The musika upfumi hurongwa. Market zvivako: mhando uye kutsanangura unhu

The musika upfumi anogona kushanda mukati yechinangwa anoverengeka yokutevedzera dzine, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvikuru dissimilar zviratidzo. Inzirai akakodzera kuti akafanosarudza musiyano? Izvo mhando zvinowanza ari Dzidziso wepanguva theorists?

Zviratidzo pamusika upfumi

The musika upfumi gadziriro iri kazhinji dzinoratidzwa zvinotevera huru zvinhu: a predominance oga pfuma iri mari yebhizimisi, rusununguko makwikwi, dzisina hurumende kupindira mune zveupfumi kwendangariro. womuenzaniso ichi achipfeka kuti makambani kutsvaka kubudirira dzakakwirira profitability, maximize kubudirira kwayo, kunyanya mune zvatinoita mutengi kugutsikana. Mumwe kiyi zvigadziriswe pakati mananara dzakadai musika upfumi kwava yepachena paumbwe zvitengeswa uye kudiwa. It anosarudza, pakutanga kwezvose, pachiyero mitengo nhumbi, uye saka uwandu guru turnover. The kutengesa mutengo nhumbi - zviri zvakare nechiidzo inoratidza sei optimally akavaka zvitengeswa uye kudiwa.

Market upfumi: Dzidziso uye tsika

The pamusoro zviratidzo zvaizobatsira pamusika zvoupfumi, takabva pachiyero dzidziso. In tsika, chinonyanya Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri romugove-kudiwa nepakati, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti, hakuitiki kazhinji. Misika munyika dzakawanda, izvo, sokuti, vanoonekwa ne rusununguko zvakakwana zvatinoita dzebhizimisi, havasi kusika mhoteredzo mabhizimisi zvechokwadi mikana yakaenzana. Senzira National upfumi dzakabudirira zvenyika, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, anogona kuva muenzaniso oligopoly kana monopolistic yokuda.

Nokudaro, musika nzira chaiyo kana mumwe anogona vane tsika kuchinja kubva zvikuru Kukwikwidzana kunoita ane vakasununguka Pricing gadziriro umo mitengo wakasiyiwa emakambani pakukura, naivo kukanganisa vade uye nevatengi zvaunofarira kuburikidza kushambadza, kusimudzirwa uye nezvimwewo zvinhu. Market zvoupfumi hachifanani kuzvidzora ndangariro sezvo kunganzwika iri dzidziso. Zvisinei, simba paruzhinji masangano zvivako zvayo sezvo pedyo sezvinobvira kuti muenzaniso yakanaka, izvo inorondedzerwa yokungotaura pfungwa. Mubvunzo chete ndiyo nzira yakakodzera kuvaka kwegadziriro musika murau.

Zvokukura Kugadzirwa pamusika upfumi

Kuongorora nzira kuti simba hurumende iri vakasununguka upfumi, tinogona kuedza, achitanga kudzidza nhoroondo mifananidzo kushanda zvoupfumi. Chii chingava periodization pakati paumbwe pamusika? Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti kukura upfumi (kana isu kutaura mienzaniso kuti akabuda munyika dzakabudirira nhasi) kwakaitika huru muzvikamu zvina - vanonzi dzekare capitalism, nguva yakavhenganiswa ezvoupfumi gadziriro, uyewo mumagariro vaifarira musika yokutevedzera.

Ngatitange pamwe ainakidza capitalism. Vanyori venhoroondo vanofunga kuti hurongwa raishanda kwenguva yakareba - kubva XVII remakore rokutanga emakore remakore rechimakumi maviri. Key zviri runoenzanirana mhando kumusika vaiva sezvinotevera:

- vakawanda pachake wose kugadzira mari;

- kushanda vakasununguka makwikwi, nyore kupinda kumusika vatambi vatsva;

- kushoma nezvipingamupinyi pamusoro kutungamirirwa guru Rwako;

- the predominance zviduku uye svikiro vaburitsi, panongova zvakaneta vakaratidza nenzvimbo dzavo;

- underdevelopment of basa mutemo;

- soro volatility mu Pricing (pasi pokudzora romugove uye kudiwa);

- kushoma pakati dzokufungidzira pakuderedza ari zvatinoita kutengeswa uye kutenga mugove;

Hurumende iri zvoupfumi Panguva iyi kushanda haana kupindira. Classical capitalism yagara kwenguva refu nokuita kubudirira muenzaniso. Nokuda yemakwikwi zvenhengo kambani aishingaira kusuma zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi, kuvandudza zvinhu uye mabasa. Zvisinei, nokuda pakutanga XX remakore dzekare capitalism haana zvakazara zvidikanwi nekukura vanhu. Izvi kazhinji chokuita zvinhu evanhu kuchengeteka. Chokwadi kuti mumwe zvinokosha zviri capitalist musika - nematambudziko yomuka sezvo migumisiro ane kusagadzikana kwemakemikari wedzerai uye kudiwa, zvikanganiso kana achida nezviito musika vatambi, nechinangwa panguva destabilization vamwe zvikamu hwenyika nechinangwa kuwana. Somugumisiro, mune dzezvebhizimisi akazviratidza muyananisi - hurumende. It akaumba vanonzi yakavhenganiswa upfumi.

Its chikuru chepfungwa - the zvinokosha basa rinoitirwa nemauto mubhizimisi, uyewo basa hurumende kupindira mumusika kukura. Kunyanya avo zvikamu izvo zvinoda zvinokosha pfuma - chokufambisa kwezvivako, kukurukurirana migero, ari rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura. Hurumende kupindira kunoratidza kuti pamusika yemakwikwi vacharamba aripo uye kuva vanhu rusununguko ukama, asi mumamiriro kuti anotsanangurwa pamusoro makro-pamwero, kureva, Entrepreneurs hazvigoni yakanyanya kukwirira kana yakaderera mitengo iri monopolistic nenzira rokuponesa patsvimbo mari kana kuita chero chiito avo zvido kuti vanogona kukuvadza national zvoupfumi. The yakavhenganiswa upfumi mabhizimisi vava kunyanya kuda kushamwaridzana - kumakambani, anovimba, cartels. Akatanga kuparadzira siyana seboka vaiva private zvinhu - achinyanya dziri migove.

Of capitalism - pasocial nemunhu

Inotevera pavaipfuura zvoupfumi - the kwaita mumagariro vaifarira zvoupfumi gadziriro. Chokwadi ndechokuti kana wakachena capitalism uye vakavhengana muenzaniso akaitwa vachiri hunodzorwa nheyo kunonyanyisa kupora nokuda muridzi mabhizimisi Purofiti, mari yokutanga zvinhu. Asi nokufamba kwenguva, musika vatambi vakatanga kuziva kuti zvinonyanya zvichakubatsirai kuva pokutanga nezvimwe zvinokosha. Sewevhu, Somuenzaniso, magariro mberi uye mari mu tarenda. Capital ndiro rinobva chikamu yenhengo izvi. Mumagakava kumusika upfumi uye kuchengetedza pamusika zvemakwikwi. Zvisinei, chokuratidza utungamiri chakava kwete chete guru, asiwo evanhu kukosha nezviito chekambani. Tichishandisa kutaura, bhizimisi raibudirira kwainzi kwete chete imwe chete yepamusoro zveminda uye profitability, uye uya akaita zvaioneka munzanga basa - somuenzaniso, kuti pave chigadzirwa kuti akachinja zvaunofarira vanhu uye kuti upenyu hwavo nyore.

The upfumi ano ndiyo nyika dzakawanda dzakabudirira munyika, sezvo dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira, zvavo, ane chitarisiko "sociality". Zvisinei, pakati zvoupfumi mugadziriro kunyika dzakasiyana, pane zvinokosha kusiyana nokuda maitiro yenyika, tsika bhizimisi, kunyanya kune dzimwe mutemo. Mune dzimwe rinoti, upfumi anogona kuchikosha kutsvetera kune "vakachena capitalism", vamwe - kuva vakafanana zvakavhenganiswa womuenzaniso, kana kuva simba chaizvo kutaura "pasocial".

Economic nemagariro kurongeka

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti yazvino upfumi dzakabudirira riri kushanda kuti pave Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri Chiyero pakati zvebhizimisi zvaunokoshesa, hurumende uye nzanga. The kudyidzana pakati zvinhu izvi, kazhinji runoratidzwa nenzira matambudziko anotarisana nevanhu kuMudzidzisi vatambi - mabhizimisi, hurumende, vagari. Vose vanowanzoda mumwe murayiro. Nyanzvi ziva mhando huru mbiri kwayo - zvoupfumi uye magariro. Ona zvinhu zvavo.

Economic hurongwa - chine nemasangano uye dzemunharaunda kuti waidzora upfumi mashandiro mukati pezvakaitwa zvebhizimisi. Munzvimbo chikuru murau pano - kodzero pfuma, mari uye mari mutemo, makwikwi, dzimwe zveupfumi pamwe. Social hurongwa - ichi, uyewo, masangano uye mitemo chokuita mamiriro nzanga yose zvayo mapoka, ukama pakati vanhu. Munzvimbo chikuru murau pakati iyi - nyika basa, kubatsira zvemagariro, pfuma, pekugara, mutemo zvezvakatipoteredza.

Nokudaro, zvoupfumi iri mumagariro akatarisa mhando anosanganisa kukoshesa huru vatambi dzinobatanidzwa kukura ezvoupfumi uye kurongeka munzanga. Kana wokutanga aitungamirira basa - bhizimisi (pamwe chikamu iri pamutemo state), ari wechipiri - neHurumende (pamwe ebetsero mabhizimisi mabasa). The vanhu inyaya, simba mune zvose marudzi mirairo. Ndokusaka upfumi inonzi munharaunda vaifarira.

About musika Zvivako

Pasinei zvinokosha basa rehurumende pane ano ezvoupfumi gadziriro, uyewo chinokosha kuzvidzora kwake pamusoro kuchengetwa zvinofarirwa kwenzanga, chikuru uchityaira simba, predetermining kukura, ndiko basa. Enterprising vanhu anosarudza sumo kupinda muupenyu muzvigadzirwa mberi. Kunyanya zvebhizimisi zvirongwa sei kusikwa mabasa matsva, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange kubudirira neHurumende wokumwe negwaro. Pasina simba Entrepreneurs uye vanhu aizotadzawo avake vakarongeka uye zvemakwikwi National zvoupfumi.

Simba vanorovedzwa masangano ehurumende, nzanga anoshanda mukati evanhu. Mabhizimisi, akavapindurawo, inobva siyana pamusika zvivako. Kuti ivo, maererano ano yokungotaura pfungwa? Ndezvipi zvainyanya kuitwa pamusika zvivako?

Ngatitange aine tsanangudzo rokuti. Chimwe chezvinhu wakajairika: misika mamiriro - a unhu uye unhu hunoratidza hunhu kushanda upfumi rose kana awo kunyanya. Zvichienderana chii chaizvoizvo ndiyo imwe chine muenzaniso runotsanangurwa pamisika. Ndezvipi? Pachishandiswa methodological nzira hwakasimbiswa ano Russian zvoupfumi dzidziso, pane zvinhu zvitatu yemashoko kumusika: akakwana makwikwi, chindingindingi, oligopoly. Dzimwe nyanzvi vanowanzotevedzera govera mumwe muenzaniso. Ndiwo anonzi monopolistic makwikwi.

Tsanangudzo mumwe rinowanikwa nyanzvi munzanga, zvinoreva neimwewo kudzidudzira. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura "pamusika zvivako" sezvo zvinoitwa okunze uye vatambi pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuti kuitika mune upfumi. Izvi zvingava Somuenzaniso, nhamba vanotengesa, nhamba vatengi, uyewo zvinoita kuumba zvipingamupinyi kuti mukova wokurutivi chero zvikamu zvacho.

Market mamiriro kunosanganisira pakati zvivako hupfumi ezvinhu umo mabhizimisi unoshanda. Zvingava Somuenzaniso, uwandu vakanyoresa makambani ari indasitiri, kuti bhizimisi tichimhanya, nhamba yemakambani nemakasitoma kana vatengi. Zvinoitwa nevanhu hurongwa zvingaita mumusika zvakanakanaka romugove uye kudiwa chokuita. The muunganidzwa maitiro imwe mhando aigona kuratidza izvo pakati mienzaniso mana pamusika pane imwe nguva mabasa - pachiyero National upfumi, nharaunda kana zvichida imwe nzvimbo. Asi kazhinji, nezvoupfumi akaverenga neavhareji vamwe akagadzirwa parameters kuti Kutsunga zvivako National zvoupfumi.

monopolism

The musika kunoratidzwa monopolistic kumusika zvivako, uye ayo unoenderana mhando? Chekutanga zvose zviri pamberi kumbonyanya yakatetepa boka zvekuvaka vaburitsi, izvo anobvumira kufurira zvinonyatsorehwa zvinomboitika chidimbu hwenyika (kana panguva senyika, nawo general). Dzimwe nyanzvi dana kuti mudziyo "musika simba", iro dzaidzidziswa nevhu rakawandisa mhando ichi - kazhinji bhizimisi guru kana makambani. Zvichienderana pamwero muupfumi nezviremera, vanogona kuva voga kana paruzhinji. Kana monopolistic makwikwi - mumwe marudzi pamusika, kureva matatu makuru, kana zvinofungirwa kuti mabhizimisi haana kuiswawo pakati maumbirwo "musika simba", achine mukana chinhu kuti kukanganisa mitengo. In tsika, ichi kunogona kurondwa kusvikira pamwero apo bhizimisi unoshanda. Kana, panongova kutaura, duku ndibhadhare mari muchitoro, zvinogona kukanganisa mutengo nevamwe mapoka chigadzirwa munzvimbo menyu kana mumugwagwa. Kana totaura paIndaneti mabhizimisi, mwero nezvainoita kutengesa mutengo mishonga vakatengesa inogona kuwedzerwa kuna guta kana kunyange nharaunda. Ndiko, pane makwikwi, asi inobereka monopolistic zvinhu. Zvakanyatsoenzana pamisika iri kushanda asina kuumbwa pano. Kunyange Chokwadi, mutemo inorangarira mutengo kuvaka emo kudiwa. Panguva iyoyo sezvo nhamba akaitwa muna maindasitiri, muguta kana imwe nzvimbo makwikwi ake uye monopolistic kumusika zvivako, zvakakodzera, adzore kuva ezvoupfumi akasiyana muenzaniso.

oligopoly

Funga zvinhu oligopoly. musika Chimiro zvakakwana pedyo chindingindingi. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti rechipiri - mumwe mhando kutanga. Chero zvazvingava, musiyano pakati oligopoly uye chindingindingi ikoko. First asarudze musika mamiriro, kana tinotaura nezvavo, zvichireva zvinhu zvoupfumi gadziriro, ayo kuburikidza kakawanda panowanikwa neizvi, izvo zvinoratidza kuvapo kiyi maindasitiri anoverengeka uye, sezvo mutemo, hombe mabhizimisi zvivako inozivikanwa. Kureva, kana paine ndiye, kunyanya chimwe chikuru mutambi, kusimbiswa ake "musika simba." Vari oligopoly kungava zvinoverengeka. Panguva iyo pamwe pakati pavo hakuna hako kuti unenge kudzora mitengo. Mukupesana, iri gadziriro yakadaro musika chimiro, sezvo ari oligopoly, makwikwi inogona kunyatsonanga raidudzwa. Uye, sezvo zvakaita kuti paumbwe kutengesa kukosha nhumbi - zviri pachena. A muenzaniso unoshamisa - pavanotaurirana of IT-musika pamwero Samsung varefu, LG, Sony. zviratidzo chindingindingi kana mamwe makambani aya dzinoratidzwa mutengo unoenderana Soup kuti zvinosiyana nayo. Asi nhasi tine zvakanaka yemakwikwi, sezvo nyanzvi dzinofunga pamusika nokuti zvemagetsi, mutengo chete chairema izvo mumakore achangopfuura kunyange kana inokura, kazhinji haana mberi mitengo. Uye kana kwete dzimwe nguva shoma.

akakwana makwikwi

Zvinopikisana anotambura - makwikwi akakwana. Kana hapana nyaya zvoupfumi haana vanonzi "musika simba." Apo kubvumira kuti nenzvimbo zvinhu nokuda hwakazotevera kwemajoini kudzora mitengo, sezvo mutemo, muri shoma.

Basic musika zvivako, kana tichinzwisisa navo sezvikamu zvoupfumi urongwa, dzinoratidzwa akakwana makwikwi zvinhu yakasiyana avo vari yaingowanikwa chindingindingi uye oligopoly. Next tichakurukura ukama hwavo nokuda nomumwe yokutevedzera zvoupfumi gadziriro.

Kuenzanisa musika hurongwa

Tadzidza yokuti musika mamiriro. Takaona kuti kududzirwa izwi iri zviviri. Chokutanga, pasi "musika mamiriro" rinogona kunzwisiswa sezvo vakadaro musika womuenzaniso - anotambura kana Somuenzaniso, imwe oligopoly. Chechipiri, ichi izwi angareva chero hunhu yacho munyaya zveupfumi kwendangariro. We vakauya zvishoma vomureza nzira kana totaura ano zveupfumi pfungwa: uwandu makambani aripo pamisika kana zvakananga zvikamu, nhamba vatengi, uyewo zvipingamupinyi kuti kupinda nokuti zvose.

Chikurukuru, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa - uye avo dzimwe mhirikiro rokuti kufananidzira anogona kwakabatana. Sei? Rinotibatsira kunzwisisa mashandiro kuti nekuita mienzaniso kana zvinhu zvinoumba kumusika chimiro, netafura, izvo isu zvino kuchera.

Visualization kwakadaro ichatitendera kunyatsoona kusiyana yokutevedzera zvoupfumi gadziriro - mu National kana kupfuura omunharaunda akamboona. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kana tiri kutaura pamusoro guta kana upfumi nharaunda yacho, rinogona dzinoratidzwa zvinhu zvinoita dissimilar kuti nemamwe yawo. Zvino iyi zvaizova zvakaoma zvinonyatsoteerera kusarudza womuenzaniso pedyo, uyewo National upfumi.