwa.
• II pavaipfuura - paumbwe zvinangwa chaizvo uye kushumira kwavo Implementation dzidziso. Chinangwa angava Somuenzaniso, kuti akagadzira sezvinotevera: "Zvisikwa zviri zvoupfumi," chisingaoneki "nokuti State Control. Kutanga ekunze munyika umo avo simba kodzero madiro. "
• III pavaipfuura - kusikwa patsika dzemunharaunda uye mitemo. mitemo aya pakutanga kuisa mitemo inodzora kuti "pedyo" simba rokudzora vanhu ( "Byzantine hurongwa simba"). Zvisinei, "vasiri kuita" mitemo pasocial vari kumanikidza masangano zvebhizimisi "enda pasi pedenga" mubvandiripo hurongwa chaizvoizvo kushandisa munhu pamutemo basa, mitemo vakarasika.
• Stage IV - chitarisiko vomureza zviri chokuita nemitemo. Somuenzaniso, mashandiro "unodzivirira bhizimisi" vanhu simba kuchengeteka mauto, mashandiro nomutemo chokufukidzisa raiders, cashing pamusoro Finance pasi zvekunyepera zvibvumirano, achitanga pa "kickbacks" bhajeti mari hurongwa.
• Stage V - kushandiswa chaikwo mitemo uye mashandiro. Zvishoma nezvishoma kusika mumvuri rokutendeutsa nzvimbo haashambadzwi mumaonero wokudhinda. Vanoshanda nedzimwe nemakasitoma mberi kwenguva refu. The chikamu kutendeuka mukati mazvo usingashandi, ivo zvinobudirira makwikwi masangano pamutemo vaitendeuka. Imwe kuitika: mumvuri mubayiro, iyo yaiva 15-80%.
• Stage VI - kusikwa kwegadziriro zvirango kudzivirira vasaenderera marongerwo. Nzvimbo vakuru vehurumende privatized guta zvebhizimisi mabasa. Ivo, machinda aya, "mitemo", achiranga nokuti "defamation", nokuti "tsika kukuvadza". Pehurumende miviri manually dzevanhu uye mutero masimba tinoshandurirwa voga "kukupfura" vanhu simba.
• Stage VII - mumvuri wehunyambiri simba. Machinda kutendeuka levers kwavo simba muupenyu hwavo bhizimisi mabasa. Power shumiro uye hofisi muchuchisi wacho chaizvoizvo kure runodzivirira mashandiro anoita vanhu zvido. Judges, ichipa wokuti vepurovhinzi uye zvinonzi "zvokudya kumusoro" nawo.

Pfungwa vachembera, sezvatinoona, iri pasi nokudenga panyaya dzinokosha dzaro nzendo. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuti anofanira pasi kunovaka uye zvepamutemo evanhu zvido munzanga. Institute of mumvuri upfumi, kuwedzera kunaka kwoupenyu zvavo vemo, anofanira kubviswa chikoro kwemitemo.

Wemagariro evanhu uye vachembera

Wemagariro evanhu ongororo nzanga zvechechi gadziriro kunzwisisa dzimwe nyaya yacho evanhu masangano uye ukama pakati pavo, noukama uye nharaunda. Wemagariro evanhu rinoratidza munzanga tichitarisa kwayo dzomukati zvigadziriswe uye emuchina okukura kwavo, maitiro mapoka makuru evanhu uye, mukuwedzera, kubata womunhu uye vanhu. Inopa uye anotsanangura musimboti evanhu mananara uye maitiro vemunyika, uyewo unganidza uye ongorora chepuraimari Sociological mashoko.

Vachembera wemagariro evanhu anoratidza womukati musimboti sayenzi iyi, mumagariro arayira pezvakaitwa pamwe statuses uye mabasa, iye ndehwokuti nechokwadi anokosha munzanga. Naizvozvo, pane kutanga: evanhu inowa pasi tsanangudzo Institute.

Zvokukura Development wemagariro evanhu

vakasiyana Several nzendo kukura wemagariro evanhu sezvo munyika itsva nesayenzi.

• Danho rokutanga rinoreva 30-s of XIX remakore, ndicho nyaya yavaive uye nzira sayenzi iyi nomuzivi French Auguste Comte.
• wechipiri - "uchishandisa nguva" kuti mazwi yesayenzi, kuunganidza vanokwanisa nezvokurara, sangano musayenzi kupanana operative mashoko.
• Third - Positioning pachavo senzira muuzivi "evanhu".
• Wechina - kusikwa pachikoro Sociological uye sangano rokutanga magazini nesayenzi "Sociological Yearbook". Kudeuka munorumbidzirweiko ndezvaJehovha French musayendisiti-nyanzvi Emile Durkheim muna Sorbonne University. Zvisinei, kunze ichi, Dhipatimendi wemagariro evanhu yakavhurwa pana Columbia University (1892)
• Danho wechishanu, rudzi "kuziva" wenyika, yave kutanga Sociological unyanzvi ari mamiriro nenyanzvi evoruzhinji. Saka, vanhu ava pakupedzisira kuzivikanwa evanhu.

Mumakore 60 American evanhu akagamuchira kukosha capitalist upfumi. Somugumisiro, nhamba American evanhu yakawedzera 20,000, uye misoro mumabhuku Sociological periodicals - kusvika 30. Sayenzi akatora zvakakwana nzvimbo munzanga.

In evanhu Soviet zvakanzi vainzi mushure October Revolution muna 1968 - at Moscow State University. Mushaba dhipatimendi Sociological tsvakurudzo. Muna 1974 ndokusvika nguva nenguva yokutanga, uye muna 1980 mune nyanzvi remazita nyika vakapinda Sociological basa.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro kukura wemagariro evanhu kuRussia, zvinokosha kutaura yakavhurwa 1989 pa Moscow State University Department wemagariro evanhu. Iye "akapa kutanga muupenyu" zviuru 20 evanhu.

Nokudaro, vachembera - ndiwo mutoo kuRussia, vakatora nzvimbo, asi aine Kunonoka - pachinhu France uye United States - kwemakore zana.

mhedziso

Munzanga yanhasi nayo unoshanda masangano akawanda, hapana zvinhu, uye mupfungwa vanhu. dzidzo yavo, vachembera, ane simba uye yokukakavadzniswa muitiro. Zvisingachashandi Masangano inotsiviwa vatsva, kunotangira anokosha pasocial zvinodiwa: Kutaurirana, kugadzira, kuparadzirwa, kuchengeteka, kuramba zvemagariro Misiyano, pakatangwa mumagariro kuzvidzora.