The specificity of enzayemu: mhando nemamiriro chiito

Shoko "enzayemu" rine midzi Latin. Ashandurwa zvinoreva "mbiriso". The Chirungu akashandisa shoko rokuti "enzayemu", rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki rinoreva zvakafanana. Makemikari anonzi unyanzvi mapurotini. Ivo akaumba ari mumasero uye anokwanisa mhanyisa nzira nokukanganisika kwendangariro. Nemamwe mashoko, vanoita sezvinonzi utachiona catalysts. Funga zvakare kuti rinomiririra specificity kuti makemikari. также будут описаны в статье. Mhando specificity zvicharehwawo kurondedzerwa munyaya.

General unhu

Kuratidzwa CATALYTIC basa mamwe makemikari anokonzerwa kuvapo wandei yeimwe vasiri mapuroteni hunhu. Ndivo vakadanwa cofactors. Vari mapoka mapoka maviri: simbi ions, uye vanoverengeka inorganic zvinhu uyewo coenzymes (Organic yeimwe).

basa mashandiro

By zvavo nemakemikari hunhu, makemikari vari boka mapurotini. Zvisinei, kusafanana yokupedzisira, zvinhu zviri mubvunzo ane basa nzvimbo. Zviri rakasiyana akagadzirwa dzichipfekeka mapoka amino asidhi residues. Vari zvachose nezvatinovavarira mune nzvimbo nokuda tertiary kana quaternary nemamiriro enzayemu. In yezviri nzvimbo tiwedzere uye substrate kusunungurwa nzvimbo. Last - ndizvo nokuda specificity kuti makemikari. The substrate ndiyo fuma kuti chiito puroteni. Kare zvaifungwa kuti kudyidzana kwavo rinoitwa musi "zvechizarira uye kiyi". Nemamwe mashoko, zvinoshingaira nzvimbo inofanira kunyatsotevera kuenzaniswa substrate. Parizvino hunodzorwa yakasiyana pfungwa. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pakutanga hapana chaiwo machisi, asi rinowanikwa nzira nesungano pakati zvinhu. Wechipiri - anowedzera - nzvimbo kunokanganisa specificity nezvaaiita. Mune mamwe manzwi, akatsanangura yezvakaita nokukurumidza kuita.

mamiriro

makemikari ose rakakamurwa one- uye maviri-chikamu. Aimbova vane mamiriro akafanana nemamiriro nyore mapurotini. Ivo maingova amino acids. boka rechipiri - proteid - zvinosanganisira mapuroteni uye asiri mapuroteni mugove. kutanga Last anoita coenzyme - apoenzyme. Last anosarudza kuti substrate specificity yacho enzayemu. Kureva izvozvo anoita mashandiro substrate chikamu mune zvinoshingaira nzvimbo. Coenzyme ukuwo, anoshumira CATALYTIC nharaunda. Inosanganisira specificity nezvaaiita. Sezvo anogona kuita sezvo coenzymes mavhitamini, nesimbi, uye zvimwe pasi samolecular uremu yeimwe.

catalysis

Panowanikwa chero kwemakemikari kuita nokuda kudhumhana pamusoro mamorekuru kuwirirana zvinhu. kufamba kwavo munyika kunotemwa nokuvapo yemakambani vakasununguka simba. Nemakemikari vanofanira mamorekuru akatora kuchinja mamiriro. Nemamwe mashoko, vanofanira kuva simba yakakwana kupfuura imwe simba nokuidzivirira. Zvinomirira shoma huwandu simba kupa mamorekuru zvose reactivity. catalysts All, makemikari kusanganisira, vakakwanisa kuderedza simba nokuidzivirira. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti wakakurumidza mberi nemapinduriro.

In zvinooneka specificity kuti makemikari?

Mano Izvi zvinoratidzwa kumhanyisa chete kuchiitirwa maitiro. Makemikari anogona kukanganisa munhu uye zvakafanana substrate. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe wavo chete mhanyisa zvariri kuita. Zvakaitwa specificity pamusoro enzayemu anogona kuonekwa pyruvate dehydrogenase yakaoma. Rine mapuroteni, kukanganisa PVC. Huru vari: pyruvate dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, acetyl. The Zvakaitwa pacharo anonzi oxidative decarboxylation pamusoro STC. The chigadzirwa anoita se acetic asidhi chacho vanoshingaira.

kupatsanura

Zvinotevera mhando dzakananga makemikari:

1. Stereochemistry. It runoratidzwa vachikwanisa ane pfuma kuti kuchinja mumwe inobvira stereoisomers ari substrate. Somuenzaniso, zviri anokwanisa ndikaita fumaratgidrotaza fumarate. Zvisinei, izvozvo hazvina chokuita Kishi-isomer - maleic acid.
2. Dzinofanira. этого типа выражается в способности вещества влиять только на конкретный субстрат. The specificity pamusoro enzayemu uyu mhando runoratidzwa vachikwanisa ane pfuma kuti kukanganisa chete imwe substrate. Somuenzaniso, sucrase ikasakendenga chete sucrose, arginase - arginine uye zvichingodaro.
3. Hama. в этом случае выражена в способности вещества влиять на группу субстратов, имеющих связь одинакового типа. The specificity of enzayemu ichi nyaya runoratidzwa vachikwanisa ane pfuma kuti kukanganisa boka substrates vane chisungo kwakadaro. Somuenzaniso, Alpha-amylase ikasakendenga pamwe glycogen uye starch. Vane kubatana glycoside mhando. Trypsin, pepsin, chymotrypsin kukanganisa mapuroteni zhinji peptide boka.

tembiricha

в определенных условиях. Makemikari zviri dzakananga zvimwe zvinhu. Nokuti vakawanda vavo sezvo akanakisisa kutora tembiricha yomunhu + 35 ... + 45 inegumi. Kana kuisa fuma tichitarisa yakaderera, kwayakaita achaita kudukupiswa. Ichi chirwere anonzi munhu reversible inactivation. Kana tembiricha kwayo rinobuda kugona rakadzorerwa. Zvinonzi kana akaisa pasi ezvinhu, apo T ndiyo pamusoro tsika uyewo kuitika inactivation. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi zvichaita kusingarapiki, sezvo anomutswa akakotamisa tembiricha. Izvi nokuda denaturation yacho Morekuru.

Mugumisiro ph

The acidity pamusoro vebasa Morekuru kunoenderana. Nokudaro, ph unochinja basa uye specificity yezviri nzvimbo enzayemu. Optimum acidity indekisi rimwe fuma a. Zvisinei, kazhinji kacho zviri 4-7. Somuenzaniso, kuti Alpha-amylase mate optimum acidity iri 6.8. Zvichakadai, pane vakawanda kunze. The optimum acidity pepsin Somuenzaniso, 1.5-2.0, chymotrypsin uye trypsin - 8-9.

ubindikiti

The zvakawanda enzayemu aripo, dzakanga dziri kuita unodiwa. Zvakafanana mhedziso ingatorwa panyaya substrate wevasungwa. Zvisinei, hunonzi vakatsunga rimwe fuma iri rokunyorovesa chipfuro kugutsikana. Kana zvinoshingaira nzvimbo dzose dziri maigara aivapo substrate. будет максимальной, вне зависимости от последующего добавления мишеней. Saka specificity pamusoro enzayemu iri vaifanira, pasinei zvakazosunungurwa kusanganiswa kutumirwa.

Fuma-regulators

Vanogona kukamurwa FIs uye activators. Vaviri Mapoka aya rakakamurwa nonspecific uye yakananga. Nokuti ndewechiLatin zvinosanganisira avtivatoram zhelchnokislye munyu (nokuti lipase podzheluzhochnoy gland), kuiisa chlorine ions (Alpha-amylase), hydrochloric asidhi (nokuti pepsin). Nonspecific activators vari magnesium ions chokuita kinases uye phosphatases, uye yakananga FIs - inouraya peptides proenzymes. Ekupedzisira ndiwo vakaneta siyana zvinhu. Vari kusashanda ne cleavage kuti inouraya peptides. Anoenderana mamwe mumwe nomumwe proenzyme. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe akaneta muchimiro trypsin anogadzirwa muchimiro trypsinogen. Its vanoshingaira centre rinovharwa chinouraya hexapeptide, ndiro imwe inhibitor. The activation kwacho chiri cleavage. The vanoshingaira nzvimbo trypsin semubairo ichi, zvinova yakazaruka. Nonspecific FIs muri munyu inorema simbi. Somuenzaniso, mhangura sulfate. Vanovata denaturation pamusoro yeimwe.

chinovhiringidza

Zvinogona kuva zvemakwikwi. Fani iyi inotaurwa panowanikwa STRUCTURAL akafanana pakati inhibitor uye substrate. Vanoita hondo kuti kubatana kuti zvinoshingaira nzvimbo. Kana inhibitor zviri kupfuura substrate aumbwa kopleksferment inhibitor. Kana achiwedzera kubaya fuma reshiyo shanduko. Somugumisiro, mashoko inhibitor achatsiviwa. Somuenzaniso, succinate kuti succinate dehydrogenase mabasa ave substrate. FIs vari oxaloacetate kana malonate. Yemakwikwi zvigadzirwa vanonzi kufurira maitiro. Kazhinji, ivo akafanana substrates. Somuenzaniso, nokuti shuga 6-phosphate chigadzirwa ndiyo shuga. The substrate achava chete shuga-6 phosphate. Noncompetitive chinovhiringidza hachisi chokutsanangura STRUCTURAL kufanana pakati zvinhu. Inhibitor uye substrate anogona panguva kusungira kuti enzayemu. Saka pane paumbwe remubatanidzwa itsva. Ivo ndiyo kompleksferment-substrate inhibitor. Munguva kukurukurirana yezviri centre kukurukurirana kwacho. Izvi imhaka nokusungwa pamwe CATALYTIC nzvimbo inhibitor yezviri nzvimbo. Muenzaniso ndiye cytochrome oxidase. Nokuti enzayemu ichi anoshumira substrate oxygen. Cytochrome oxidase FIs muri munyu wenyika hydrocyanic acid.

allosteric chengetedzo

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunze kushingaira centre, izvo anosarudza kuti specificity pakati enzayemu, pane imwe kubatana. Rokuti anoita somunhu allosteric nayo. Kana chete zita Rinobatanidzwa paro activator pamusoro enzayemu anowedzera kubudirira. Kana pakupindurwa allosteric inhibitor anopinda nepakati, zvinoshingaira fuma, ukuwo, kunoderedza. Somuenzaniso, adenylate cyclase uye guanylate cyclase inotaura enzayemu pamwe allosteric murau mhando.